FOURTH SECTION

DECISION

AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

Application no. 36065/97 by H .K. against Finland

The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting on 27 September 2005 as a Chamber composed of:

Sir Nicolas Bratza , President , Mr J. Casadevall , Mr G. Bonello , Mr M. Pellonpää , Mr K. Traja , Mr J. Borrego Borrego , Ms L. Mijović, judges , and Mr s F . Elens-Pas sos , Deputy Section Registrar ,

Having regard to the above application lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights on 7 May 1997 ,

Having regard to Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention, by which the competence to examine the application was transferred to the Court,

Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant,

Having deliberated, decides as follows:

THE FACTS

The applicant is a Finnish national who was born in 1968 . He was represented before the Court by Mr Sami Heikinheimo and Ms Anu Suomela, both lawyer s practising in Helsinki . The respondent Government were represented by their Agent, Mr Arto Kosonen, Director in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

A. The circumstances of the case

The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties and as they appear from the documents , may be summarised as follows.

Background

The applicant is the father of two children, K. born in 1988 and H. born in October 1990. He and the mother of the children divorced in January 1992, having lived apart since November 1990 and K. having lived with his mother and H. with the applicant. The applicant assumed the care of H. some ten days after her birth. According to an agreement reached in connection with the separation and confirmed by the Social Welfare Board, K. was to remain with the mother and H. with the applicant. The parents had joint custody of the children.

M. cohabited with the applicant from March to October 1994. Following their separation, she contacted the social welfare authorities, alleging that H. had been sexually abused by the applicant. The child ’ s stories and behaviour had drawn M. ’ s attention and she had observed H. frequently touching her genitals and masturbating when going to sleep. M. also reported her suspicions to the family day care nurse. The applicant was not informed of the reports.

Social welfare authorities ’ initial measures

On 16 November 1994 during a visit to the day carer ’ s, social welfare officials requested her to monitor H. ’ s behaviour, which according to her was deviant in that she masturbated before going to sleep. The officials witnessed the same during their visit. On 17 January 1995 they again visited the day carer, who now had kept records of H. ’ s behaviour. Based on these notes and their own observations, the officials consulted the Family Advice Centre ( perheneuvola, familjerådgivningen ) and decided to organise H. ’ s interviews and other examinations owing to a suspicion that she had been sexually abused. The applicant was not informed of those visits.

On 27 January 1995 when arriving to pick H. up from day care, the applicant was directed to the Family Advice Centre, where he was informed of the suspicion of sexual abuse. While denying the suspected abuse, he consented to an examination of H. but he did not accept that her place of residence should change for the period of examination .

The applicant was then informed that H. was to stay with her mother, who was her other legal custodian . According to the Government, he commented on H. ’ s placement by saying that if H. could not stay with him, the best place for her was with her mother. He was also told that if he agreed on H. ’ s placement with her mother , the social welfare authorities would not issue a public care order. According to the Government, he consented to H. ’ s placement with her mother. This was contested by the applicant.

On 2 February 1995 the social welfare authorities were contacted by the applicant ’ s counsel who was told that if the applicant opposed H. ’ s placement with her mother during the examinations, the alternative was to issue an emergency care order. On the same day counsel withdrew the applicant ’ s alleged consent to H. ’ s placement with her mother, following which a meeting with the parents was held at the Family Advice Centre on 3 February 1995 .

It is undisputed that from 3 February 1995 there was no consent by the applicant to H. ’ s placement outside his home. The parties disagree as to whether the applicant consented to H. ’ s placement with her mother for the period 27 January and 2 February 1995 .

Taking into public care through an emergency care order

By an emergency order issued on 8 February 1995 the senior social welfare official placed H. in public care with her mother, pursuant to section 18 of the Child Welfare Act ( lastensuojelulaki, barnskyddslag 683/1983). The further consideration of the matter was referred to the Tampere Social Welfare and Health Care Board (hereinafter “the Board”; sosiaali- ja terveyslautakunta, social- och hälsovårdsnämnden ), pursuant to section 17 of the said Act. The emergency care order referred to the need to conduct the necessary examinations in the Family Advice Centre in the light of the suspicion that H. had been sexually abused. The decision had not been written on the form approved by the Ministry for Social Welfare and Health Affairs in pursuance of section 14 of the Child Welfare Decree ( lastensuojeluasetus, barnskyddsförordning 1010/1983). According to the notice of appeal incorporated into the decision, an appeal could be filed with the Board within fourteen days.

In its decision of 24 February 1995 the Board ordered that the emergency care should continue until 27 March 1995 for the purpose of concluding the examinations. According to the notice of appeal attached to the decision, an appeal could be addressed to the County Administrative Court within thirty days.

The Family Advice Centre ’ s examinations commenced on 7 February 1995 and were completed on 24 March 1995 . Two psychologists, J.K. and M.R., and a child psychiatrist, A-K.R., stated in their written opinion of 24 March 1995 that it was highly likely that H. had been sexually abused by the applicant. He was informed of the results of the examination in a meeting on the same day during which J.K., H. ’ s mother and a friend of the applicant ’ s were also present. The examinations resulted in a conclusion that H. should be placed in public care away from the applicant.

Normal care order

On 24 and 27 March 1995 the Board heard the parents and the paternal grandmother. The applicant again denied having abused H., whereas the paternal grandmother had not noticed anything exceptional in H. ’ s behaviour. Following the emergency care, she had repeatedly inquired into H. ’ s “unusual talking” and had come to the conclusion that it had been triggered by something which had occurred in day care. She agreed to assume the care of H. in her home, as did the mother, who further stated that she had never accepted that H. should live with the applicant and that she had tried to avoid any contact with the applicant and his family. He again did not agree that H. would be staying with her mother. On 27 March 1995 the Board confirmed the care order in accordance with section 17 (2) of the Child Welfare Act. It reasoned:

“The examination of [H.] in the Family Advice Centre has come to an end ... . The examination results confirm the impression that the child has been sexually abused and that her development would be seriously jeopardised if she continued living with her father. In its opinion the Family Advice Centre recommends that the child be placed in public care in order to ensure her healthy development (appendix no. 5).

It is not possible to exclude possible abuse by providing open-care support measures.

Placing the child in public care is a precondition for ensuring that she receives care corresponding to her stage of development.”

The Board referred its decision to the Häme County Administrative Court ( lääninoikeus, länsrätten ) and the applicant filed an appeal, to which he attached two medical opinions. The first opinion was issued by a general practitioner, A.H., on 3 March 1995 , who had seen H. four times at a child welfare clinic, lastly in December 1993. The other opinion was given by a nurse, I.L., of the same clinic on 7 March 1995 . She had seen H. last in October 1994. The opinions found nothing exceptional in the child ’ s development and no failure on the part of the applicant in providing her with proper care. Given that H. had been staying with her mother during the period of examination, the applicant argued that it could not be excluded that the latter had influenced the child ’ s behaviour. He reiterated that although H. had been monitored while in day care, he had not been informed of the suspicions until January 1995. He furthermore argued that he had not been heard in accordance with section 15 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( hallintomenettelylaki, lag om förvaltningsförfarande 598/1982). When invited to the meeting on 27 January 1995 , he had not been informed of its real purpose, namely the plan to take the child into public care. He had allegedly received a copy of the emergency care order of 8 February 1995 only after repeated requests and the paragraph indicating the possibility for him to have it reviewed by the Board had allegedly been crossed out.

