FIFTH SECTION

CASE OF BABKIN AND OTHERS v. UKRAINE

(Application no. 36496/21 and 7 others –

see appended list)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

30 November 2023

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision .

In the case of Babkin and Others v. Ukraine,

The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:

Mārtiņš Mits, President , Kateřina Šimáčková, Mykola Gnatovskyy , judges ,

and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 9 November 2023,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1. The case originated in applications against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.

2. The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.

THE FACTS

3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.

4. The applicants complained of the inadequate conditions of their detention and of the lack of any effective remedy in domestic law. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.

THE LAW

5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.

6. The applicants complained principally of the inadequate conditions of their detention and that they had no effective remedy in this connection. They relied on Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention.

7. The Court notes that the applicants were kept in detention in poor conditions. The details of the applicants’ detention are indicated in the appended table. The Court refers to the principles established in its case ‑ law regarding inadequate conditions of detention (see, for instance, Muršić v. Croatia [GC], no. 7334/13, §§ 96 ‑ 101, ECHR 2016). It reiterates in particular that a serious lack of space in a prison cell weighs heavily as a factor to be taken into account for the purpose of establishing whether the detention conditions described are “degrading” from the point of view of Article 3 and may disclose a violation, both alone or taken together with other shortcomings (see Muršić , cited above, §§ 122-41, and Ananyev and Others v. Russia , nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, §§ 149 ‑ 59, 10 January 2012).

8. In the leading cases of Melnik v. Ukraine (no. 72286/01, 28 March 2006) and Sukachov v. Ukraine (no. 14057/17, 30 January 2020), the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.

9. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ conditions of detention were inadequate.

10. The Court further notes that the applicants did not have at their disposal an effective remedy in respect of these complaints.

11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention.

12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in the cases set out in the appended table.

13. In applications nos. 50949/21 and 60395/21 the applicants also raised other complaints under various Articles of the Convention.

14. The Court has examined these complaints and considers that, in the light of all the material in its possession and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence, these complaints either do not meet the admissibility criteria set out in Articles 34 and 35 of the Convention or do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Convention or the Protocols thereto.

It follows that this part of the applications must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 § 4 of the Convention.

15. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

16. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Sukachov, cited above, §§ 165 and 167), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 30 November 2023, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Viktoriya Maradudina Mārtiņš Mits Acting Deputy Registrar President

APPENDIX

List of applications raising complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention

(inadequate conditions of detention and lack of any effective remedy in domestic law)

No.

Application no.

Date of introduction

Applicant’s name

Year of birth

Representative’s name and location

Facility

Start and end date

Duration

Sq. m per inmate

Specific grievances

Other complaints under well-established case-law

Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage applicant

(in euros) [1]

Amount awarded for costs and expenses per application

(in euros) [2]

36496/21

08/07/2021

Volodymyr Volodymyrovych BABKIN

1986Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Zaporizhzhya Pre-Trial Detention Facility

04/10/2018 to

04/11/2021

3 years and

1 month and 1 day

2.6-2.7 m²

overcrowding, no or restricted access to shower, mouldy or dirty cell, lack of fresh air, poor quality of potable water, lack of toiletries, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of access to laundry facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, passive smoking, lack of privacy for toilet

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 14/12/2017 to 04/03/2022, when the detention was changed to the personal commitment; detention based on standard grounds, lack of due diligence in the proceedings ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81, 10 February 2011);

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 14/12/2017 - pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings.

9,100

250

36503/21

08/07/2021

Oleksandr Stanislavovych PAVLENKO

1975Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Zaporizhzhya Pre-Trial Detention Facility

04/10/2018 to

21/09/2021

2 years and 11 months and 18 days

2.6-2.7 m²

overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of potable water, no or restricted access to shower, mouldy or dirty cell, lack of toiletries, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of fresh air, lack of access to laundry facilities

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 14/12/2017 to 04/03/2022, when the detention was changed to the personal commitment; detention based on standard grounds, lack of due diligence in the proceedings ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81, 10 February 2011);

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 14/12/2017 - pending; 1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings.

