SECOND SECTION

CASE OF GIORGI NIKOLAISHVILI v. GEORGIA

( Application no. 37048/04 )

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

13 January 2009

FINAL

13/04/2009

This judgment may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Giorgi Nikolaishvili v. Georgia ,

The European Court of Human Rights ( Second Section ), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

Françoise Tulkens , President, Ireneu Cabral Barreto , Vladimiro Zagrebelsky , Danutė Jočienė , Dragoljub Popović , András Sajó , Nona Tsotsoria , judges, and Sally Dollé , Section Registrar ,

Having deliberated in private on 9 December 2008 ,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1 . The case originated in an application (no. 37048/04) against Georgia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Georgian national, Mr Giorgi Nikolaishvili (“the applicant”), on 24 September 2004 .

2 . The applicant was represented by Ms Maka Gioshvili. The Georgian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr Besarion Bokhashvili , of the Ministry of Justice.

3 . On 12 September 2006 the Court decided to give notice to the Government of the applicant ’ s complaints under Article 5 §§ 1, 3 and 4 and Article 8 of the Convention . On the same date, the Court decided to apply Article 29 § 3 of the Convention and to examine the merits of the complaints at the same time as their admissibility.

4 . The Government and the applicant each filed observations , on 15 January and 12 April 2007 respectively, on the admissibility and merits of the application (Rule 54A of the Rules of Court).

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

5 . The applicant was born in 1981 and lives in Tbil i si .

A . P osting of the applicant ’ s photographs

6 . On 20 June 2003 criminal proceedings for murder were initiated (“the murder case”) . On 3 July 2003 charge s of murder and the unlawful acquisition, storage and transportation of firearms w ere brought against the applicant ’ s brother and a nother person. The accused persons , having fled , were formally declared wanted on 4 July 2003 .

7 . On an unspecified date in July 2003, photographs of four persons – the applicant, his brother, the other person accused of murder and the latter ’ s brother – were posted on the boards of “wanted persons” in the police stations of the Vake-Saburtalo District in Tbilisi , the Ambrolauri district ( w estern Georgia) and on the Armenian-Georgian border . Identified by their names, the y were said to be wanted by the police in connection with a murder.

8 . In re ply to queries from the applicant ’ s lawyers , the Vake ‑ Saburtalo District Court in Tbilisi stated on 4 November 200 3 that , between May and N ovember 2003, no criminal procedural measure s of a coercive nature against the applicant had been registered in the relevant log . Further, by a notification of 28 November 2003 , the Vake-Saburtalo police station confirmed to the lawyers that solely the applicant ’ s brother, who was charged with the murder and firearms offence s , had been declared wanted and that n o similar measure had been taken with respect to the applicant .

9 . On 15 December 2003 the applicant ’ s lawyers requested the M inistry of the Interior (“the MI”) to remove the applicant ’ s photograph from the police stations and to punish those who had unlawfully posted it . In a reply of 30 December 2003 , the MI reiterated that only the applicant ’ s brother had been wanted for the murder and firearms offences . As to the applicant, in view of his constant refusals to appear before the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office , the latter agency had taken “the relevant operati onal measure s aim ed at having him interviewed , in the capacity of a witness ” . No reply was given to the request for the photograph ’ s removal.

10 . On 28 January 2004 the applicant ’ s lawyers requested the Vake ‑ Saburtalo District Court to initiate criminal proceedings for libel on the basis of the unlawful posting of the applicant ’ s photograph in the police stations (“ the libel complaint”) . Under Article 27 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“the CCP”) as in force at the material time, the offence of libel was a matter f or private prosecution and, pursuant to Article 627 § 1 of the CCP, only a competent court was empowered to initiate criminal proceedings on the basis of a complaint by the victim .

11 . As disclosed by the case file, the Vake-Saburtalo District Court decided to summon the applicant to a hearing, reasoning that it was necessary to hear oral submissions from him . The summons could not be served on the applicant at his home address, as his parents stat ed that his whereabouts had been unknown for the p ast eight months.

