Published on 30 May 2023

SECOND SECTION

Application no. 57518/22 Mariya Andreyevna BOBROVA against Russia and 24 other applications

(see list appended)

PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

Following a preliminary examination of the admissibility of the applications on 4 May 2023, the Court decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (b) of the Rules of Court, that notice of the applications should be given to the Government of Russia.

In the applications marked by an asterisk, other complaints were raised. This part of the applications has been struck out of the Court’s list of cases or declared inadmissible by the Court, sitting in a single-judge formation, assisted by a rapporteur as provided for in Article 24 § 2 of the Convention.

In the enclosed list of applications, whenever an applicant is referred to using initials, this indicates that the Court has authorised anonymity for that person, whose identity will not be disclosed to the public (Rule 47 § 4).

For further information on the procedure following communication of an application brought against Russia, subject of well-established case law of the Court, please refer to the Court’s website .

SUBJECT MATTER

The applications concern complaints raised under Article 11 of the Convention relating to disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies which are the subject of well-established case law of the Court (see Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013).

APPENDIX – STATEMENT OF FACTS

List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention (disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)

No.

Application no.

Date of introduction

Applicant’s name

Year of birth

Representative’s name and location

Name of the public event

Location

Date

Administrative charges

Penalty

Final domestic decision

Court Name

Date

Other complaints under well-established case-law

57518/22

13/11/2022

Mariya Andreyevna BOBROVA

2003Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

21/07/2022

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO [1] ;

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 3.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station from 4.45 p.m. to 9 p.m. after the offence report was compiled [2] ;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based [3] .

40/23

10/11/2022

Dmitriy Konstantinovich KAZAK

1998Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

11/07/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.25 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 7.30 p.m. to 11.54 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

42/23*

23/11/2022

Andrey Anatolyevich PETRITSKIY

1955Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

29/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.15 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the report was compiled (from 3.40 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.33 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

70/23*

11/11/2022

Yelena Vladimirovna UKUSOVA

1971Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

13/07/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 4.20 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station after the offence report was compiled (from 5.20 p.m. to 9.10 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

901/23*

29/11/2022

Valentina Nikolayevna KORSHIKOVA

1996Yuliya Valeryevna Malinina

Moscow

Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

29/07/2022

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.40 p.m. and released at 7.30 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

1184/23

25/11/2022

Anisiya Yevgenyevna BORISENKO

1994Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

25/07/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 4.40 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the report was compiled (from 5.40 p.m. to 9.25 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - unfair criminal proceedings - the courts refused to summon defence witnesses and to adduce videos/photos upon the applicant’s request who wanted to prove that the protest had been peaceful;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

1194/23*

08/12/2022

Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich MENDELEV

1983Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

09/08/2022

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based;

Art. 6 (1) - unfair criminal proceedings - the courts refused to summon defence witnesses and to adduce videos/photos upon the applicant’s request who wanted to prove that he had not participated in the protest but had been arrested while walking nearby.

1203/23

29/11/2022

Anatoliy Igorevich LOGACHEV

1990Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 15,000

Moscow City Court

09/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 3.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 12.10 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

1515/23

21/12/2022

Denis Leonidovich BELYAKOV

1968Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

25/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.15 p.m., brought to the police station at 4 p.m. and released at 10.15 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based; the appeal court’s refusal to summon and examine defence witnesses who could have supported the applicant’s account of events.

1693/23*

04/12/2022

Anastasiya Alekseyevna NIKONOROVA

1997Oleg Vladimirovich Filatchev

Moscow

Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

05/08/2022

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.

1694/23

16/12/2022

Yevgeniya Yevgenyevna SMIRNOVA

1991Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

23/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.45 p.m., brought to the police station at 5.05 p.m. and released at 9.15 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

1701/23*

30/11/2022

Rafael Ruslanovich SADRTDINOV

1995Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

03/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 4.20 p.m. and brought to the police station at 6.40 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 12.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

1779/23*

17/12/2022

Anna Pavlovna BYCHENKOVA

1996Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

31/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.45 p.m. and released at 8.10 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

4248/23

26/12/2022

Kirill Alekseyevich DMITRIYEV

1995Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

07/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.05 p.m. and brought to the police station at 3.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 12 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

4469/23*

29/12/2022

Valeriy Anatolyevich VOVK

1967Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 15,000

Moscow City Court

31/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

4801/23*

06/01/2023

Maksim Anatolyevich KONNYCHEV

1991Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

07/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.

5092/23

03/01/2023

Roman Sergeyevich POZDNYAKOV

1990Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 15,000

Moscow City Court

13/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.50 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence record was compiled (from 4.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.45 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

5096/23

15/12/2022

Leonid Pavlovich VARFOLOMEYEV

1996Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

15/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.15 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO, detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence record was compiled (from 3.25 p.m. to 7.20 p.m. on 06/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

5113/23*

10/12/2022

Yekaterina Valentinovna NOVIKOVA

1952Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 15,000

Moscow City Court

17/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO,

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

5117/23*

04/01/2023

Mstislav Igorevich BABCHENKO

1994Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 15,000

Moscow City Court

05/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 4.20 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 12.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

5832/23*

12/01/2023

Yevgeniy Valeryevich ROMANOVSKIY

1995Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

15/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

6011/23*

20/12/2022

Danila Vasilyevich CHURMANTEYEV

1975Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

29/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.

6751/23

21/12/2022

Anastasiya Mikhaylovna KOSTYUKHINA

1990Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 10,000

Moscow City Court

23/08/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.40 p.m., brought to the police station at 5.10 p.m. and released at 10.10 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

6762/23*

06/01/2023

Dmitriy Aleksandrovich ZRAZHEVSKIY

1982Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

07/09/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of 3 hours after the offence report was compiled (arrested at 2.30 p.m. and brought to the police station at 4 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 1.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

7265/23

26/10/2022

Dmitriy Igorevich PEYCH

1985Anti-war protest

Moscow

06/03/2022

article 20.2 § 5 of CAO

fine of RUB 20,000

Moscow City Court

27/06/2022

Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.45 p.m. and released at 9.15 p.m.);

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;

Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.

[1] Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016.

[2] Butkevich v. Russia , no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia , nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia , no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019.

[3] Schatschaschwili v. Germany [GC], no. 9154/10, §§ 100-31, ECHR 2015, and Murtazaliyeva v. Russia [GC], no. 36658/05, §§ 150-59, 18 December 2018.