FIRST SECTION

DECISION

AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

Application no. 23523/02 by Jan WALLIN KARLSEN against Denmark

The European Court of Human Rights ( First Section) , sitting on 1 February 2005 as a Chamber composed of:

Mr C.L. Rozakis , President , Mr L. Loucaides , Mrs F. Tulkens , Mr P. Lorenzen , Mrs N. Vajić , Mr D. Spielmann , Mr S.E. Jebens , judges , and Mr S. Nielsen , Section Registrar ,

Having regard to the above application lodged on 12 June 2002 ,

Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in rep ly submitted by the applicant ,

Having deliberated, decides as follows:

THE FACTS

The applicant, Jan Wallin Karlsen, is a Danish national, who was born in 1952 and lives in Ã…hus , Sweden . He is represented before the Court by Jacob Arrevad, a lawyer practising in Copenhagen

The respondent Government are represented by their Agent, Ms Nina Holst-Chri s tensen of the Ministry of Justice.

The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.

In the beginning of the 1990s a new concept called “tax asset stripping cases” (selskabstømmersager ) came into existence in Denmark . It covered a criminal activity by which the persons involved committed aggravating debtor fraud by buying up and selling numerous inactive solvent private limited companies within a short period, and for the sake of their own profit, “stripping” the companies for assets, including deposits ear ‑ marked for payment of corporation tax. Often the persons involved systematically acquired the inactive, solvent companies for the companies ' own fund. The persons involved were usually intricately interconnected and collaborated about their economic criminal activities, which concerned very large amounts. According to surveys made by the customs and tax authorities, approximately one thousand six hundred companies with a total tax debt exceeding 2 billion Danish kroner (DKK) were stripped in the period from the late 1980s until 1994. Following a number of legislative amendments, the trade in inactive, solvent companies largely ceased in the summer of 1993.

On 11 May 1992 the tax authorities sent a letter to the police in Frederikssund and requested assistance to investigat e a case of tax asset stripping involving two Swedish nationals. The preliminary investigation, which was undertaken in secret, began in the autumn of 1992 and revealed that the applicant and many other Danish nationals were also i nvolved.

Behind closed door s and thus unknown to the applicant, on 20 January 1993 the City Court in Frederikssund ( Retten i Frederikssund ) , henceforth referred to as the City Court, granted warrants to the police to search the premises of the applicant , but also th ose of a number of banks, accountants ' firms, law firms and companies that had been used by the applicant and others in relation to the tax asset stripping.

On 23 February 1993 the applicant was arrested and charged with tax asset stripping of about twenty-seven companies in the period 1989 ‑ 1993 . At the same time the police carried out a search at his premises in accordance with the above court order . The applicant was released the following day.

The City Court issued a discovery order on 25 March 1993 with regard to a specified bank and its documents relating among others to the applicant.

Subsequently, on 19 April 1993 the applicant was arrested anew , still charged with tax asset stripping relating to about twenty-seven companies. Also, h is premises were searched anew . Subject to court orders , the applicant was detained on remand in the period from 20 April until 2 June 1993 when , on appeal, the High Court of Eastern Denmark (Østre Landsret) , henceforth referred to as the High Court , released him stating that there was no reason to suspect that he would be ab le to hamper the on-going investigation if set free.

In the period from the summer of 1993 until January 1996 the City Court issued numerous search warrants and discovery orders concerning banks, lawyers, state-authorised public accountants, credit card companies and other companies.

Thus, court orders relating to the above residing in Denmark were issued by the City Court on 26 August, 7 October and 3 November 1993 ; on 4 January, 25 February and 22 August 1994 ; on 7 September and 27 October 1995 ; and on 15 January 1996 .

Court orders relating to the above residing outside Denmark and corresponding international letters of request were issued by the City Court on 6 July 1993 as to a number of companies on the Isle of Man and in London; on 15 October 1993 as to a credit card company in London; on 5 November 1993 as to two banks in Vanuatu in th e Pacific Ocean ; on 1 September 1994 as to a bank and a company in Gibraltar; and on 9 November 1994 as to a bank in Switzerland.

In the same period , as part of their investigation , the Danish police also required assistance from various individuals and institutions in Sweden , France , Belgium , Luxembourg and Israel .