12 . In a decision of 4 February 2004 , the Vake-Saburtalo District Court dismissed the libel complaint . The court pointed out that a private prosecution could be requested either personally by the victim or by his representative in law (Article 627 § 1 of the CCP) . That being so, the court , whilst accepting the power of the applicant ’ s lawyers to represent him , pointed out that the libel complaint had been signed not by the applicant or his representative in law but by the director of the human rights advocacy cent re of which the lawyers were members. The lawyers replied that their client had been feeling insecure as to his liberty , hence his non-appearance before the court . They reiterated the content of the complaint orally , requesting the identification and punishment of those officials who had unlawfully po sted the applicant ’ s photograph and implicated him in the murder . The District Court concluded that the circumstances of the case disclosed no elements of libel . However, i t decided to forward the request and the case file to the competent prosecutor ’ s office so that the latter agency could examine whe ther an y offence had been committed by public officials in the performance of their duties .

13 . An appeal lay against the decision of 4 February 2004 , but had to be lodged with in the following fourteen days. However, as disclosed by the case file, the applicant ’ s lawyers did not appeal .

14 . On 9 February 2004 an article disclosing the story of the posted photograph was published in a national newspaper. Shortly after wards , the applicant ’ s photograph was removed from the police stations.

15 . In a letter of 7 April 2004 , the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office informed the applicant ’ s lawyers that the court decision of 4 February 2004 ha d never order ed it to initiate criminal proceedings either for libel or for an y offence committed by persons holding public office , but had simply forwarded the case file with the instruction “to react ”. Accordingly, t he prosecutor ’ s office had decided , on 27 February 2004 , to forward the case to the MI for an internal investigation. T he letter of 7 April 2004 did not enclose a copy of the decision of 27 February 2004 and did not advise the applicant of the appeal procedure , if appropriate . As disclosed by the case file, the MI never informed the applicant of any decisio n taken in respect of the subsequent developments in his case ( see paragraph 10 5 below ) .

16 . In late April 2004 the applicant lodged with the General Prosecutor ’ s Office (“the GPO”) another application to initiat e criminal proceedings in respect of the unlawful posting of his photograph s (“the second criminal complaint”) . The GPO transmitted th is request to the Tbilisi city prosecutor ’ s office with the instruction to take “a decision in accordance with the law”. T he latter agency forward ed this instruction to the Vake ‑ Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office. Ac cording to the applicant, on 24 May 2004 he requested a report from the prosecution authority on the progress of the proceedings in respect of his second criminal complaint but n o reply was forthcoming . Accord ing to the Government , however, the Vake ‑ Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office examined that complaint and took a decision on an unspecified date. Neither the content nor the date of th at decision was specified by the Government in their observations .

B . Criminal proceedings against the applicant

17 . According to the applicant, in the course of the investigation into the murder case, the authorities constantly threatened his parents that they would “ catch ” [1] him, unless his fugitive brother surrendered to the authorities.

18 . O n 30 March 2004 the applicant responded to the authorities ’ repeated calls to testify as a witness in the murder case by volun tarily appear ing before the Vake ‑ Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office. Upon arrival and without being examined in the capacity of a witness , he was arrested on suspicion of unlawful ly acqui ring , stor ing and/or transport ing fire arms and ammunition , which offence formed part of the murder case . Th e suspicion was formally based on several pieces of evidence – statements by three witnesses , the results of a search and the forensic examination of the seized firearms – all of which had been obtained in June and July 2003, in the course of the investigation into the murder case.

19 . Later the same day, the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office disjoined the firearms aspect from the murder case and registered it as a separate set of proceedings (“the firearms case”) . Subsequently, the applicant was confronted, in the presence of his lawyer, with one of the witnesses whose statements had been obtained in June and July 2003 ( see the preceding paragraph ). During that confrontation, the witness altered his previous testimony in favour of the applicant, by concluding that only the applicant ’ s brother had been involved in the firearms offence. The investigator concluded that the applicant and his lawyer had subjected the witness to undue “moral pressure” during the confrontation.

20 . On 31 March 2004 the inv estigator re ‑ examined the above ‑ mentioned witness, this time in the absence of the applicant and his lawyer. The witness retracted the altered testimony he had given the previous day and confirmed the truthfulness of the statements he had made in June and July 2003.

21 . On 1 April 2004 the charge of stor ing and transport ing firearms and ammunition w as preferred against the applicant. This charge was based on the above-mentioned evidence obtained in the course of the investigation into the murder case ( see paragraph 18 above ) . The applicant pleaded “ no t guilty ” . On the same day the prosecutor requested that the applicant be remanded in custody for three months.

