CASE OF ISLAMOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
Doc ref: 46020/18, 46077/18, 46107/18, 46233/18, 46296/18, 46311/18, 46567/18, 46595/18, 46644/18, 46940/18, ... • ECHR ID: 001-226483
Document date: September 14, 2023
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THIRD SECTION
CASE OF ISLAMOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 46020/18 and 32 others –
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
14 September 2023
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Islamov and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Peeter Roosma , President , Ioannis Ktistakis, Andreas Zünd , judges ,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 13 July 2023,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Conventionâ€) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government (“the Governmentâ€) were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the inadequate conditions of their detention. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.
THE LAW
5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68 ‑ 73, 17 January 2023).
7. The applicants complained principally of the inadequate conditions of their detention. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention.
8. The Court notes that the applicants were kept in detention in poor conditions. The details of the applicants’ detention are indicated in the appended table. The Court refers to the principles established in its case ‑ law regarding inadequate conditions of detention (see, for instance, MurÅ¡ić v. Croatia [GC], no. 7334/13, 20 October 2016; Kud Å‚a v. Poland [GC], no. 30210/96, §§ 90 ‑ 94, ECHR 2000 ‑ XI; and Ananyev and Others v. Russia , nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, §§ 139 ‑ 65, 10 January 2012). It reiterates in particular that extreme lack of space in a prison cell or overcrowding weighs heavily as an aspect to be taken into account for the purpose of establishing whether the impugned detention conditions were “degrading†from the point of view of Article 3 and may disclose a violation, both alone or taken together with other shortcomings (see, amongst many authorities, KaraleviÄius v. Lithuania , no. 53254/99, §§ 36–40, 7 April 2005).
9. In the leading case of Sergey Babushkin v. Russia, no. 5993/08, 28 November 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ conditions of detention were inadequate.
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention.
12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see the appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill ‑ founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its well-established case-law (see Sergey Babushkin , cited above, §§ 38-45, concerning the lack of an effective remedy for the complaint about conditions of post-conviction detention; Idalov v. Russia [GC], no. 5826/03, §§ 103-08 and 154-58, 22 May 2012; and Tomov and Others v. Russia , nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 92-156, 9 April 2019, concerning inadequate conditions of transport and the lack of an effective remedy in that respect).
13. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.â€
14. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Sergey Babushkin v. Russia, (just satisfaction), no. 5993/08, 16 October 2014, and Mozharov and Others v. Russia, nos. 16401/12 and 9 others, 21 March 2017), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default during the default period plus three percentage points.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 14 September 2023, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina Peeter Roosma
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention
(inadequate conditions of detention after conviction)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Facility
Start and end date
Duration
Inmates per brigade
Sq. m per inmate
Number of toilets per brigade
Specific grievances
Other complaints under well ‑ established case-law
Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros) [1]
46020/18
05/09/2018
Rustem
Ravilevich ISLAMOV
1979IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
27/02/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 6 month(s) and 21 day(s)
100 inmate(s)
1.7 m²
5 toilet(s)
overcrowding, lack of or insufficient electric light, insufficient number of toilets and wash basins, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, roll calls held outdoors during heavy showers and frost, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, insufficient space of the exercise yard
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46077/18
18/09/2018
Firdavs Nurulloyevich KHASANOV
1969IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
01/09/2015
pending as of 16/09/2022
7 year(s) and 16 day(s)
1.5 m²
lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to toilet, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46107/18
17/09/2018
Sergey Nikolayevich NIKULIN
1975IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
01/10/2016
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 11 month(s) and 16 day(s)
1.6 m²
lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to toilet, infestation of cell with insects/rodents
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46233/18
15/09/2018
Aleksandr Sergeyevich DEMIDENKO
1985IK-1 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
01/09/2013
pending as of 16/09/2022
9 year(s) and 16 day(s)
40 inmate(s)
2 m²
lack of fresh air, overcrowding, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, infestation of cell with insects/rodents
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46296/18
13/09/2018
Nikolay Vasilyevich KOZLOV
1978IK-5 Krasnoyarsk Region
18/12/2009
pending as of 16/09/2022
12 year(s) and 8 month(s) and 30 day(s)
140 inmate(s)
3 to 3.6 m²
7 toilet(s)
no toilet tanks, overcrowding, lack of privacy for toilet, no flushing in the toilets
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46311/18
10/09/2018
Vadim Sergeyevich TEREKHOV
1985IK-1 Arkhangelsk Region
01/09/2015
pending as of 16/09/2022
7 year(s) and 16 day(s)
81 inmate(s)
1.8 m²
4 toilet(s)
overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to warm water, poor quality of food, lack or insufficient quantity of food, poor quality of potable water, no or restricted access to running water