Furthermore, in order to assist the police in processing the material obtained from the searches and the discovery orders a firm of state ‑ authorised public accountants was hired to untangle the intricate corporation structures and ownership structures of the companies, as well as the problems of tax technicalities posed by the case and the thousands of financial transactions. Hence, in the period from 1 November 1994 until 15 September 1996 audit reports were drawn up for each of the seventy-five companies that had been stripped of their assets as well as an additional number of companies that had been used as intermediaries and buyers and a seemingly fictitious bank registered in Vanuatu . The accountants also made a statement on financial transactions concerning the companies involved.

In the meantime, by judgment of 26 May 1994 the City Court convicted the two Swedish nationals, who in May 1992 had been reported to the police by the tax authorities. The y were both convicted in accordance with their confessions and sentenced respectively to four and six years ' imprisonment.

In January 1996 the p ublic prosecution informed the City Court that an indictment in the applicant ' s case was expected to be ready in April 1996. At the same time it was emphasi s ed that the two Swedish nationals, who had been convicted by the same City Court, were to be heard as witnesses on the prosecution ' s behalf. Accordingly, in order to avoid issues of impartiality , the p residing judge of the City Court in a letter of 5 February 1996 requested the President of the High Court to appoint a substitute judge in the case against the applicants and the co-charged. The p residing judge of the City Court pointed out that dates for the hearing s needed to be scheduled as soon as possible, and that it should be taken into account in this respect that each of the eight defendants had their own chosen counsel, some of whom were already busy with other cases in months to come.

In February 1996, the City Court (with a substitute judge appointed), the public prosecutor, counsel for the applicant and counsel for the seven co ‑ charged agreed on provisional dates for scheduling court hearings.

As the trial would take up a lot of space , the City Court had to rent suitable facilities to accommodate all the persons involved and all the documents. In June 1996 the City Court signed a lease contract for appropriate facilities which, however, needed to be refurbished before the trial could begin.

By indictment of 1 Ju ly 1996 , submitted to the City Court , the applicant was indicted inter alia pursuant to section 283, subsection 1 (3) cf. section 286, subsection 2, and cf. section 23 of seventy ‑ two counts of fraudulent preference of a particularly aggravated nature involving tax asset stripping of about seventy-four companies, having been committed in collaboration with the seven co ‑ accused and others.

Pre-trial review s were held on 24 June , 2 July and 7 August 1996 , during which it was decided inter alia that the trial commence on 9 October 1996 and that two days each week should be scheduled for the trial. T wenty-two court hearings were fixed for the period from October until December 1996; sixty-five hearing s were fixed for 1997; and about thirty hearing s were fixed for the period from January until April 1998, reserving May 1998 for closing speeches. Also, the City Court appointed back-up counsel for the applicant and the co-accused.

A nother pre-trial review was held on 12 August 1996 . Furthermore , during the month s of August and September 1996, procedural questions were determined e.g. as to whether seventy-five audit reports and various other reports concerning the financial transactions of the companies and persons involved were admissible as evidence during the trial. This was answered in the affirmative by the City Court on 15 August 1996 , a decision that was upheld on appeal by the High Court on 23 September 1996 , and by the Supreme Court ( Højesteret) on 4 March 1997 . A decision of 23 September 1996 , according to which the City Court judge did not have to vacate his seat on the bench due to disqualification , was upheld on appeal by the High Court on 7 October 1996 .

Th e proceedings began as planned before the City Court on 9 October 1996 .

Thereafter approximately two court hearings took place every week, except from the month of July when the parties involved took their summer holiday. Altogether, one hundred and fifty-eight whole court days were used before the City Court for the trial, including fours days of pre-tri a l review.

In February 1997 fifty-two additional dates for hearing s to be held during 1998 were scheduled. On 8 August 1997 dates for twelve additional hearings were scheduled for November and December 1998, and fifteen additional hearings for January to March 1999.

In December 1997, the City Court allowed that on e of the co-accused change counsel, provided that such would not entail any delay of the trial. Also, the City Court stated that the trial had to be brought to an end within the dates previously scheduled and that no extension would be permitted.