22 . As disclosed by the case file, t he prosecutor ’ s main argument during the re mand hearing was that the applicant ’ s release could jeopardise the pending investigation of the murder case , particularly when one of the accused in that case, his brother, was missing. T he applicant replied that it was unlawful to justify his pre-trial detention i n the interests of the murder case, as he had been detained solely on suspicion of having committed the firearms offence . He challenged the reasonableness of th e latter suspicion as well. I n favour of his release, the applicant submitted that he had not committed a single act capable of impeding the investigation for the last ten months and that he had voluntarily appeared before the prosecut or ’ s office for an interview . He also referred to the fact that his father was seriously ill and required his care.

23 . On 2 April 2004 the Vake-Saburtalo District Court ordered the applicant ’ s remand in custody for three months , with effect from 30 M arch 2004 . The detention order was a standard form , the reason ing of which had mostly been pre- printed. T he judge added by hand the reference to the relevant evidence, the names of the parties ’ representatives to the proceedings and the classification of the impugned offence :

“Having examined [in accordance with the requirements of procedural law] the well-foundedness of the detention request, and having heard the parties ’ pleadings , I have come to the conclusion that the evidence collected – [reference to the evidence obtained in June and July 2003 – see paragraph 18 above] – gives rise to a reasonable suspicion that G iorgi Nikolaishvili has committed the impugned offence. The evidence has been obtained in conformity with the rules of criminal procedur e .

P rocedural law was also observed in the course of G iorgi Nikolaishvili ’ s arrest and in the bringing of charges against him .

I consider that the detention request by [reference to the prosecutor ’ s name] is substantiated and that there exist l egal grounds for granting it. Thus, in so far as the accused, G . Nikolaishvili , is charged with a less serious crime , the danger that , if released, he might hamper the establ ishment of the truth or abscond from the investigation and trial is substantiated ... ”

The judge then dismissed , in a hand writ ten note , the applicant ’ s allegations of procedural violations as irrelevant to the classification of the impugned offence.

24 . I n a final decision of 8 April 2004 t he Tbilisi Regional Court upheld th e detention order of 2 April 2004 , reasoning as follows :

“ ... [The applicant] has been charged with an offence classified as less serious , which carries a maximum term of five years ’ i m prison ment . The impugned offence of the unlawful acquisition, storage and/or transportation of fire arms might be related to the murder case , the investigation of which is still pending. In such conditions , the discontinuation of detention on remand or its substitution with a non-custodial measure of restraint might possibly hamper the establishment of the truth in that case ; i f released, the accused might influence witnesses, continue his criminal activities or abscond. Such conclusions can be derived from the insincerity of the accused.

The case discloses both formal ( procedural ) and factual grounds for the imposition of pre-tri a l detention ... ”

25 . On several occasions i n April and May 2004 , the applicant requested to be confronted again with the above-mentioned witness for the prosecution ( paragraph s 19 and 20 above) . His requests were dismissed as unsubstantiated , the authorit ies reasoning that the previous confrontation had been conducted in conformity with the procedural rule s, whilst another one would most likely lead to the same result – the exertion of moral pressure on the witness in question.

26 . On 30 June 2004 the three month pre-trial detention period expired, without a court ordering its extension. On 7 July 2004, h aving terminated th e investigation, the prosecutor sent the criminal case for trial , forwarding the bill of indictment.

27 . On 24 January 2005 the judge of the Vake-Saburtalo District Court, dispensing with an oral hearing, decided , in camera , to commit the applicant for trial under Article 417 § 1 of the CCP. This decision, like the detention order of 2 April 2004, was set out in a standard form with pre ‑ printed reasoning . The judge added, in the blank spaces provided, a brief statement of facts, the name of the accused and the definition of the impugned offence.

28 . As to the reasoning, the decision of 24 January 2005 confirmed the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention in a pre-printed phrase . The judge added by hand the definition of the measure of restraint :

“The measure of pre-t rial restraint – detention – has been correctly chosen.”

29 . The case file does not refer to any further developments in the criminal proceedings.

II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND COUNCIL OF EUROPE DOCUMENTS

A . The Code of Criminal Procedure (“the CCP”) , as in force at the material time

30 . Article 23 of t he CCP provided at the material time as follows:

“ A c riminal prosecution may be carried out in the form of a public, subsidiary, private / public or private prosecution.”

31 . Pursuant to Article 27 , l ibel , amongst various other crimes, was a matter f or private prosecution and criminal proceedings could be initiated by a judge only on the basis of a complaint by the victim (see also Article 627 § 1 of the CCP and Article 148 of the Criminal Code , cited below ).

32 . In Article 44 § 22 the term “representative in law” was defined as “next of kin, curator or guardian”.