On 29 June 1995 social welfare officials and H. ’ s mother agreed that H. would stay with her paternal grandfather and his partner for two weeks in July 1995 owing to the mother ’ s fatigue. On 18 July 1995 H. ’ s maternal grandmother informed the social welfare authorities that H. had not returned home the day before. They unsuccessfully tried to contact the mother, following which on 25 July 1995 they agreed with the paternal grandfather that H. would stay with him until the mother could be reached or until the situation would be evaluated. On 17 August 1995 the mother informed the authorities that H. could not stay with her as the situation had drained her strength. She suggested that H. should stay with her paternal grandfather. The same day social welfare officials visited H. ’ s paternal grandfather and his partner, a family day care nurse by profession, who informed the officials that they could not take care of H. in the long term. It was agreed, however, that H. would stay with them until the County Administrative Court had reached its decision.

On 21 August 1995 the applicant informed the social welfare authorities that he did not approve of the public care. In an opinion of the same day a senior physician, A.L., found H. to be normally developed both physically and mentally.

In a hearing on 31 August 1995 the County Administrative Court examined six witnesses. The psychologist M.R. testified to having met once with H., following which the examination had been continued by the psychologist J.K., who had met her on a few occasions. As the child had appeared to shy away from male interviewers, A-K.R. had eventually taken over the investigation. He further testified that the child ’ s statements to A-K.R., who had recorded the interviews on audio tape, had been consistent with her earlier statements to the day carer.

The paternal grandmother testified that from March 1995 H. had started behaving in an explicitly sexual manner, referring to games played with another child in day care. H. had also referred to the day carer ’ s husband, who had been tickling her. She also testified that the former girlfriend M. at the time of the separation in October 1994 had threatened to “seek revenge” on the applicant.

The day carer testified that H. had continued to masturbate after having been removed from the applicant ’ s home. She denied ever having left H. alone with her husband, which was contested by the applicant.

The applicant requested that the court refer H. to a child psychiatric examination. The Board did not object to such an examination as long as it was conducted by a public institution. The applicant contended that in the autumn of 1994 he had, of his own motion, discussed his daughter ’ s behaviour with a social welfare official in another local office, following which he had requested the day carer to observe H. particularly in this respect. The day carer denied that such a conversation had taken place.

The County Administrative Court granted the applicant cost-free counsel retroactively from 27 March 1995 . It however rejected his request for a further medical examination of H. By its decision of 29 September 1995 it upheld the care order, reiterating the contents of M. ’ s report of October 1994 and the observations made by the day carer. From the summer of 1994 the day carer had seen H. frequently masturbating in connection with naps and when playing. According to her notes, such masturbation had lasted from fifteen minutes to one and a half hours at a time. H. had also repeatedly been saying that the applicant had been tickling her in her buttocks and kissing her with his tongue.

The County Administrative Court ’ s reasons for upholding the care order read in extenso as follows:

“According to the evidence available, the conditions in the home of [H.] have seriously jeopardised her health and development. Open-care support measures have not been possible. The public care of [H.] and her placement outside her original home must be considered to be in her interests.”

The County Administrative Court ’ s decision was notified to the Board on 5 October 1995 . The following day social welfare officials presented themselves without giving any advance notice in the paternal grandfather ’ s and his partner ’ s home, removed H. and temporarily placed her in a substitute family.

The applicant appealed against the County Administrative Court ’ s decision, requesting a hearing before the Supreme Administrative Court ( korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) and a further examination of H.

In a meeting on 11 October 1995 between social welfare officials and the applicant, he was informed that H. had been transferred to a substitute family, to which he objected. The mother consented to the placement.

On 6 November 1995 the applicant removed H. from the premises of a supervised meeting and hid her during the following eleven months. On 1 December 1995 he and H. underwent an examination by a psychologist, H.H., who in a written opinion of 22 January 1996 found H. to be more developed than an average child of her age. She was balanced, very attached to her father and there was no indication of her having been sexually abused.

Two days after the abduction the Board decided that the public care should be implemented in the substitute family. The Board did not accept the paternal grandfather ’ s and his partner ’ s offer to care for H. It noted that the applicant had been heard in person on 11 October 1995 . He had been invited to attend the Board ’ s meeting, but he sent a letter that was read out in the meeting.

On 30 November 1995 the Board filed observations in reply to the applicant ’ s appeal to the Supreme Administrative Court. On 19 January 1996 he submitted a rejoinder.

On 27 February 1996 the court invited the National Authority for Medico-Legal Affairs (hereinafter “the Medico-Legal Authority”; terveydenhuollon oikeusturvakeskus, rättskyddscentralen för hälsovården ) to submit a written opinion on the conduct of the examinations by the Family Advice Centre, which was subsequently communicated to the applicant for comments.

Meanwhile and following the applicant ’ s complaint as to the examinations by the Family Advice Centre, the Medico-Legal Authority had obtained expert opinions from its standing experts, a professor in child psychiatry, E.R., and a psychologist T.P., as well as a written opinion from A-K.R. and J.K. In an opinion dated 30 January 1996 E.R. noted inter alia the following:

“The examinations carried out on H. were initiated on account of the ‘ the sexual games ’ with the father, of which the child had spoken to the day care nurse, and on account of H. ’ s frequent masturbation in day care, especially before taking a nap. Although masturbation is relatively usual at that age, it can no longer be considered to merely relate to the age of the child when it is so extensive and intense as described by the day care nurse, especially not where the masturbation is placed in the context of the child ’ s description of “sexual games” at home. In this light I find the initiation of the examinations concerning sexual abuse a justified measure. .... [A - K.R ’ s] questions [that were put to H.] were not leading although they tended to have a pressuring touch given that they were repeated several times as the girl was unable to answer them. ... Whether the girl has gone under psychological tests, either projective tests or tests measuring the child ’ s abilities, remains unclear. Also the contents of [H. ’ s] playing remain unclear. Thus, I cannot assess the quality of psychologist [J.K. ’ s] examinations. Pyschologist [M.R.] has met both parents, but the documents I have received do not disclose any detailed description of the contents of the discussions, thus preventing me from assessing also the quality of these discussions. With the exception of the interview carried out by child psychiatrist [A-K.R.], which I find appropriate, I cannot take a position on the nature of the examinations. ...The decision to take the child into public care was made in an appropriate manner by the social welfare authorities, considering that the father had proved to be the likely abuser of the child...”

On 21 May 1996 the Medico-Legal Authority gave the applicant permission to consult, during 24 hours, four tape recordings from the examination of H. at the Family Advice Centre. He was not allowed to copy the tapes but had them transcribed.