In the period from 9 October 1996 until 28 January 1999 , t he applicant, the seven co ‑ accused, and f ifty -three witnesses were heard , including two state-authorised public accountants, who gave evidence over several days in which they collaborated on the audit reports, etc. In addition, statements of accounts and a considerable amount of other documentary evidence were presented about e.g. corporate structures involving Danish and foreign companies and money transaction s in Danish and foreign banks.

Each exhibit for the case took up about one hundred and thirty-five A4 binders and contained approximately fifty thousand pages of documentary evidence, including the seventy-five audit reports concerning the solvent companies that had been stripped of their tax assets and about eight audit reports concerning companies used for emptying the solvent companies and a statem ent of financial transaction.

On 8, 11 And 15 March 1999 the public prosecutor gave his closing speech. Counsel for the applicant gave his closing speech on 10 and 11 M ay 1999 . Counsel for the seven co-accused gave their closing speeches on 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 and 26 M ay 1999 .

On 31 May 1999 a hearing was held at which the applicant and the co ‑ accused were given an opportunity to make a statement. The proceedings were then adjourned pending the City Court ' s deliberation s .

The court records of the proceedings ran to two thousand three hundred and twenty-three pages.

By judgment of 10 August 1999 , which ran to two hundred and twenty ‑ five pages, the City Court convicted the applicant of inter alia tax assets stripping in respect of the said seventy-two counts of the indictment . The court found that the applicant was one of the principal offenders and that he had been involved with tax asset s tripping concern ing an amount of approximately DKK 76 million equal to approximately € 10,133,330 . He was sentenced to four years ' imprisonment. In addition , for an indefinite period, he was deprived of his right to establish or to become manager and/or member of a director ' s board in a private limited company, or in a company or an association which would require public approval.

By the same judgment five of the co ‑ accused were convicted and two of them acquitted.

As to the length of the proceedings the City Court stated as follows:

“The [applicant and the co-accused] were charged in the period from February to April 1993, and prosecution was initiated by indictment of 1 July 1996 . The trial started in October 1996.

There is no basis for establishing that the investigation has been unnecessarily inactive during any period, nor is there any reason to criticise the scope or length of the investigation in view of the nature and magnitude of the case. Thus, there is no violation of Article 6 of the Convention on Human Rights”.

However, when imposing the sentence the City Court stated:

“Although the public prosecution cannot be blamed for the length of the proceedings , nevertheless, in metering out the sentence the court ha s taken into consideration the strain inflicted on [ the applicant and the co-accused] , due to the fact that the proceedings have extended over so many years” .

On 16 August 1999 the applicant appealed against the judgment to the High Court and the P ublic P rosecution cross-appealed on 20 August 1999 . T he judgment was also appealed against by f ive of the co-accused , in respect of whom the public prosecution served a cross-appeal during August and September 1999.

On 18 October 1999 the High Court appointed back-up counsel for the applicant and the co-accused during the appeal proceedings and in agreement with the parties scheduled a pre-trial review to take place on 11 J anuary 2000 . According to the court records of th e latter day , the High Court tried to commence the hearings in June 2000 , but that this was not possible as several of the counsel chosen by the co-accused had to appear as counsel in other prolonged proceedings . They were therefore unable to attend the appeal proceedings until January 2001. This also applied to o ne of the applicant ' s counsel , who could not attend the appeal proceedings because he had to appear for the defence in three other comprehensive criminal proceedings which would take up seventy-two days in the period from 1 June 2000 until 1 January 2001 . In addition, h e had to attend a number of hearings in other less comprehensive cases in the same period . Thus, the proceedings were scheduled to beg in on 30 January 2001 and , at the request of the parties involved , the High Court fixed sixty-eight hearing s to take place . In the meantime practical and procedural matters were dealt with e.g., in respect of the latter, the High Court ' s intention to lift a prohibition against disclosure of names.

The trial commenced on 30 January 2001 , and t hereafter two court hearings took place almost every week.

On 12 March 2001 the Public Prosecutor requested that the proceedings against one of the co-accused be separated for a special hearing and that a judgment to acquit him be passed immediately because some conditions of the Administration of Justice Act relating to the indictment had not been satisfied. The High Court passed judgment accordingly.