33 . Articles 93 to 94, defining the status, rights and responsibilities of a witness, did not envisage that a witness could be declared a “wanted” person by the prosecution . Article 95 § 1 (g) stated that a witness could not be obliged to testify against a close relative.

34 . Pursuant to Article 94 § 2, Article 174 § 1 and Article 17 5 , the precondition for obliging a person to appear before the prosecution to testify i n a criminal case was the issue of a relevant court order. Such a n order was to be forwarded to the police for enforcement , in accordance with Article 176 § 1. However, if enforcement was impossible owing to, inter alia , the inability to locate the w i tness , the role of the police officer responsible for enforcement was limited to recording th at fact on the order and returning it to the court as “une nforc ed”.

35 . Article 151 provided as follows:

“ 1. A measure of restraint shall be applied to ensure that the accused cannot avoid the investigation and trial, that his further criminal activity is prevented, that he cannot interfere with the establishment of the truth in a given criminal case, or that the court ’ s verdict is implemented.

2. The application of a measure of restraint shall be justified if the evidence collected in the case file sufficiently substantiates the assumption that it is necessary to secure the aims mentioned in the first paragraph of this A rticle.

3. The ground for the imposition of pre-trial detention may be a reasonable suspicion that the accused might abscond or interfere with the establishment of the truth in a given criminal case, or if a serious or grave crime has been committed.”

36 . Article 15 9 § 3 on detention read :

“Detention on remand shall be imposed only with regard to a person who is charged with an offence which carries more than two years ’ i m prison ment ... ”

37 . An appeal lay under Article 234 against such measures:

“Any decision or action of an inquiry officer/inquiry agency, investigator/investigative agency, prosecutor/prosecutor ’ s office or judge/court may be appealed by the parties to the criminal proceedings or by any other third parties . ”

38 . Under Article 236 § 1, that appeal against an y act ion or decision by the inquiry officer, investigator or prosecutor could be lodged throughout the entire period of the preliminary inquiry or investigation (that is , before the criminal case ha d been sent to the competent court for trial).

39 . Article 410 § 2 regarding the bill of indictment required it to be accompanied by all relevant documentation about the detention . When endorsing the bill of indictment, t he prosecutor had to consider , amongst other issues, whether any restraint measure which had been imposed was correct (Article 412) . T he case materials had to be referred to the competent court , along with the bill of indictment, within 48 hours following th e prosecutor ’ s endorsement (Article 416 § 3).

40 . Under Article 417 §§ 1, 2 and 3, if the court consider ed that the case had a sufficient basis , the accused was to be committed for trial after holding an admissibility hearing in certain circumstances . At such a hearing, the court was to consider whether a measure of pre-trial restraint should be imposed on the accused.

41 . Following an a mendment o n 16 December 2005, Article 417 § 2 made it mandatory to hold a n admissibility hearing when deciding to commit the accused for trial in relation to all types of criminal case. Article 419 laid down the following time-limits on committals:

“The judge (court) shall decide whether to commit the accused for trial within fourteen days or, in complicated cases, within a month of the date of delivery of a final judgment on the last criminal case registered with the same judge (court).”

42 . Article 627 § 1 enable d a judge to initiate criminal proceedings following a complaint lodged either by the victim or that person ’ s representative in law . Moreover, u nder Article s 393 and 606 (1) , only a person against whom charges had been brought or who had been convict ed could be declared “wanted” in connection with a crime by means of a formal decision by the investigative, prosecution or judicial authorities. No provision of the Code provided for s uch a measure in respect of a witness.

B . The Criminal Code

43 . Article 148 of the Criminal Code provided at the material time for the punishable offence of libel. It was removed from the Criminal Code on 24 June 2004.

C . The Operati onal Investigative Measures Act of 30 April 1999

44 . The Operation al Investigative Measures Act provided at the material time, in so far as relevant:

Section 6 ( 2 )

“ A person who considers that, as a result of an operati onal investigative measure , his or her rights and freedoms have unlawfully been restricted may appeal against such a measure to a hierarchically superior agency, prosecutor or court.”

Section 8 ( 1 ) (c)

“The basis for an operati onal investigative measure may be ...

(c) a formal decision declaring that a person who absconds from the investigation and trial or evades the sentence is wanted . ”

D . Preparatory work on Article 5 of the Convention (CDH (67) 10, 20 July 1967, Strasbourg)

45 . In the course of the Plenary Sitting of the First Session of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe (“the CACE”) , held on 19 August 1949, the representatives discuss ed the rights and freedoms which might be guaranteed by the Convention :

“ ... We have all been compelled to bear unbelievable encroachments on our rights [such as] the loss of security of person; arbitrary arrest ...