On 3 June 1996 the Supreme Administrative Court invited the applicant ’ s further observations. In his observations of 19 June 1996 he submitted a written opinion by the psychologist H.H., issued following the abduction. He also requested a hearing including the taking of witness evidence from the former girlfriend M., Dr A-K.R., the psychologist H.H. and G.A., a child psychiatrist and consultant to the Ministry for Social and Health Affairs. Moreover, he objected to not having been provided with the full documentation underlying the Medico-Legal Authority ’ s opinion such as A-K.R. ’ s and the psychologist J.K. ’ s observations. Lastly, he relied on a written opinion, dated 17 June 1996 , by Dr G.A., who considered that the examination by the Family Advice Centre had not shown that H. had been sexually abused by the applicant. On the contrary, it transpired from the transcripts of the interviews that she had been led and pressured by A-K.R., the clear goal being to detect sexual abuse. Not all interviews had been recorded. Clinical annotations were missing from the records, which rendered it impossible for Dr G.A. to assess the credibility of the Family Advice Centre ’ s examinations.

Following the Medico-Legal Authority ’ s request for an additional opinion, Dr E.R. and the psychologist T.P., in their joint opinion of 8 July 1996, expressed the view that the decision to take H. into care and place her first with her mother and later in a substitute family, had been justified and appropriate, considering both H. ’ s own words and her behaviour. They also took the view that the Family Advice Centre should have considered more thoroughly the conditions for an additional examination of H. given the fact that the psychological examination and the interviews with the parents had been insufficient. Further, they took a stand regarding the examinations carried out on the applicant ’ s request during H. ’ s abduction by the psychologist H.H. As noted above, the applicant relied on a written opinion of H.H in the Supreme Administrative Court.

“... Psychologist H.H. has carried out psychological examinations on both H. and her father. A written opinion has been given on account of these examinations. It indicates that H.H. had examined the father on two occasions and the child on one occasion. It is questionable especially in the context of suspected sexual abuse that the same psychologist tests both the suspect and the abused child. .... The examinations were carried out without consultation with those involved in the earlier examination, which in our opinion shows professionally unethical and inconsiderate conduct on the part of the examining psychologist. ....”

In its further opinion of 29 July 1996 to the Supreme Administrative Court the Medico-Legal Authority deemed the Family Advice Centre ’ s examinations in 1995 to have been necessary and based on a reasonable suspicion of sexual abuse. The Medico-Legal Authority had obtained the audio tapes and documents produced by the Family Advice Centre and had heard the psychologist J.K., Dr A-K.R. and the psychologist M.R. in writing. It had also obtained the above joint opinion of its standing experts.

On 1 August 1996 the Supreme Administrative Court invited the applicant ’ s further observations. In his observations of 19 August 1996 he noted that he had not been provided with copies of the above supplementary opinion by Dr A-K.R and the psychologist M.R.

H. was missing from the authorities until 6 October 1996 when the police fetched her from the applicant ’ s work place. She was placed in a family support centre ( perhetukikeskus, familjestödscenter) . The applicant was informed of her whereabouts on 22 October 1996 .

On 8 October 1996 H. underwent an examination in a university hospital. A paediatrician, H.L., stated in her written opinion of 21 November 1996 that she had not found any signs of sexual abuse in her examinations and found H. ’ s behaviour to be normal for her age. Dr H.L. did, however, not take any stance regarding the earlier medical opinions.

In a meeting on 21 October 1996 between social welfare officials and staff of the university hospital the hesitation to start with new examinations concerning the alleged sexual abuse was expressed.

From 8 October 1996 to 16 July 1997 H. underwent child psychiatric examinations at the Tampere university hospital on the basis of a referral dating back to December 1995. During that period the applicant was heard at the surgery on 16 December 1996 and 28 April 1997 and he was consulted over the telephone on 20 February and 1 April 1997 . In her written opinion of 15 September 1997 a child psychiatrist, M.R., described H. as a very lonely 6 year old girl, whose basic human relationships with her parents and her brother and other persons close to her were coloured by argument and conflict. The examinations did not concern the sexual abuse suspicion as such an examination would have damaged the child ’ s mental health. H. was considered to suffer from a severe stress reaction and to have adjustment difficulties and she was in need of possibly long-lasting child psychiatric treatment. The opinion recommended child welfare measures with a view to protecting the child.

On 7 November 1996 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the applicant ’ s request for an oral hearing and a further examination of H., and upheld the County Administrative Court ’ s decision with the following reasons:

“Since an oral hearing was held before the County Administrative Court , there is no reason to hold one before the Supreme Administrative Court .

In view of the opinions already obtained there is no need to obtain an additional opinion.

For the reasons given in the County Administrative Court ’ s decision and considering, moreover, the disturbed behaviour of [H.], the Supreme Administrative Court considers that the conditions stated in section 16 of the Child Welfare Act have been met as regards the public care order issued on 27 March 1995 . Accordingly, and in view of the requests in the matter, the evidence obtained, and the legal provisions invoked by the County Administrative Court , there is no reason to amend its decision.”

Further changes in care providers and termination of public care

In a meeting with social welfare officials on 17 December 1996 the applicant was informed that H., who was diagnosed to suffer from post-traumatic stress, would be moved out of the family support centre within six months.

On 24 April 1997 in a meeting with social welfare officials, the applicant was informed that a substitute family home had been found and he was invited to comment in writing on the intention to transfer H. there.

On the same day he requested the Board to terminate the public care as being no longer justified. He submitted that H. ’ s initial examination in the Family Advice Centre had been conducted on the basis of the preconceived idea that sexual abuse had taken place. This suspicion had been categorically refuted in the written opinions of Dr G.A. and the psychologist H.H. H. ’ s behavioural disturbance had not been shown to result from the conditions in the applicant ’ s home. Before the taking into care she had not displayed any signs of being disturbed. Moreover, her wish to continue living with him had been recorded repeatedly.

On 13 May 1997 the senior social welfare official refused the applicant ’ s request that the public care be terminated, being of the view that no alternative care solution existed. Open-care assistance would be insufficient for ensuring the child ’ s healthy physical and mental development. By placing H. in substitute care, the authorities were seeking to provide her with a secure and home-like growing environment and to ensure her mental rehabilitation as well as a healthy development corresponding to her age. Having received the decision, the applicant pursued his request before the Board.

In his submission of 19 May 1997 he objected to the intended transfer of H. to a substitute family home and proposed that she be placed in the family of her former day care nurse, who had consented to receiving her. H. ’ s mother again consented to the transfer to the substitute family home.

On 21 May 1997 the Board decided to transfer H. to the substitute family home. Her removal took place on the following day. The Board ’ s decision stated, inter alia , that:

“According to M.R., the examining doctor of the Tampere university hospital, H. suffered from a post-traumatic stress, inter alia , because of the abduction, and for the purpose of rehabilitation H. should be provided with a safe home-like growing environment. No suitable substitute family was found that could have taken the child, inter alia , because of the abduction threat by the father. A family home was found which has a home-like atmosphere and has long experience of the care of different children taken into public care. In the family both parents are at home, looking after the children.”