On 19 March 2001 one of the co-accused withdrew his appeal. As the Public Prosecutor withdrew his cross-appeal the High Court dismissed th e case as to this co-accused.

On 26 March t he prosecution submitted an amended indictment of 21 March 2001 . Notably, the description of the time of the alleged crime was changed from periods into exact dates in each count of the indictment, and one sentence was inserted as to the counts concerning aggravated debtor fraud so that not only the loss actually caused by the applicant was included, but also the obvious risk of a loss that he had inflicted the private limited companies . Furthermore, the prosecution withdrew four counts of the indictment. Counsel for the applicant and the co-accused claimed dismissal or further corrections of the amended indictment , which was dismissed by the High Court on 2 April 2001 .

In the period between 26 June and 7 August 2001 the proceedings were adjourned due to illness on behalf of one of the co-accused.

On 1 7 September 2001 t he case was set down for judgment .

In the period between 30 January and 17 September 2001 , altogether thirty-seven court hearings were held , during which t he applicant, the co ‑ accused and witnesses were heard , including one of the state ‑ authorised public accountants. In addition, audit reports, statements of accounts and a considerable amount of other documentary evidence were presented .

B y judgment of 19 December 2001 , which ran to fifty-nine pages, the applicant was convicted in accordance with the indictment of 21 March 2001 , but for seven counts, including the four counts that the prosecution had already withdrawn . Thus, the applicant was found guilty of sixty-five counts, in which the total sum of unpaid taxes amounted to approximately DKK 71,000,000 equal to approximately € 9,466, 500 .

The sentence was increased to five years ' imprisonment and the deprivation of his right to become manager etc. was confirmed. As to the length of the proceedings t he High Court stated :

“The acquisitions of the approximately 75 companies originally comprised by the indictment took place from October 1989 until October 1992. In February-March 1993 [the applicant] and [two of the co-accused] were charged with fraudulent preference in relation to the acquisition of 27 inactive, solvent companies which had made claims against the tax authorities for payments of tax compensation of just over DKK 29 million. A report was lodged with the police in May 1992. The indictment was drafted in July 1996, the City Court trial commenced in October 1996, and judgment was passed on 10 august 1999. The High Court trial commenced in January 2001 after a pre-trial review had been held with the then eight counsel in January 2000.

Although proceedings lasting almost nine years in a criminal case must be considered, in principle, as a violation of the right to a “hearing within a reasonable time” afforded by Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, no violation is found to have occurred in this case in respect of any of the defendants. [When reaching this] decision it has been found of importance that the case turned out to involve a far larger number of company acquisitions than originally assumed, that the company acquisitions took place by means of a large number of companies, both as intermediaries and as buyers, that the various tax elimination initiatives made it necessary for the Public Prosecutor to gather [information on] and elucidate a large number of intricate corporate structures, several of which were domiciled in or connected with foreign, sometimes exotic tax havens w h ere investigation had to be made, and that consequently extremely comprehensive audit work was required to elucidate each individual company ' s money transactions, which were normally pure book entries without any real content. It cannot be attached importance that the City Court proceedings lasted about three years and at that time concerned eight defendants, as the relevant crime was a new form of complex economic crime involving examination of a considerable number of witnesses and production of substantial documentary evidence, and each defendant ' s role in the group had to be clarified. Moreover, no inactive periods are found to have occurred during the proceedings”.

When metering out the sentence the High Court stated:

“The High Court ... has taken into account that [the case] concerns aggravated and systematic offences against property involving very substantial amounts and committed by several offenders jointly under cover of highly non-transparent transactions. The length of the time elapsed since the offences were committed has also been taken into account. In view of the nature and the scope of the offences, the High Court has found no basis for suspending the sentences imposed in full or in part.”

The applicant ' s request of 21 December 2001 for leave to appeal against the judgment to the Supreme Court was refused by the Leave to Appeal Board (Procesbevillingsn æ vnet ) on 15 April 2002 .

COMPLAINTS

1. The applicant complains under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention that the criminal charge against him was not determined within a reasonable time.