All have an equal right to life, liberty and personal safety ...

It is a pitiable commentary on our boasted progress that in our generation it should be necessary to declare that everyone has the right of life, liberty and security of his person ... These things were taken for granted ... in the days before the sophists told us that man could make himself happy by making the State into a god, to be fed with blood, toil, tears and sweat ... We are now concerned to safeguard and preserve our very selves, and all that we are and have, against the insatiable appetite of the totalitarians ... ”

46 . During the CACE Plenary Sitting of 7 September 1949 , a r eport of the Committee on Legal and Administrative Questions was presented . The relevant excerpts from that r eport read as follows :

“The Committee has drawn up the list of rights and freedoms which are to be covered by the collective guarantee ...

Here are the rights and freedoms included i n this list: security of person ... freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, exile and other measures ... ”

THE LAW

I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION

47 . The applicant complained under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention about the circumstances surrounding his arrest at the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office on 30 March 2004 . He claimed that the period of his pre-trial d etention between 30 June 2004 and 24 January 2005 had had no lawful basis. The provision relied on reads, in its relevant part, as follows:

“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: ...

(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so ... ”

48 . The Governm ent did not submit any comment s with regard to the applicant ’ s complaint about the circumstances surrounding his arrest . As to the allegedly unlawful period of detention, t he Government stated that this period had co mplied with the provisions of the CCP. On 7 July 2004 , after the investigation had been conclude d, the prosecutor had sent the bill of indictment and case file to the competent court, in accordance with Article 416 of the CCP . Afterwards, the court had committed the applicant for trial in conformity with Article 419 of the CCP.

49 . In reply, the applicant reiterated that his arrest on 30 March 2004 had been arbitrary , as understood by the Court ’ s case-law under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. His right to security of person had been undermined by the fact of having been called as a witness without any intimation of a possible criminal charge being brought against him . He complained that the authorities had hidden from him their intention to arrest him , and that this fact constituted an abuse of power on their part . As a result of the authorities ’ misleadin g behaviour, it had not been possible for the applicant, prior to his unexpected arrest, to take procedural actions aimed at dissipating any suspicions against him . As another sign of arbitrariness, the applicant referred to the fact that th e criminal case against him , being based on the evidence obtained as far back as July 2003, had nevertheless been opened only upon his arrest on 30 March 2004 ( see paragraph 18 above ).

50 . Lastly, r eferring to the similar case of Baranowski v. Poland ( no. 28358/95, § § 56-58 , ECHR 2000 ‑ III ), the applicant reiterated that his detention between 30 January 2004 and 24 January 2005, not having been covered by any court order, had been unlawful within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention.

A. Admissibility

51 . The Court notes that the complaint s under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. Nor are they inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. C ircumstances surrounding the applicant ’ s arrest on 30 March 2004

52 . The Court reiterates that the expression “liberty and security of person” in Article 5 § 1 must be read as a single right and that , consequently , “security” should be understood in the context of “liberty”. The protection of “security” is concerned with guaranteeing an i ndividual ’ s personal liberty against arbitrary interference by a public authority ( see Kemal Güven v. Turkey (dec.), no. 31847/96, 30 May 2000). The “security” clau se remind s the national authorities of the requisite obligation to follow the rule - of - law safeguards and other rudimentary forms of legal protection when the deprivation of a person ’ s liberty is at stake ( see Kurt v. Turkey , judgment of 25 May 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ III, § § 122 - 123).