On 26 June 1997 the Board also confirmed the official ’ s refusal to terminate the public care, relying on the reasons given in the official ’ s decision. It further noted that the care order had been triggered by the disturbed behaviour which H. had been repeatedly displaying during 1994. From the sexual point of view her symptoms had differed from those of other children of her age. She had been placed in public care on the basis of the Family Advice Centre ’ s examinations. Her growing environment had been jeopardising her healthy development and open-care assistance had been considered insufficient.

The applicant appealed against the Board ’ s decisions of 21 May and 26 June 1997 , arguing that it had failed to hear H. and the other interested parties. In considering that there was no alternative to the public care and in finding open-care assistance insufficient the Board had based itself on events two years ago, without obtaining any fresh evidence as to the justification for its decisions. He furthermore recalled that, when H. had been removed from him in October 1996, the social welfare officials had requested her fresh examination in the clinic in view of the expert opinions submitted by him. However, after the Supreme Administrative Court had rejected his final appeal against the care order, social welfare officials had allegedly amended their request to the clinic, instead asking that H. receive treatment according to their instructions.

On 16 July 1997 in a meeting between social welfare officials, the substitute parents and medical staff, it was observed that according to the patient records of the clinic H. ’ s symptoms which had already abated in the family support centre had continued to diminish in the substitute family home.

On 30 October 1997 the County Administrative Court heard thirteen witnesses. It had at its disposal, inter alia, a written opinion of a psychologist, E.S., whom the personnel of the family home consulted. On 5 December 1997 it rejected the applicant ’ s appeal against the decision to transfer H. to the substitute family home. It gave the following reasons:

“... Having been taken into public care, [H.] was officially placed in a substitute family from 6 October 1995 to 6 October 1996 . In reality she was a fugitive with her father from 6 November 1995 to 6 October 1996 , when she was placed in a family support centre.

A doctor of the university hospital who examined [H.] after her escape journey considered that she should be provided with secure conditions resembling a home. Her individual nurse at the family support centre has considered the placing of H. in a substitute family to be in her best interests.

On the basis of the aforementioned and, in particular, given [H. ’ s] age and the fact that she will be beginning school, the decision to change the premises for implementing the public care ... has been in her best interests.”

The County Administrative Court also rejected the appeal against the decision not to terminate the public care. It reasoned as follows:

“On 6 November 1995 [the applicant] abducted [H.], who had been placed in the care of the Board, and was hiding her at different locations until 6 October 1996 . After the escape journey [H.] was diagnosed as suffering from various behavioural disturbances, a serious post-traumatic stress syndrome and adjustment difficulties. Throughout her public care it has been difficult to initiate cooperation between the social authorities and [the applicant]. According to the evidence presented, [H.] has adjusted well to the substitute home. In this situation the decision to maintain the public care has been in her best interests.”

The applicant appealed further, requesting an oral hearing before the Supreme Administrative Court . He argued, inter alia , that H. should have been heard prior to the Board ’ s decisions.

In response to the applicant ’ s further query when the public care would be terminated, it was noted in the care plan of 24 April 1998 that H. was in the process of settling into the substitute family home. She was doing well in school and she would be able to stay in the family home as long as she needed to. It was also stated in the care plan that the social welfare authorities would consult child psychiatric experts in order to determine H. ’ s long-term needs as to whether she needed a long-term placement or whether the care could be terminated.

In the spring of 1998 social welfare officials inspected the home of the applicant and his then common-law spouse. It appears no report was made.

In a meeting on 12 June 1998, which the applicant had not been invited to attend, social welfare officials and staff of the hospital and the Family Advice Centre agreed that the symptoms displayed by H. “more than likely” resulted from her having been subjected to sexual abuse. By now the substitute care had provided H. with sufficient security and in the prevailing circumstances she would be able to develop into a balanced young person and adult. A termination of her public care could have unforeseeable consequences. Her meetings with the applicant would be supported also in the future.

On 11 January 1999 the Supreme Administrative Court, without having held an oral hearing, rejected the applicant ’ s appeal against the County Administrative Court ’ s decision of 5 December 1997 . The court found the various documentary evidence and the evidence taken at the lower court ’ s hearing sufficient for a ruling as follows:

“Section 17, subsection 1 of the Child Welfare Act provides that the Social Welfare Board must, whenever possible in view of the child ’ s age and level of development, clarify his or her own wishes and opinion, and afford a child who has reached the age of twelve as well as his or her parents the opportunity to be heard, before a decision as to the child ’ s placement in public care outside his or her home or as to whether to terminate such care. Considering that [H.] underwent examinations at the child psychiatric clinic of a university hospital and that, according to the results, she was suffering from a serious stress reaction and an adjustment difficulty, and considering that, according to [the Board ’ s] decision of 21 May 1997 she had stated, after an introductory visit, that she was willing to move to the family home, although her opinion has later varied, her opinion has been clarified in accordance with the requirements of the aforementioned provision of the law.

Before the challenged decisions were reached the parties were afforded an opportunity to be heard. In the County Administrative Court an opportunity to be heard was provided and an oral hearing was held. The Supreme Administrative Court has further afforded the applicant an opportunity to consult all documents in the case. Accordingly, he has been provided with the material which has affected the decision.

Section 1 of the Child Welfare Act provides that a child is entitled to a secure and stimulating growth environment as well as to a harmonious and well-balanced development, and has a priority right to protection. Considering the evidence presented in respect of the reasons leading to the public care order, [H. ’ s] mental symptoms and the changes which have occurred in her life, the conditions for maintaining her public care and changing the premises of the care outside her home, as stipulated in sections 16 and 20 of the Child Welfare Act, existed at that stage. On these grounds and considering the reasons and legal provisions relied upon in the County Administrative Court ’ s decision, there is no reason to amend the outcome of that decision.”

In the care plan meeting on 15 January 1999 and following the applicant ’ s request that the public care be terminated, it was agreed that the social welfare authorities would hold a meeting with child psychiatric experts to assess when it would be best to carry out the examinations in the child psychiatric family ward at the university hospital.

On 28 January 1999 the social welfare authorities remitted the applicant and H. for an examination at the ward. The examination with regard to the applicant ’ s parenting skills, his interaction with H. and H. ’ s psychological state and need for treatment took place in December 1999. In their opinion of 3 February 2000 Drs P.P-A. and E.K. considered, inter alia , that H. ’ s mental state had clearly improved during her placement in public care to which she seemed to have adjusted well. She was still suffering from a serious emotional disturbance which would require at least one or two psychotherapy sessions a week during the next two or three years. The relationship between her and the applicant displayed a certain inhibition and distance but the conditions for their bonding to improve were present. H. would need long-term individual therapy and long-lasting cooperation between the family, the carers and the child welfare authorities. They considered that the applicant and H. should have their new joint treatment sessions in June and August 2000.

In a meeting on 13 March 2000 social welfare officials and the parents agreed that H. ’ s and the applicant ’ s relationship would be observed by the child psychiatric family ward in June and August 2000 with a view to issuing an opinion on the conditions for the termination of the public care. It was further agreed that H. would begin receiving therapy. The therapy sessions began in April 2000.