2. Moreover, he complains under Article 2 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention that due to the submission before the appeal court of the amended indictment of 21 March 2001, he was not afforded the right of appeal.

THE LAW

1. The applicant complains under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention that the criminal charge against him was not determined within a reasonable time.

“In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a ... hearing within a reasonable time by [a] ... tribunal...”

In the opinion of the Government the proceedings commenced on 23 February 1993 , when the applicant was charged, arrested and a search was carried out at his premises.

The applicant submits that the proceedings commenced on 11 May 1992, when the tax authorities reported the two Swedish nationals to the police since, due to media attention, the applicant was aware at that moment that an investigation was being carried out with regard to a whole range of companies, that he jointly with others had bought from the two Swedish nationals.

The Court considers that the applicant was not substantially affected by the proceedings until 23 February 1993 . The proceedings ended on 15 April 2002 , when the Leave to Appeal Board refused the applicant ' s application for leave to appeal against the H igh Court ' s judgment of 19 December 2001 to the Supreme Court.

Thus, the criminal proceedings lasted nine years and fifty-one days.

(a) Reasonableness of the length of the proceedings

From a general point of view the reasonableness of the length of the proceedings must be assessed with reference to the complexity of the case, the conduct of the applicant and that of the authorities before which the case was brought (cf. Pélissier and Sassi v. France [GC], no. 25444/94, § 67, ECHR 1999-II).

Complexity of the case

The Government submit that the criminal proceedings were extremely complex as concerns facts, law as well as procedural issues.

The applicant disagrees. He maintains that tax asset stripping cases were neither complex n or a new phenomenon.

The Court reiterates that the scale and complexity of a criminal case concerning fraud, which is often compounded further by the involvement of several suspects, may justify the extensive length of proceedings (see, among other authorities, C.P. and Others v. France , no. 36009/97, § 30, 1 August 2000; Hozee v. the Netherlands , judgment of 22 May 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-III, p. 1102, § 52; Wejrup v. Denmark (dec.), no. 49126/99, ECHR 2002-IV, Petersen v. Denmark (dec.), no. 6315/02, 13 May 2004 and Frederiksen v. Denmark (dec.), 23012/02, 16 September 2004 ).

In the present case the applicant and seven co ‑ accused were convicted of tax asset stripping relating to numerous private limited companies and corporate groups. The applicant and the co-accused were intricately interconnected and had collaborated about the economic crime. The applicant was found guilty of sixty-five counts, in which the total sum of unpaid taxes amounted to approximately DKK 71,000,000 equal to approximately € 9,466,500. Before the City Court each set of exhibit s for the case took up one hundred and thirty-five A4 binders containing approximately fifty thousand pages of documentary evidence including seventy-five audit reports concerning the solvent companies that had been stripped of their tax asset s and about eight audit reports concerning companies used for emptying the solvent companies and a statement of financial transaction. The court records ran to two thousand three hundred and twenty-three pages, and the judgment ran to two hundred and twenty ‑ five pages.

The Court reiterates that the High Court , in its judgment of 19 December 2001 , emphasised that the case turned out to involve a far larger number of company acquisitions than originally assumed; that the company acquisitions took place by means of a large number of companies, both as intermediaries and as buyers; that the various tax elimination initiatives made it necessary for the p ublic p rosecutor to gather information on and elucidate a large number of intricate corporate structures, several of which were domiciled in or connected with foreign, sometimes exotic tax havens w h ere investigation had to be made; and that consequently extremely comprehensive audit work was required to elucidate each individual company ' s money transactions, which were normally pure book entries without any real content. Also, it pointed out that the case originally concerned eight defendants and a new form of complex economic crime involving examination of a considerable number of witnesses and production of substantial documentary evidence, and that each defendant ' s role in the group had to be clarified.

Furthermore, the Court re iterates that the investigation necessitated the issuing of numerous search warrants and discovery orders concerning banks, lawyers, state-authorised public accountants, credit card companies and other companies in Denmark and abroad, and that investigation had to be carried out on the Isle of Man, in London, Vanuatu, Gibraltar and Switzerland through international letters of request, in addition to investigation in Sweden, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Israel.