53 . The Court is of the opinion that the “ right to security of person ” was understood by the authors of the Convention to imply more than just an obligation to give legal protection to a person ’ s physical liberty ( see paragraph s 45-4 6 above ) . T he subsequent interpretation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention has shown, “what is at stake [under the above provision] is both the physical liberty of individuals as well as their personal security” (see Kurt , cited above, § 123). Re ly ing on the notion of “ security” , t he Court has found that national authorities who are competent to deprive a person of his or her liberty are normally expected to act in good faith in their dealings with th e latter (see ÄŒonka v. Belgium , no. 51564/99 , § § 41 and 42 , ECHR 2002 ‑ I ; Bozano v. France , judgment of 18 December 1986, Series A no. 111, § 55 ) . Thus, t he intention to deprive or otherwise affect an individual ’ s physical liberty should not , in the normal course of events, be consciously hidden by the authorities ( see also paragraph 58 below ) . The individual sh ould be able to resort, if need be, to the available and legitimate remedies aimed at opposing the authorities ’ actions and preserving his or her liberty (see , mutatis mutandis , Bozano , cited above, § § 59-60 ; Shamayev and Others v. Georgia and Russia , no. 36378/02, § 380 , ECHR 2005 ‑ III ). W hen a person ’ s liberty is at stake, it is particularly important that the general principle of legal certainty is satisfied . I t is essential that the statutory criminal law, as well as the authorities ’ formal decisions and actions, are accessible and unequivocal to such an extent that the person – if need be , with appropriate advice – is able to foresee, to a degree that is reasonable in the circumstances, the consequences which a given action may entail ( see Gusinskiy v. Russia , no. 70276/01, § § 62 and 68 , ECHR 2004 ‑ IV ; Ladent v. Poland , no. 11036/ 03, §§ 53 and 56, ECHR 2008 ‑ ... ; Kawka v. Poland , no. 25874/94, § 49, 9 January 2001; Lukanov v. Bulgaria , judgment of 20 March 1997, Reports 1997 ‑ II, § 44 ) . T he Court has assumed that an arrest under circumstances which undermine the principles of legal certainty could, in principle, entail a breach of the right to security of person ( see , mutatis mutandis , Öcalan v. Turkey [GC], no. 46221/99, § 85, ECHR 2005 ‑ IV ).

54 . T urning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court considers that, w hen assessing the compatibility of the applicant ’ s de privation of liberty with the requirements of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, apart from exa mining the relevant detention decisions, the circumstances surrounding his arrest on 30 March 2004 should be taken into account .

55 . The Court notes that , according to the record, the authorities never intimate d that there was a ny possibility of opening criminal proceedings against the applicant prior to his voluntary appearance , on 30 March 2004, before the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office . The applicant had come forward to be interviewed as a witness i n the unrelated murder case in which his brother was implicated . In this connection the Court observes that any possible compulsion imposed on the applicant to testify against his brother was clearly incompatible with Article 95 § 1 (g) of the CCP, which unequivocally excused the former from such a burden ( paragraph 33 above ). I n principle, it cannot be ruled out that the suspicion that the applicant had committed the firearms offence – the latter being the only formal basis for his detention – could have emerged as a result of the statements made by him during that interview. However, having due regard to the relevant decisions of the domestic authorities, the Court notes that this suspicion, the subsequent charge and the reasons given for the detention w ere based on evidence which had already been obtained in the course of the investigation into the murder case in June and July 2003 ( see paragraphs 18, 21 and 2 3 above ) . Th e Court also notes that the Government have not provided any explanation for this lack of transparency , f irst ly , as to why the authorities did not initiate the firearms case against the applicant as soon as they l earnt of the incriminating facts and , second ly , as to why there was such urgency to arrest him on the very day of his voluntary appearance before the prosecution authority as a witness (see Stepuleac v. Moldova , no . 8207/06, § 76, 6 November 2007) .

56 . T he Court observes in this connection that, recently, a violation of the right to liberty and security was found on the basis of an arrest in circumstances where the arrested person had not been duly notified of the criminal proceedings pending against him and where the deprivation of his liberty under Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention f ell short of the necessity test , whic h fact s w ere considered to disclose arbitrariness on the part of the national authorities (see Ladent , cited above , §§ 45 and 55- 57). The circumstances surrounding the applicant ’ s arrest in the present case are all the more troubling. Thus , wh ilst maintaining that his cooperation as a witness was ne cessary for the investigation in to the unrelated murder case ( see paragraphs 8 , 9 and 18 above ) , the authorities were apparently mislead ing the applicant about their real interest in hi m . The Court considers that s uch opaque methods may not only undermine legal certainty and , consequently , as the present case suggests, instil a feeling of personal insecurity in individual s summoned as witness es , but they may also generally risk undermining public respect for and confidence in the prosecution authorit ies .