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
46567/18
13/09/2018
Aleksey Vladimirovich POGUNOV
1977IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
23/01/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 25 day(s)
1.6 m²
lack of or restricted access to leisure or educational activities, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, poor quality of food, lack of privacy for toilet, lack or inadequate furniture, no or restricted access to shower, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, infestation of cell with insects/rodents
12,500
46595/18
13/09/2018
Damir
Varisovich MUKMINOV
1970IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
01/08/2018
pending as of 16/09/2022
4 year(s) and 1 month(s) and 16 day(s)
1.8 m²
lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, small courtyard for walk, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention and in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;
Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van on 30/07/2018: overcrowding (0.33 m²), lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of access to water
13,500
46644/18
27/08/2018
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich ILYUSHIN
1986IK-14 Krasnoyarsk Region
26/01/2018 to
12/04/2019
1 year(s) and 2 month(s) and 18 day(s)
3 m²
constant electric light, inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to shower, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to warm water, overcrowding
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
5,900
46940/18
12/09/2018
Sergey Aleksandrovich IGNATOV
1976IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
27/03/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 5 month(s) and 21 day(s)
1.2 m²
overcrowding, poor quality of food, lack or insufficient quantity of food, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of fresh air, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease
12,500
46955/18
26/09/2018
Stanislav Vladimirovich YESAULENKO
1990Chetverikova Svetlana Yuryevna
Gelendzhik
IK-10 Saratov Region
14/02/2013
pending as of 16/09/2022
9 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 3 day(s)
90 inmate(s)
1.6 m²
5 toilet(s)
poor quality of food, overcrowding, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
47156/18
24/09/2018
Gafiz
Fizulliyevich RZAYEV
1983Lemeshev Andrey Stanislavovich
Bryansk
IK-5 Kirov Region
01/08/2017 to
13/06/2018
10 month(s) and 13 day(s)
160 inmate(s)
2 m²
10 toilet(s)
lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, poor quality of food, overcrowding, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of requisite medical assistance, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen
4,800
47198/18
25/09/2018
Vitaliy Nikolayevich ALEKSANDROV
1986IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
01/02/2015
pending as of 16/09/2022
7 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 16 day(s)
1.7 m²
lack of or restricted access to leisure or educational activities, stench, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, mouldy or dirty cell, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, overcrowding in the courtyard, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
47223/18
21/09/2018
Sergey
Yuryevich VINOGRADOV
1970IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
27/04/2015
pending as of 16/09/2022
7 year(s) and 4 month(s) and 21 day(s)
125 inmate(s)
1.9 m²
8 toilet(s)
poor quality of food, lack of fresh air
12,500
47228/18
22/09/2018
Aleksey Aleksandrovich DYACHENKO
1995IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
13/02/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 4 day(s)
115 inmate(s)
1.5 m²
8 toilet(s)
lack of fresh air, poor quality of food, infestation of cell with insects/rodents
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
47261/18
17/09/2018
Aleksandr Andreyevich YANTSUKEVICH
1985IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
21/11/2016
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 9 month(s) and 27 day(s)
130 inmate(s)
1.5 m²
6 toilet(s)
overcrowding, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to toilet, poor quality of potable water, lack of or restricted access to leisure or educational activities, lack of or insufficient electric light, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, poor quality of food, lack or insufficient quantity of food, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, passive smoking, mouldy or dirty cell
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
47319/18
25/09/2018
Aleksandr Alekseyevich NABATCHIKOV
1992IK-5 Kirov Region
24/04/2018 to
23/10/2020
2 year(s) and 6 month(s)
105 inmate(s)
2.4 m²
7 toilet(s)
overcrowding, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, inadequate clothing allowance, poor quality of food, insufficient quantity of cutlery, mouldy or dirty cell, insufficient number of toilets and wash basins, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention and in respect of inadequate conditions of transport;
Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van and train and detention in transit facilities from 21/05/2019 to 02/07/2019:
lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, inadequate temperature, poor quality of food, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of toiletries, lack of ventilation, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack or insufficient quantity of food, numerous occasions of transport, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities
10,600
47806/18
11/12/2018
Andrey Vladimirovich RIMMER
1977IK-49 Komi Republic
01/04/2011
pending as of 16/09/2022
11 year(s) and 5 month(s) and 16 day(s)
100 inmate(s)
<2 m²
overcrowding, lack of fresh air, poor quality of potable water
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
47982/18
02/10/2018
Roman Nikolayevich GUZIK
1984IK-5 Krasnoyarsk Region
11/04/2018 to
21/11/2019
1 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 11 day(s)
110 inmate(s)
2.3 m²
4 toilet(s)
inadequate temperature, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to shower, overcrowding, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
7,100
48009/18
25/09/2018
Denis
Vitalyevich PISAREV
1986IK-11 Nizhny Novgorod Region
05/04/2015
pending as of 16/09/2022
7 year(s) and 5 month(s) and 12 day(s)