Having regard to these circumstances, the Court finds it clear that the investigations and the court proceedings were relevant, time ‑ consuming and difficult. Thus, for the purposes of Article 6 of the Convention the case was particularly complex.

The applicant ' s conduct

In the Government ' s opinion the applicant ' s conduct has to some extent been a contributory cause to the length of the proceedings, because the crimes that he committed rendered it necessary to carry out comprehensive and time-consuming investigation in Denmark and abroad, in addition to thorough reviews of large quantities of accounting material.

The applicant disagrees.

It is true that the use by the applicant and the co-accused in the present case of intricate corporate structures, several of which were domiciled in or connected with foreign, sometimes exotic tax havens, obviously had the purpose of concealing the tax asset stripping, but this has already been taken into account in the assessment of the complexity of the case. The Court does not find, h owever, that the applicant during the criminal proceedings against him acted in a way that inappropriately prolonged those proceedings (see e.g. Petersen v. Denmark ( dec .), no. 6315/02, 12 May 2004 , unreported).

Conduct of the national authorities

The Government find that no criticism can be made of the time spent by the police in connection with the investigation and consideration of the question of prosecution, notably because it was necessary for the police to conduct a very extensive and complex investigation involving complex corporate structures and bank transfers, also abroad. Also, taking into consideration the nature, scope and complexity of the case they find that the proceedings before the courts were accomplished within a reasonable time and that there were no periods of inactivity.

The applicant submits that both the length of the investigation period and the length of the proceedings before the City Court exceeded the reasonable time requirement. He points out in comparison that the two Swedish n ationals were convicted in May 1994 ; approximately two years after they had been reported to the police by the tax authorities in May 1992 .

With regard to the investigation period , t he applicant maintains that he was released on 2 June 1993 by the High Court allegedly because it assessed that at the material time he had already provided all the factual information and that the investigation carried out had already advanced to such a stage that only a legal assessment of the facts and his intent remained . Thus, in the applicant ' s view , the material procured by the investigation authorities by June 1993 sufficed to proceed to a trial. He finds that the subsequent investigation period passed without any activity apart from the international letters of request , which in his opinion were of no relevance for the assessment of the case .

With regard to the proceedings before the City Court the applicant alleges th at the public prosecutor read out almost fifty thousand pa ges of documentary evidence, whereof allegedly a major part lacked relevance to the assessment of the case. Moreover, he recalls that the case was determined by the High Court in less than a year from 20 January 2001 until judgment was passed on 19 December 2001 , which in the applicant ' s opinion shows the disproportion in the length of the proceedings before the two judicial instances .

The Court reiterates its finding that the proceedings commenced on 23 February 199 3 . T he applicant was indicted on 1 July 1996 . Consequently, the period of investigation by the police and the legal evaluation by the prosecution lasted three years, four months and five days . Such a period may appear excessive. However, the court reiterates that the investigation of the entangled constructions of companies and money transactions required extremely comprehensive accountan cy work and that the case involved the applicant and seven co ‑ accused, whose roles were closely interconnected.

Moreover, t he Court observes that at the beginning of the investigation in 1993 the applicant was charged with tax asset stripping relating to about twenty-seven companies, whereas the indictment of July 1996 consist ed of seventy-two counts conc erning tax asse t stripping of about seventy-four companies , and altogether the case concerned the acquisitions of about seventy-five companies .

As regards the investigation abroad, the Court notes that international letters of request had been sent to the Isle of Man, London, Vanuatu, Gibraltar and Switzerland pursuant to the ir being issued by the City Court on 6 July 1993 as to a number of companies on the Isle of Man and in London; on 15 October 1993 as to a credit card company in London; on 5 November 1993 as to two banks in Vanuatu; on 1 September 1994 as to a bank and a company in Gibraltar; and on 9 November 1994 as to a bank in Switzerland.