57 . As to the motives behind the applicant ’ s arrest, the Court takes note of the applicant ’ s allegation, undisputed by the respondent Government, that the authorities had constantly threaten ed his parents that they would “ catch ” him unless his fugitive brother, accused of murder, appeared before the prosecution ( see paragraph 17 above ) . Th is allegation , in the Court ’ s view , gains credib i l ity when assessed in the light of the reasons given by the national authorities when ordering the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention. Thus, neither the prosecution nor the judicial authorities denied the fact that, by detaining the applicant, the ir aim was to ensur e the proper investigation of his brother ’ s criminal case ( see paragraphs 2 2 and 2 4 above ). In such circumstances, the Court finds that the applicant ’ s arrest , even if formally consistent with the domestic law, was nevertheless contrary to Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, as it served to acquire additional leverage over the unrelated criminal proceedings, an aim extraneous to sub-paragraph (c) of the above provision (see, mutatis mutandis , Gusinskiy , cited above, §§ 74 ‑ 77).

58 . The Court does not preclude the legitima cy of the national authorities using certain stratagems in order to counter criminal activities more effectively (see ÄŒonka , cited above, § 41). However , not every ruse c an be justified , especially when it is implemented in such a way that the principles of legal certainty are tarnished . I n the particular circumstances of the present case , the Court considers that the authorities ’ m isleading methods – the prospect of detention being used to exert moral pressure – reveal that the deprivation of his liberty fell short of the main purpose of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, that is , to protect the individual from arbitrariness (see Benham v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 10 June 1996, Reports 1996 ‑ III, p p. 752-53, § 43) . The protection against arbitrariness necessarily entailed , in the Court ’ s view, the obligation to safeguard the applicant from undue threats to his liberty .

59 . In the light of the above consideration s , the Court concludes that there has b een a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

2. P eriod of detention between 30 June 2004 and 24 January 2005

60 . The Court observes that , after the detention order of 2 April 2004 had expired on 30 June 2004, the applicant ’ s pre-tri a l detention was not covered by any court order. That situation lasted until 24 January 2005, when the domestic court, as well as committing the applicant for trial under Article 417 § 3 of the CCP, authorise d his continued detention pending trial .

61 . According to the Government, the legal basis for the applicant ’ s detention between 30 June 2004 and 24 January 2005 lay in Articles 416 and 419 of the CCP ( paragraphs 39 and 41 above) after the prosecution had forward ed the bill of indictment and case file to the trial court . However, it is not disputed that the bill of indictment was filed with th at court on 7 July 2004 (see paragraph 2 6 above ) . Consequently, the question as to why the period of detention between 3 0 June and 7 July 2004 was not the subject of a court order still remains u nexpl ained .

62 . As to the period between 7 July 2004 and 24 January 2005, the Court notes that a violation of Article 5 § 1 has been found in a number of cases concerning the practice of holding defendants in custody solely on the basis of the fact that a bill of indictment had been filed with a trial court . Detaining defendants without a specific legal basis or clear rules governing their situation – with the result that they may be deprived of their liberty for an unlimited period of time without judicial authori s ation – is incompatible with the principles of legal certainty and the protection from arbitrariness, which are common threads throughout the Convention and the rule of law (see , amon g st others, Gigolashvili v. Georgia , no. 18145/05, § § 32-36 , 8 July 2008 ; J Ä— čius v. Lithuania , no. 34578/97, §§ 60-64, ECHR 2000 ‑ IX; Grauslys v. Lithuania , no. 36743/97, §§ 39-41, 10 October 2000; Baranowski , cited above, § § 53-58, ECHR 2000 ‑ III ; Khudoyorov v. Russia , no. 6847/ 02, §§ 146-147, ECHR 2005 ‑ X ) .

63 . The Court notes that the present application is no different from the Gigolashvili case cited above, owing to the similar deficiencies in Georgian criminal procedural law and practice at the material time .

64 . Notably, under Article 417 §§ 1 and 3 of the CCP ( paragraph 40 above ) , once the prosecution ha d terminated the investigation and transmitted the criminal case file to the court with jurisdiction , the latter could ho ld a n admissibility hearing and decide whether to commit the accused for trial and whether it was necessary to impose a measure of restraint on that individual .

65 . However, a p roblem arose with the timing of such a hearing. Pursuant to Arti cle 419 of the CCP ( paragraph 41 above ) , a n admissibility hearing was to be held within fourteen days or, for “complicated cases”, within a month of the delivery of a final judgment on the last, u nrelated criminal case brought before the same judge, but the latter had no time constraints i n deciding that “last” case. Th e C C P neither require d that, in the meantime, a judicial order authorising the defendant ’ s detention should be issued , nor did it specif y any statutory periods for this phase of detention. Such statutory lacuna e resulted in the practice of detaining defendants without any judicial decision for months , as happened in the present case (see also Absandze v. Georgia (dec.), no. 57861/00, 20 July 2004 ; Ramishvili and Kokhreidz e v. Georgia (dec.) , no. 1704/06, 26 June 2007).