In her opinion of 28 September 2000 Dr P-P.A stated the following:

“It has been difficult to achieve cooperation and a treatment relationship at the ward, and no functioning cooperation relationship has emerged. ... The father has difficulties in processing H. ’ s situation at an emotional level and in seeing the burdening effects of the continuous ... trials on the child. He has repeatedly voiced mistrust towards the authorities and concerning the aims of and grounds for the treatment. Also his attitude towards H. ’ s individual therapy has changed from having been positive to being negative. Owing to this his acceptance of H. ’ s treatment has remained problematic ... H. needs long-term individual child psychiatric treatment and long-term cooperation between the family, medical staff and child welfare. ... The father ’ s willingness to ensure the management of H. ’ s individual therapy has remained uncertain. Having regard to the above and to the evasive and distant nature of their interaction ... there are no preconditions for terminating the public care. ... The treatment will now be focusing on H. ’ s individual therapy. ... Interaction treatment at the ward will not be recommended for now. ...”

Access restrictions

From 27 January to 8 February 1995 there was no formal decision concerning access.

The emergency care order of 8 February 1995 included an access restriction to the effect that the applicant and H. were allowed to meet twice a week under supervision. An agreement concerning access during 7 to 23 February 1995 was signed by the applicant. According to him, notwithstanding that he signed the agreement, he opposed restricting access. According to the Government, no access restriction was in force at the relevant time as the applicant had consented to the arrangement .

The Board ’ s decision o f 24 February 1995 to uphold the emergency care included an access restriction to the effect that the applicant and H. were allowed to meet once a week under supervision.

According to the Board ’ s decision of 27 March 1995 following a meeting with the parents on 24 March 1995 , H. would continue living with her mother while seeing the applicant under supervision. The decision did not specify the frequency of the meetings and it was to be reviewed at the end of 1995. The applicant accompanied by counsel took part in the Board ’ s meeting on 27 March 1995 . Following the meeting, the applicant was informed that he could visit H. at the family support centre once a week.

In a care plan of 26 October 1995 following a meeting with the applicant on 11 October 1995, contacts were reduced to one supervised three-hour visit once a month, starting on 6 November 1995 in the family support centre. This arrangement was to be in force until March 1996. The applicant objected to the restriction and was allegedly not provided with all relevant documentation. No formal decision was issued.

Following the abduction of 6 November 1995 , the Board by its decision of 8 November 1995 prohibited access until 31 May 1996 , pursuant to section 25 of the Child Welfare Act and section 9 of the Child Welfare Decree. The applicant had been invited to attend the Board ’ s meeting, but he sent a letter that was read out in the meeting. As noted above, H. was found with the applicant on 6 October 1996 .

On 22 October 1996 the director of the family support centre issued a formal decision, prohibiting all meetings between the applicant and H. until 21 November 1996 owing to the risk of abduction. The applicant was informed that despite the prohibition he would be allowed to see H. in connection with her therapeutic visits to the clinic. On 22 November 1996 the Board issued a decision, maintaining the access prohibition until 30 May 1997 . It referred to the abduction following which the applicant had been hiding her from the authorities for eleven months. Referring to section 15, subsections 3 and 4, of the Administrative Procedure Act, the Board did not hear him, considering that such a hearing could jeopardise the purpose of the decision and that the decision could not be postponed. He appealed to the County Administrative Court . In its rejoinder of 21 January 1997 to the applicant ’ s appeal the Board submitted that the applicant had allegedly said, during a visit to the clinic on 16 December 1996 , that he intended to abduct H. again. Moreover, the abduction threat had not been the only reason for the access prohibition as H. had been diagnosed as suffering from a post-traumatic stress syndrome for which she needed care.

In a letter of 11 February 1997 the senior social welfare official clarified the access prohibition ordered on 22 November 1996 . Despite the prohibition, the applicant was allowed to meet H. during her therapeutic visits to the clinic and to write to and telephone her in the family support centre. It appears that, even though encouraged by social welfare officials to do so, he did not use this opportunity.

On 21 February 1997 the County Administrative Court quashed the access prohibition imposed on 22 November 1996 and remitted the matter for a re-examination by the Board, finding that the Board had not shown sufficient grounds for not hearing the applicant prior to its decision. The decision was notified to the social welfare authorities on 20 March 1997 .

On 21 May 1997 the Board issued a formal decision restricting access which was to be in force until 31 December 1997 . The frequency and implementation of the meetings were to be agreed upon in connection with the presentation of the care plan indicating where H. was going to live. The applicant had been heard on 24 April 1997 .

From 1 September 1997 the social welfare authorities repeatedly tried to arrange meetings with the applicant to draw up a new care plan in order to arrange future visits between him and H. However, he never accepted the suggested dates nor did he make his own proposals.

In his letter of 5 January 1998 the applicant demanded that the family home be informed of his right to meet H., given that the last access restriction had ceased on 31 December 1997 . In a letter of 16 January 1998 a social welfare official informed him that it was a normal practice concerning the arrangement of meetings with children placed in a substitute family to agree on the conditions in a meeting where the social welfare authorities, the substitute parents and the parents were present. She further noted that:

“....we have on several occasions tried to fix consultations for the purpose of arranging meetings between you and H. but no progress has been made. The situation at present is that we have not made any decision on the restriction of the right of access but have agreed with the family home that you will be able to meet H. there. The frequency of meetings would be one visit per month, and you can directly agree with the family home on the most convenient dates for the meetings. ....”

On 20 January 1998 the family home and the applicant agreed that the applicant and H. would meet in the paternal grandfather ’ s home. The social welfare authorities informed the applicant in a letter dated 21 January 1998 that he could only visit H. in the substitute family home owing to the fact that H. had not seen him for a long time. Neither of the social welfare officials ’ letters of January 1998 constituted a formal decision.

The social welfare authorities tried to arrange meetings to draw up a care plan again in February 1998 but a meeting was not held until 9 March 1998 . According to the care plan, the applicant was to visit H. two times in the substitute family home and once at the paternal grand father ’ s. The leading social officer would also visit the applicant in his home on 7 April 1998 . The social welfare officials did not accept the applicant ’ s proposal that H. would visit his home every other weekend. No formal decision was made.

In a care plan meeting on 17 April 1998 social welfare officials did not accept the applicant ’ s proposal that H. be allowed to stay with him and his common-law spouse every other weekend. According to the care plan of 24 April 1998 , one visit a month would take place in the substitute family home and once a month the substitute parents would bring H. to the paternal grandfather ’ s for the day. The applicant would be allowed to organise certain outings with H., as long as she would not be subjected to situations creating confusion in her as to which was really her permanent home at that moment in time. The access restriction was to be in force until 26 June 1998 . No formal decision was made.

Since a care plan meeting on 26 June 1998 it appears that the visits have been fully agreed on. It was agreed that H. would visit the applicant every other weekend from Saturday to Sunday. She could also spend a week with her paternal grandfather during the summer. The care plan indicated that her public care remained justified in the light of the conclusions reached in a meeting the same month. In a care plan meeting on 18 September 1998 it was agreed that H. would visit the applicant every other weekend from Friday till Sunday and spend the autumn holiday with him. The Christmas holiday would be agreed on between the substitute family home and the applicant. In a care plan meeting on 15 January 1999 the weekend visits were agreed to be carried on as earlier. H. could also spend the winter holidays with the applicant. In a care plan meeting on 13 March 2000 it was agreed that H. would spend four weeks with the applicant in July 2000. It appears that H. has continued to visit the applicant ’ s home every other week and to spend part of her summer holidays with him.