The Court is satisfied that the international letters of request were of relevance for the investigation in the case in order to untangle and elucidate the large number of intricate corporate structures and the company acquisitions which took place by means of a large number of companies, both as intermediaries and as buyers, of which several resided abroad. In the Court ' s opinion a ny delay that may have occurred due to the sending of international letters of request cannot be imputed to any action or omission on the part of the Danish authorities, but is a consequence of a system of mutual assistance as it operates in many countries and under which the requesting State is dependent on the co ‑ operation of the State to whom the request has been sent. A ny d elay which may have occurred in this respect should therefore be considered as a part of a recognised system which unfortunately is time-consuming and thus, at least on the basis of the facts submitted by the parties, as unavoidable (see e.g. Sari v. Turkey and Denmark , no. 21889/93, § 92, 8 November 2001 , D. v. Germany (dec.), no. 11703/85, Decisions and reports (DR) 54, p. 116 , and Frederiksen v. Denmark (dec.), 23012/02, 16 September 2004 ).

Moreover, t he Court notes that the last court order issued during the investigation period was issued on 15 January 1996, and that in the meantime and subsequently audit reports were drawn up for each of the seventy-five companies that had been stripped of their assets , as well as an additional number of companies that had been used as intermediaries and buyers and the seemingly fictitious bank registered in Vanuatu. Also, a statement was drawn up on financial transactions concerning the companies involved.

In the Court ' s opinion, the facts of the case do not disclose that the investigating authorities or the prosecution acted inappropriately or otherwise failed to perform their duties with due diligence after the applicant became involved.

The indictment was issued on 1 July 1996 and judgment was passed by the City Court on 10 August 1999 . The proceedings thus lasted approximately t hree years and forty days.

In June 1996 the City Court had r ent ed facilities suitable to accommodate all the persons involved and all the documents. During the months of August and September 1996, procedural questions were determined. Pre ‑ trial reviews were held on 24 June, 2 July , 7 and 12 August 1 996 , during which it was decided to commence the trial on 9 October 1996 and to fix approximately two court hearings every week, except during the month of July when the parties involved were to take their summer holiday. Thus, court hearings were fixed for the period s: October until December 1996; the whole of 1997; and January until April 1998 . In February 1997 fifty-two additional dates for hearing s to be held during 1998 were scheduled. On 8 August 1997 dates for twelve additional hearings were scheduled for November and December 1998, and fifteen additional hearings for January to March 1999. T he p ublic p rosecutor gave his closing speech during three court day s in March 1999. Counsel for the applicant gave his closing speech during two days in May 1999, and counsel for the seven co ‑ accused gave their closing speeches during seven days in M ay 1999. On 31 May 1999 the applicant and the co ‑ accused were given an opportunity to make a statement and the proceedings were thereafter adjourned pending the City Court ' s deliberation s . On 10 August 1999 t he City Court ' s judgment was passed . It ran to two hundred and twenty-five pages .

A ltogether one hundred and fifty-eight court days were used for the trial b efore the City Court , and the court records of the proceedings ran to two thousand three hundred and twenty-three pages. Th e applicant, the seven co ‑ accused and fifty-three witnesses were heard, including two state ‑ authorised public accountants, who gave evidence over several days in which they collaborated on the audit reports, etc. S tatements of accounts and a considerable amount of other documentary evidence were presented about e.g. corporate structures involving Danish and foreign companies and money transaction in Danish and foreign banks. Each set of exhibit s for the case took up about one hundred and thirty-five A4 binders and contained approximately fifty thousand pages of documentary evidence, including the seventy-five audit reports concerning the solvent companies that had been stripped of their tax assets and about eight audit reports concerning companies used for emptying the solvent companies and a statem ent of financial transaction.

T he Court considers that practical issues unavoidably arise when scheduling a trial of such dimension, not least in respect of the actual fixing of dates for the hearing , which does not depend on the courts alone; due regard must also has to be had to counsel and their availability. In the present case the trial was scheduled with two weekly court days and accordingly one hundred and fifty-eight court hearings were held before the City Court. The Court has not found any unacceptable periods of inactivity before the City Court .

No r has it found substantiated the applicant ' s allegation that a major part of the written evidence presented during those proceedings lacked relevance to the assessment of the case or that the proceedings before the City Court were inappropriately prolonged because the public prosecutor allegedly read out almost all of the fifty thousand pages of documentary evidence .