136 inmate(s)
1.4 m²
6 toilet(s)
overcrowding, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, poor quality of potable water, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, mouldy or dirty cell, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, poor quality of food, lack or insufficient quantity of food, no or restricted access to shower
12,500
48142/18
26/09/2018
Vyacheslav Yuryevich SURGUTSKIY
1975IK-34 Krasnoyarsk Region
16/08/2015 to
04/04/2018
2 year(s) and 7 month(s) and 20 day(s)
2.8 m²
lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of privacy for toilet, overcrowding, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
5,000
48237/18
29/09/2018
Dmitriy
Yuryevich YAKOVLEV
1980Alekseyeva Natalya Vasilyevna
Krasnoyarsk
IK-16 Krasnoyarsk Region
27/10/2015 to
29/08/2018
2 year(s) and 10 month(s) and 3 day(s)
32 inmate(s)
2.25 m²
4 toilet(s)
no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, inadequate temperature, mouldy or dirty cell
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
5,000
48384/18
29/09/2018
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich PISAREV
1985Alekseyeva Natalya Vasilyevna
Krasnoyarsk
IK-16 Krasnoyarsk Region
20/10/2016 to
29/08/2018
1 year(s) and 10 month(s) and 10 day(s)
IK-7 Krasnoyarsk Region
29/08/2018
pending as of 16/09/2022
4 year(s) and 19 day(s)
32 inmate(s)
2.2 m²
<0.5 m²
lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to shower, poor quality of potable water, poor quality of food, inadequate temperature, inadequate prison clothing
infestation of cell with insects/rodents, overcrowding, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of privacy for toilet, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease, poor quality of food, lack or inadequate furniture, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of seasonal clothes
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48617/18
28/09/2018
Viktor
Fedorovich YEPIKHIN
1957IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
27/03/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 5 month(s) and 21 day(s)
1.5 m²
overcrowding, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, inadequate temperature
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48660/18
28/01/2019
Igor Vladimirovich KOTLYAROV
1971IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
04/08/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 1 month(s) and 13 day(s)
1.3 m²
overcrowding, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to toilet, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48683/18
02/10/2018
Nazar
Petrovich MOKRINSKIY
1989IK-1 Arkhangelsk Region
17/01/2013
pending as of 16/09/2022
9 year(s) and 8 month(s)
89 inmate(s)
1.6 m²
no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to warm water, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48778/18
17/09/2018
Yuriy
Petrovich CHUKHRAY
1958IK-1 Komi Republic
01/09/2017
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 16 day(s)
300 inmate(s)
1.2 m²
3 toilet(s)
overcrowding, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, poor quality of food
Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van and train, on 21/05/2018; lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet; transport in similar conditions on 13 -14/05/2019 by van and train; transfer by train on 25/06/2021; 9 inmates per train compartment, no access to toilet, no sleeping place during overnight transfer
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention and in respect of inadequate conditions of transport
13,500
48813/18
03/10/2018
Sergey Varazdatovich KHACHATRYAN
1950IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
29/09/2012
pending as of 16/09/2022
9 year(s) and 11 month(s) and 19 day(s)
150 inmate(s)
1.5 m²
6 toilet(s)
lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of requisite medical assistance, poor quality of food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48870/18
02/10/2018
Sergey
Olegovich ZAVYALOV
1980IK-5 Kirov Region
24/04/2018 to
01/02/2019
9 month(s) and 9 day(s)
3 m²
lack of privacy for toilet, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to toilet, poor quality of food, inadequate temperature, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease, passive smoking, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to shower, no or restricted access to running water, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air
Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van on 15/04-16/04/2018; 0.26 m² of personal space; overcrowding, no access to food, lack of possibility to sleep, no or restricted access to toilet, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water;
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention and in respect of inadequate conditions of transport
5,700
48887/18
25/09/2018
Oleg
Nikolayevich SOROKIN
1965IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
24/08/2010
pending as of 16/09/2022
12 year(s) and 24 day(s)
1.3-1.5 m²
overcrowding, lack or inadequate furniture, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease, lack of fresh air, mouldy or dirty cell, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, scarce surface of walking ward, lack or insufficient quantity of food, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48906/18
02/10/2018
Dmitriy Sergeyevich SIZONENKO
1985Solovyev
Igor Anatolyevich
Rzhev
IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
09/09/2013
pending as of 16/09/2022
9 year(s) and 8 day(s)
127 inmate(s)
1.5-1.7 m²
lack of ventilation, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, limited time for taking food
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
48979/18
21/01/2019
Yevgeniy Igorevich MIRONOV
1974IK-37 Perm Region
20/09/2016 to
21/08/2018
1 year(s) and 11 month(s) and 2 day(s)
<3 m²
overcrowding, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to warm water, bunk beds
5,000
49282/18
12/09/2018
Vartan Varuzhanovich GARIBYAN
1992IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
31/10/2016
pending as of 16/09/2022
5 year(s) and 10 month(s) and 17 day(s)
46 inmate(s)
1.6-1.8 m²
overcrowding, lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to toilet
Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention
12,500
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.