8,700

250

36505/21

08/07/2021

Stanislav Ivanovych KAPUSTIN

1977Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Zaporizhzhya Pre-Trial Detention Facility

04/10/2018 to

21/09/2021

2 years and 11 months and 18 days

2.6-2.7 m²

overcrowding, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of toiletries, mouldy or dirty cell, poor quality of potable water, lack of access to laundry facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, passive smoking

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 14/12/2017 to 04/03/2022, when the detention was changed to the personal commitment; detention based on standard grounds, lack of due diligence in the proceedings ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81,

10 February 2011);

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 14/12/2017 - pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine ,

no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79,

1 July 2021);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings.

8,700

250

50949/21

01/10/2021

Rodion Volodymyrovych PONOMARYOV

1987Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility

08/01/2010 to

07/09/2023

13 years and 8 months

2.1-2.9 m²

overcrowding, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, mouldy or dirty cell, poor quality of potable water, lack of fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, passive smoking, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, poor quality of food, lack of toiletries

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 31/12/2009 – pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021);

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 31/12/2009 to 07/09/2023 ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81,

10 February 2011);

Art. 5 (4) - deficiencies in proceedings for review of the lawfulness of detention - The applicant complained that he had been deprived of an opportunity to initiate a review of lawfulness of his detention at reasonable intervals or to ask the court to consider any other preventive measures as an alternative to detention because the provisions of the 1960 Code of Criminal Procedure did not provide for it ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02,

10 February 2011);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length

of criminal proceedings.

9,800

250

60395/21

01/10/2021

Anton Viktorovych IGNATENKO

1987Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility

08/01/2010 to

07/09/2023

13 years and 8 months

2.5-2.9 m²

overcrowding, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, mouldy or dirty cell, poor quality of potable water, lack of fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, passive smoking, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, poor quality of food, lack of toiletries

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 31/12/2009 – pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021);

Art. 5 (4) - deficiencies in proceedings for review of the lawfulness of detention - The applicant complained that he had been deprived of an opportunity to initiate a review of lawfulness of his detention at reasonable intervals or to ask the court to consider any other preventive measures as an alternative to detention because the provisions of the 1960 Code of Criminal Procedure did not provide for it ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, 10 February 2011);

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 05/01/2010 to 07/09/2023 ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81,

10 February 2011);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings.

9,800

250

7317/22

14/01/2022

Volodymyr Fedorovych MARCHUK

1983Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility

27/12/2018 to

11/11/2022

3 years and 10 months and 16 days

2.5-2.6 m²

lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of toiletries, mouldy or dirty cell, overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of potable water

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 17/11/2018 - pending; detention was based and continuously extended on standard grounds ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81, 10 February 2011);

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 17/11/2018 - pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79,

1 July 2021);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings.

9,800

250

8138/22

01/02/2022

Kyrylo Oleksandrovych TKACHOV

1977Rybiy Sergiy Mykolayovych

Dnipro

Dnipro Pre-Trial Detention Facility no. 4

04/05/2017

pending

More than

6 years and

5 months and 10 days

2.95 m²

lack of fresh air, lack of toiletries, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to shower, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to potable water, passive smoking, overcrowding, mouldy or dirty cell, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of privacy for toilet, poor quality of food, poor quality of potable water

7,500

250

53696/22

16/10/2022

Oleg Yevgenovych LYMAR

1982Kulbach Sergiy Oleksandrovych

Limoges

Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility

14/06/2010 to

21/11/2022

12 years and 5 months and 8 days

2.5-3.6 m²

no or restricted access to shower, lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of toiletries, mouldy or dirty cell, overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of potable water, lack of laundry service

Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - from 14/10/2021 to 21/11/2022 ( Kharchenko v. Ukraine , no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81, 10 February 2011);

Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 14/10/2021 – pending;

1 level of jurisdiction ( Nechay v. Ukraine , no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79,

1 July 2021);

Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings

9,800

250[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.

[2] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.