On the contrary, having regard to the court records from the City Court, e.g. from 9 October 1996 until 1 January 1997, the Court finds it established that the public prosecutor read out or cross-referred to the written evidence only to the extent that this was necessary and relevant. Thus, on 28 and 30 October, and on 1, 6, 8, 13, 15, 2 0 and 22 November 1996 , the public prosecutor read out some of the audit reports and specifically chosen pages or passages from specifically chosen documents in relation to the reports . Likewise, when the applicant was heard on 29 November, and again on 4, 6, 11, 13 and 20 December 1996, the public prosecutor confronted him with the specifically chosen documents to the extent that it was considered relevant to the statement that the applicant had given or w as about to give.

Thus, in the light of the complexity of the case and the unavoidable difficulties which have to be taken into consideration in a trial of that size involving eight co-accused, the Court finds that the length of the proceedings before the City Court was not unreasonable.

On 16 August 1999 the applicant appealed against the City Court judgment to the High Court , which passed its judgment on 19 December 2001 . The proceedings before the High Court thus lasted approximately two years and four months.

In agreement with the parties a pre-trial review was scheduled to take place on 11 January 2000 during which the High Court tried to commence the hearings in June 2000. This was impossible however, as several of the counsel chosen by the defendants had to appear as counsel for the defence in other prolonged proceedings and were therefore unable to attend the appeal proceedings until January 2001. This also applied to one of the applicant ' s counsel. Accordingly, the proceedings were scheduled to begin on 30 January 2001 and , at the request of the parties involved , the High Court fixed two hearings to take place almost each week. Although originally sixty-eight hearings had been fixed, altogether thirty-seven hearings were actually held, and the case was set down for judgment on 17 September 2001 . When judgment was passed on 19 December 2001 the appeal proceedings involved the applicant and three co-accused.

Referring to its finding above as to the complexity and the practical issues, which unavoidably arise when scheduling a trial of such dimension, and observing that the period de facto spen t on the trial before the High Court lasted from 30 January 2001 until 17 September 2001, and that the proceedings at no time lay idle, or w ere adjourned for a reason for which the national authorities should bear responsibility, the Court finds that the length of the proceedings before High Court cannot be criticised.

On 21 December 200 1 the applicant requested that the Leave to Appeal Board grant him leave to appeal against the High Court judgment to the Supreme Court. This was refused on 15 April 2002 , and the proceedings before the Leave to Appeal Board therefore lasted three months and twenty ‑ three days.

T his period cannot be criticised .

Overall assessment

In the above circumstances, and although the length of the proceedings lasted a total of nine years and fifty-one days , they do not, in view of their magnitude, disclose to the Court such periods of inactivity which could bring the proceedings at variance with Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention.

2. The applicant alleges that before the High Court the p ublic p rosecut i o n submitted a whole new indictment of 21 March 2001 under the pretext that it barely concerned a more specified indictment as compared to the one submitted before the City Court. Accordingly, he complains that he was not afforded the right of appeal as secured by Article 2 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention , which reads as follows:

“1. Everyone convicted of a criminal offence by a tribunal shall have the right to have his conviction or sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal. The exercise of this right, including the grounds on which it may be exercised, shall be governed by law.

The Court reiterates t h at the p ublic p rosecuto r on 26 March 2001 submitted an amended indictment of 21 March 2001 . Notably, the description of the time of the alleged crime was changed from periods into exact dates in each count of the indictment, and one sentence was inserted as to the counts concerning aggravated debtor fraud so that not only the loss actually caused by the applicant was included, but also the obvious risk of a loss that he had inflicted on the private limited companies . Furthermore, the prosecution withdrew four counts of the indictment.

In the Court ' s opinion the events described in the amended indictment did not differ from the original indictment to such an extent as to raise an issue under Article 2 § 1 of Protocol 7 to the Convention (see e.g. mutatis mutandis Nielsen v. Denmark , no.19028/91 and Jakobsen v. Denmark , no. 22015/93, Commission decisions of 9 September 1992 and 30 November 1994 respectively, and Poulsen v. Denmark (dec.) , no. 32092/96, 29 June 2000). Accordingly, the Court considers that the applicant was afforded the right of appeal envisaged by the said provision . It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention.

For these reasons, the Court unanimou sly

Declares the application inadmissible.

Søren Nielsen C h ristos Rozakis Registrar President