The custody proceedings and other events

Meanwhile, in civil proceedings initiated before the Tampere District Court ( käräjäoikeus, tingsrätten ) on 15 March 1995 , H. ’ s mother requested, allegedly on the recommendation of social welfare officials, that she be granted sole custody of the children and that H. be ordered to live with her. In an interim decision of 15 June 1995 the District Court ordered that H. should live with her mother, following the termination of the public care. It adjourned the further consideration of the case.

In September 1996 the applicant started cohabiting with a woman, whom he married in 1999.

On 3 February 1998 the District Court confirmed an agreement between the applicant and H. ’ s mother to the effect that they would exercise joint custody of their son K., whereas the applicant would have sole custody of H. and she would live with him following the termination of her public care.

On 7 August 1998 the District Court, in response to the parents ’ joint request, awarded the applicant sole custody of K., who had moved into the home of the applicant and his common-law spouse in July 1998.

The criminal proceedings

On 30 April 1996 the Board reported the applicant to the police, on suspicion of having sexually abused H. and having abducted her in violation of the public care order and the access restriction.

Further, on an unspecified date, the applicant was charged with having sexually abused H. He was further charged with having abducted her on 6 November 1995 . The Tampere District Court held its first hearing on 28 May 1997 . It subsequently heard the applicant and nine witnesses, including the paternal grandmother, the day carer, Drs A.R. and J.K., and received several written expert opinions.

In its judgment of 29 January 1998 the District Court, notwithstanding that it considered H. ’ s behaviour at the time of the initial care order not to have been normal for her age, found that the evidence did not show that the applicant had committed the sexual acts that he had been charged with. It thus rejected the charges. It declined to consider the charges relating to the abduction, as the Board had not attested that the bringing of charges was in the interests of the child. The court reasoned as follows:

... Taking into account the incriminating facts, the District Court does not find it established in a reliable manner that [the applicant] is guilty of aggravated sexual abuse of a child nor of sexually indecent behaviour towards a child. ...

Witness A.K. [the day carer] had made notes about H. ’ s behaviour in day care between 16 November 1994 and 12 January 1995 . When A.K. was heard as a witness, she explained that by “bottom” she had meant “the genitals”. The notes contain entries made in 35 different days. According to the notes of A.K., H. had “tickled” her genitals on all those days, which had lasted from 15 minutes to one and half hours. ....

According to witness A-K.R., who is specialising in child psychiatry, ...a child ’ s behaviour becomes sexually coloured after sexual abuse. Such children masturbate more than usual. The witness had earlier met only one child who had masturbated to the extent of the present one. Child psychiatric literature does not give for this extensive masturbation any explanations other than that the child has in some way been subjected to sexuality. The witness is of the view that the child has been subjected to behaviour which is inappropriate for a child, at least when she has clearly had pathological behaviour. .... The witness is not able to tell whether masturbation is something that the child has herself discovered, but it has clearly been indicated that it is something that she has in some way done together with the father. According to the witness, H. is a strong and determined child whose words are even more convincing than the words of children usually are. In the view of the witness, the most important report in the case are the notes made by the day care nurse. ....

Witness J.K., who worked as a psychologist at the Family Advice Centre, has stated that a girl masturbating is not necessarily a sign of incest that she has experienced. However girls, who have had some kind of sexual experiences, often show disturbed or excessive sexual behaviour. Excessive masturbation could be a sign of experiences other than sexual abuse, for example other kind of mental instability. There may be hyper or overactive children, distressed children or children showing this kind of behaviour without any explanations thereto. ...

On 26 August 1999 , the Turku Court of Appeal ( hovioikeus, hovrätten ) confirmed the acquittal. In addition to the reasons given by the District Court, it found, inter alia , that it could not be concluded from the Family Advice Centre ’ s initial examination that H. had been sexually abused.

B. Relevant domestic law and practice

The relevant legislation is outlined in the Court ’ s judgment in K. and T. v. Finland [GC] (no. 25702/94, §§ 94-136, ECHR 2001-VII).

COMPLAINTS

1. The applicant complained that the public care of his daughter violated his right to respect for his family life. Neither the initial care order, the access restrictions or the refusal to terminate the care had been justified under Article 8 § 2 of the Convention. The social and child psychiatric authorities refused to acknowledge that the sexual abuse suspicions against him were unfounded, and had no intention of seriously considering a termination of the public care.

2. The applicant further complained under Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention that the initial public care proceedings ending in November 1996 had been unfair and had violated his right to be presumed innocent until found guilty according to law.

First, he was not placed on an equal footing with the social welfare authority. By failing to inform him of its investigation methods, by not forwarding to him all relevant material and by preventing any independent examination of H., it effectively acted as his adversary. For instance, when submitting his rejoinder to the Supreme Administrative Court in January 1996, he had not yet been granted access to the audio recorded interviews with H. at the Family Advice Centre. When such access was eventually granted in May 1996, his further observations had to be filed out of time, the Supreme Administrative Court being under no obligation to take them into account.

Second, the authorities failed to respect the presumption of innocence. Moreover, the social welfare authority reported the suspected sexual abuse to the police only after the applicant had maintained his disagreement concerning the public care and its implementation and after he had submitted the expert opinion of the psychologist H.H.

Third, a hearing before one court instance was not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Article 6. Before the Supreme Administrative Court the applicant had intended to re-examine witness M. and others in respect of material which had come to his knowledge only after the County Administrative Court ’ s decision. That material had been concealed by the social welfare authority from the outset of the proceedings and was released to the applicant with significant delay. In these circumstances the Supreme Administrative Court could not have examined the appeal objectively without an oral hearing. In its decision it failed even to discuss the fresh evidence submitted.

THE LAW

A. Preliminary objections

1. The parties ’ submissions

The Government argued that the applicant had not appealed against the Board ’ s emergency care order of 8 February 1995 . Nor had he appealed against the order of 24 February 1995 to continue the emergency care including an access restriction or against the decision of 8 November 1995 to change the premises for H. ’ s care and prohibiting access until 31 May 1996 . All these decisions could have been appealed against under section 35 of the Child Welfare Act.

The applicant submitted that there was no ordinary appeal against an emergency care order issued by an official. Although he could have requested that the case be referred to the Board, such a request would not have been effective as the emergency care order would have been examined in the same meeting as the subsequent normal care order. As to the restriction of access, the authorities failed to give a reasoned decision or appeal instructions.

2. The Court ’ s assessment

H aving regard to the provisional and temporary character of the emergency care order, whose ratification in the form of the second emergency care order and the subsequent normal care order was in effect confirmed by the Board on 24 February and 27 March 1995 respectively, the Court accepts the applicant ’ s argument that, in the particular circumstances of the case, he could in any event be dispensed from filing a separate appeal against the emergency care orders. The Government ’ s objection in th ese respect s must therefore be rejected.

As to the access restriction issued on 24 February 1995 , the access prohibition issued on 8 November 1995 and the decision of the latter date to change the premises for H. ’ s care , the Court observes that the applicant did not avail himself of the possibility to have the decisions reviewed by the County Administrative Court. Therefore, the Court accepts the Government ’ s objection that the applicant has not exhausted domestic remedies. It follows that the complaints concerning these parts of the application must be rejected under Article 3 5 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies.

B. Articles 6, 8 and 13 of the Convention

The applicant complained that his right to respect for his family life had been violated by the public care and related measures. He also complained that the authorities refused to acknowledge that the sexual abuse suspicion against him had been unfounded, and had no intention of seriously considering the termination of the public care.

Article 8 of the Convention reads, in relevant part:

“1. Everyone has the right to respect for his family life ...

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”

The applicant also made various complaints under Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention. Article 6 reads, in relevant part:

“1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing ... .

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.”

Article 13 reads:

“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”

1. The parties ’ submissions

(a) The Government

The Government conceded that there was family life between H. and the applicant and that the impugned measures, H. ’ s placement with her mother between 2 and 7 February 1995, the emergency care order of 8 February 1995, the normal care order of 27 March 1995, the refusal to terminate the public care, and the access restrictions, amounted to interferences with the applicant ’ s right to respect for his family life. However, o n 27 January 1995 the applicant had agreed that H. would stay with her mother and at the beginning of H. ’ s placement and since 9 March 1998 there have been agreements concerning visits. In respect of these circumstances no interference could be considered to have taken place. The first agreement on access concerned the period 7 February to 23 February 1995 . Since 9 March 1998 the meetings with a view to drawing up a care plan had been held frequently. During these meetings the visits and the date for the next care plan meeting had been agreed upon. From the meeting of 18 September 1998 the care plans had been in total conformity with the wishes of the applicant. Accordingly, there was no interference regarding the access mentioned above.

In the Government ’ s view the emergency care order of 8 February 1995 had been justified owing to the need for examinations in the light of the suspicion that H. had been sexually abused. The emergency care order had to be made as, on 2 February 1995 , the applicant had withdrawn his consent to H. ’ s placement with her mother. The measures in question had their basis in domestic law except for the period 3 to 7 February 1995. That specific interference had not been in accordance with the law. The normal care order issued on 27 March 1995 had been based on child psychiatric examinations resulting in a finding that it was highly likely that the applicant had sexually abused H. As her development was seriously jeopardised when living with the applicant, public care had been imperative. The Government concluded that, with the exception of the non-existence of an emergency order between 3 and 7 February 1995 , there was no violation of Article 8.

As regards the Board ’ s decision of 27 March 1995 , which included an access restriction, the Government conceded that this restriction had not been made in accordance with the procedure established by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health on the basis of section 14 of the Child Welfare Decree. Accordingly, this decision had not been made in accordance with the law. There were no shortcomings in respect of the remaining access restrictions, which had also been justified. The right of access was not a right of the parent, but a right of the child and it could not be enforced against the child ’ s best interests. The possibilities of the substitute carers to take responsibility for the care and upbringing of the child must also be taken into account. The access prohibition issued on 22 October 1996 and extended on 22 November 1996 until 30 May 1997 had been based on the applicant ’ s threat to abduct H. again, which he had repeated on 16 December 1996 . Despite this prohibition the applicant was allowed to meet H. during her therapeutic visits to the hospital and to contact her by phone and mail while she was staying in the family support centre. However, the applicant did not visit the hospital to meet H. Also the access restriction of 21 May 1997 had been based on the applicant ’ s threat to abduct H. again.

As for the refusal to terminate the care, the Government referred to the reasons of the administrative courts that there had been grounds for upholding the public care. It is true that the applicant was acquitted in respect of the sexual abuse charges . Nevertheless, the object of public care proceedings is to assess a wider range of factors, such as the child ’ s situation and conditions at home on the whole with a view to finding a solution consonant with the child ’ s best interests. Thus, the outcome of the criminal proceedings was not material. What was decisive was the child ’ s best interests. Nor did the outcome of the treatment of H. and the applicant in the family ward support the termination of the public care.

As for the applicant ’ s involvement in the decision-making, the Government reiterated that H. had been interviewed for the first time on 27 January 1995 and the same day he had been informed of the need for examinations. On 3 February 1995 a meeting had been held at the Family Advice Centre with both parents before the decisions of 8 February 1995 were made. The applicant, represented by counsel, did not request to acquaint himself with the audio-tapes from the examinations at the Family Advice Centre until they had been submitted to the Medico-Legal Authority, from which he acquired the tapes for 24 hours. As regards the maintaining of the public care and the access restrictions, the Government considered that he had been sufficiently involved in the decision-making process. The Board ’ s neglect to hear the applicant prior to its decision of 22 November 1996 had been corrected by the Country Administrative Court. Further, he had the possibility of appealing against the decisions and the relevant documents had been available to him.

(b) The applicant

The applicant argued that H. ’ s placement from 27 January to 8 February 1995 had not been based on law. He had not consented to H. ’ s placement with her mother.

Further, the social welfare authorities and Dr A-K.R. had based themselves on the suspicion that H. had been sexually abused by her father and they had only been interested in finding evidence that supported that suspicion. The authorities had subsequently refused to acknowledge the fact that he had been acquitted and they had allegedly even informed the substitute family home that H. would continue living there regardless of any court decisions to the contrary.

He contested the Government ’ s view that the right of access was only a right of the child, emphasising that the parents also enjoyed that right.

He had abducted H. owing to the fact that the authorities refused to have her properly examined. Psychologist H.H. for her part found no indication of abuse. The authorities had not been interested in negotiating with the applicant following the abduction but had rather told him “to surrender without making any demands”.

As for the fact that the applicant did not visit H. at the clinic, he explained that he had not received all relevant information pertaining to her care and his request that all examinations be recorded on tape had been refused. Accordingly, he could not in the prevailing atmosphere of mistrust risk his visits being used against him in the court proceedings.

In the public care proceedings the County Administrative Court based its decision on grounds not relied on by the Board in its decision, such as the abduction and the alleged stress that it had caused, thus preventing the applicant from preparing his case. The County Administrative Court further failed to acknowledge that the alleged stress that H. was under could have been caused by factors relating to her perpetual removals. As the applicant ’ s mother and friend had been charged with aiding and abetting the abduction, they could not risk testifying about the circumstances in which H. lived following the flight.

The applicant further submitted that the social welfare authorities had decided already on 12 June 1998 to maintain H. in public care until she reached the age of majority. No decision had to date been taken on the applicant ’ s request of 15 January 1999 that the public care be terminated.

The applicant argued that removing H. from his care without any foundation was not consonant with the notion of the child ’ s best interests. He maintained that he had not been heard regarding the taking into public care or the issuing of access restrictions. The authorities had taken the initial measures already in November 1994 whereas he had been informed of the suspected abuse on 27 January 1995 . The care plan meetings had been nothing but an act on the part of the social welfare officials, who had no intention of terminating the public care. Contrary to the Government ’ s contention, he had asked for the audio-tapes already in October 1995, but his request had been refused.

2. The Court ’ s assessment

(a) Article s 8 and 6 §1 of the Convention

The taking into emergency care and normal public care

The Court observes that the Government have conceded that there was a violation as regards the non-existence of an emergency order between 3 and 7 February 1995 .

The Court considers, in the light of the parties ’ submissions, that the taking into emergency care and the normal public care raise serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the merits. The Court concludes therefore that this part of the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. No other ground for declaring it inadmissible has been established.

Alleged failure to take proper steps to reunite the family

T he Court reiterates the guiding principle whereby a care order should be regarded as a temporary measure, to be discontinued as soon as circumstances permit, and that any measures implementing temporary care should be consistent with the ultimate aim of reuniting the natural parents and the child (see, in particular, Olsson (no. 1) , judgment of 24 March 1988, Series A no. 130, pp. 36-37, § 81). The positive duty to take measures to facilitate family reunification as soon as reasonably feasible will begin to weigh on the competent authorities with progressively increasing force as from the commencement of the period of care, subject always to its being balanced against the duty to consider the best interests of the child (see K. and T. v. Finland ( [GC], no. 25702/94, § 178 , ECHR 2001 ‑ VII ) . In this regard a fair balance has to be struck between the interests of the child in remaining in public care and those of the parent in being reunited with the child. In carrying out this balancing exercise, the Court will attach particular importance to the best interests of the child, which may override those of the parent. In particular, the parent cannot be entitled under Article 8 of the Convention to have such measures taken as would harm the child ’ s health and development (see, e.g. Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, 13.7.2000, § 169, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2000-IX, and L. v. Finland , no. 25651/94, § 122 , 27 April 2000 ).

The Court observes that the taking into care stemmed from a suspicion that H. had been sexually abused. At the time when the transfers to the various substitute carers and the termination of care were being considered the applicant was a suspect of sexual abuse. T he District Court acquitted the applicant of the charges of sexual abuse on 29 January 1998 . The acquittal was confirmed by the Court of Appeal on 26 August 1999 . Following the acquittal, enquiries were made in order to ascertain whether the applicant would be able to bond with the child. The applicant challenged the Board ’ s decision not to terminate the care at two court levels. The County Administrative Court held an oral hearing. The Supreme Administrative Court examined the case after the applicant had been acquitted by the District Court. It examined his request for an oral hearing but found a hearing unnecessary in the circumstances of the case.

The present case can be distinguished from the case of K. and T. v. Finland ( [GC], cited above , § 179) in which the Court found no serious or sustained effort directed towards facilitating family reunification . What str uck the Court in that case wa s the exceptionally firm negative attitude of the authorities. In the present case, following the applicant ’ s acquittal, t he authorities remitted the applicant and H. for examinations in December 1999 and June and August 2000 to see whether there ha d been any improvement in the family ’ s situation.

Therefore, the Court cannot conclude that the authorities fail ed to take sufficient steps towards a reunification of the applicants ’ family . The fact that those steps did not result in a reunification fell within the margin of appreciation accorded to the national authorities.

It follows that this complaint is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

Access restrictions and prohibitions

The Court observes that the Government have conceded that the access restriction issued by the Board on 27 March 1995 had not been made in accordance with the law.

The Court considers, in the light of the parties ’ submissions, that the access restrictions and prohibitions raise serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the merits. The Court concludes therefore that this part of the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. No other ground for declaring it inadmissible has been established.

(b) Article 6 § 2 of the Convention

As to the complaint about the alleged breach of Article 6 § 2 by the social welfare authorities and the administrative courts , the Court reiterates that the presumption of innocence enshrined in Article 6 § 2 is one of the elements of the fair criminal trial that is required by paragraph 1 (see Allenet de Ribemont v. France , judgment of 10 February 1995 , Series A no. 308, § 35). It prohibits the premature expression by the tribunal itself of the opinion that the person charged with the criminal offence is guilty before he has been so proved according to law (see Minelli v. Switzerland , judgment of 25 March 1983 , Series A no. 62, § 37). It also covers statements made by other public officials about pending criminal investigations which encourage the public to believe the suspect guilty and prejudge the assessment of the facts by the competent judicial authority (see Allenet de Ribemont , cited above, § 41).

The scope of Article 6 § 2 is not limited to criminal proceedings that are pending (see Allenet de Ribemont, cited above , § 35). Article 6 § 2 may also be applicable where the criminal proceedings proper have terminated in an acquittal and other courts issue decisions voicing the continued existence of suspicion regarding the accused ’ s innocence or otherwise casting doubt on the correctness of the acquittal (see in particular the following judgments: Sekanina v. Austria , judgment of 25 August 1993, Series A no. 266-A, § 30; O. v. Norway , no. 29327/95, §§ 34-38 , ECHR 2003 ‑ II and Y v. Norway , no. 56580/00, §§ 43-47, ECHR 2003-II (extracts)).

The Court notes that the public care proceedings in the present case did not give rise to a “criminal charge” against the applicant . The issue is whether the public care proceedings were nevertheless linked to the criminal proceedings in such a way as to fall within the scope of Article 6 § 2. In this particular case despite the fact that the applicant was acquitted of the charges against him the decisions to place H. into and maintain the public care were legally and factually distinct. Regardless of the conclusion reached in the criminal proceedings, the public care case was thus not a direct sequel to the former.

The Court further finds that the authorities in no way stated that the conditions were fulfilled for holding the applicant criminally liable with regard to the charges on account of which he had been acquitted (see Lundkvist v. Sweden (dec.), no. 48518/99, ECHR 2003 ‑ XI and O.L. v. Finland (dec.), no. 61110/00, 5 July 2005) .

In so far as Article 6 § 2 may be violated by authorities ’ actions outside the strict confines of a criminal procedure, there is no appearance of a violation of this provision in the instant case.

It follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

(c) Article 13 of the Convention

As to the complaint under Article 13, t he Court notes that the applicant could apply to administrative courts against the care order, refusal to terminate the care and various access restrictions. It is true that the applicant ’ s appeals did not prove successful. However, the effectiveness of the remedy for the purpose of Article 13 does not depend on the certainty of a favourable outcome (see Vereinigung demokratischer Soldaten Österreichs and Gubi v. Austria , judgment of 19 December 1994 , Series A no. 302, § 55 ). There is no indication that the Finnish administrative courts would not, as a general matter, fulfil the requirements of an ‘ effective remedy ’ within the meaning of Article 13 ( K. and T. v. Finland [GC], cited above , § 198-199) . T he Court considers that the applicant had available remedies satisfying the requirements of that provision .

It follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

For these reasons, the Court unanimously

Declares the complaints under Articles 8 and 6 § 1 of the Convention as regards the taking into emergency care and normal public care and the access restrictions and prohibitions admissible, without prejudging the merits of the case.

Declares the remainder of the application inadmissible .

Françoise Elens-Pas sos Nicolas BRATZA    Deputy Registrar President