66 . It follows that , between 30 June 2004 and 24 January 2005, for six months and twenty-five days , there was no judicial decision authorising the applicant ’ s detention . T he Government failed to explain what the legal basis was for the first seven days of that period . Moreover, the fact that the criminal case file was sent, together with the bill of indictment, to the trial court did not render the remaining period of detention “lawful” within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention (see Gigolashvili , cited above, § 36; Nakhmanovich v. Russia , no. 55669/00, § 68, 2 March 2006 ; Khudoyorov , cited above, §§ 149 and 151) .

67 . There has thus been a violation of Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention in respect of th at period of detention .

II . ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 3 OF THE CONVENTION

68 . The applicant complained that the court decisions of 2 and 8 April 2004 and 24 January 2005 authorising his detention on remand were not properly reasoned. He relied on Article 5 § 3 of the Convention which reads, in its relevant part, as follows:

“Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 (c) of this Article shall be ... entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.”

69 . The Government , in their observations on the admissibility and merits of the case, did not submit any comment s on this point.

70 . T he applicant , however, further complained of the domestic courts ’ failure to consider the arguments in his applications for release and to provide any concrete reasons as to why there had existed a “danger of absconding or hampering the establishment of the truth”. He also complained about the courts ’ reliance on the pending investigation in to the unrelated murder case as a ground for his detention on remand. The applicant further called into question the court decision of 24 January 2005 which had routinely upheld his continued detention without any significant scrutiny of the circumstances of the case .

A. Admissibility

71 . The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. Nor is it not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

72 . The Court notes that the applicant ’ s detention on remand w as authorised by the court decisions of 2 and 8 April 2004 and 2 4 January 2005. Consequently , in order to establish wheth er his detention was reasonable , within the meaning of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention , the reasons given in those decisions, as well as the applicant ’ s arguments mentioned in his applications for release , should be examined (see , for example , Galuashvili v. Georgia , no. 40008/04, § § 46 and 48, 17 July 2008 ; Jabłoński v. Poland , no. 33492/96, § 79 , 21 December 2000 ).

73 . The Court deplores that the impugned detention order of 2 April 2004 was issued using a standard template. Rather than fulfilling its duty to establish convincing reasons for the detention , the domestic court relied on the abstract terms of the pre-printed form . Such a practice suggests a lack of “special diligence” on behalf of the national authorities , contrary to the spirit of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see Patsuria v. Georgia , no. 30779/04, § 74, 6 November 2007 ; G.K. v. Poland , no. 38816/97, § 84, 20 January 2004) .

74 . As to the appellate decision of 8 April 2004 , it relied on a ground which the Court finds to be alien to Convention objectives: The appellate court, apart from reiterating the argument relat ing to the severity of the punishment, justified the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention by reference to the interests of the investigation in to the completely unrelated murder case which was pending at that time against the applicant ’ s brother. Such reasoning was not only irrelevant for the purposes of assessing the reasonableness of the applicant ’ s detention under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention , it also circumvented the very essence of the exception under Article 5 § 1 ( c) of the Convention . As to the appellate court ’ s reference to the applicant ’ s “insincerity” , it was a bare statement , unsubstantiated by any specific circumstance s of the case .

75 . The impugned court decisions of 2 and 8 April 2004 , at first and second instance , concerned the first three months of the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention. This period appears to be unreasonable when assessed , as th e Court ’ s well-established case- law dictates, not in abstracto but in relation to the above-mentioned ir relevant, insufficient and even arbitrary reasons put forward by the domestic authorities (see, for example, Michta v. Poland , no. 13425/02, §§ 45 and 46, 4 May 2006 ) . T he Court reiterates in this regard that the right to provisional release pending trial is guaranteed by Article 5 § 3 of the Convention notwithstanding the length of the detention in question. Article 5 § 3 cannot be seen as authorising pre-trial detention unconditionally even if it is relatively short (see, among other authorities , Belchev v. Bulgaria , no. 39270/98, § 82, 8 April 2004 ; Patsuria , cited above, § 66 ). W hen issuing the first order for the applicant ’ s detention on 2 April 200 4 , three days after hi s arrest , the national authorities were already under an obligation to demonstrate convincingly the justification for such a measure. The presumption is always in favour of release (see Patsuria , cited above, §§ 66-67 , and McKay v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 543/03, § 41, ECHR 2006 ‑ ... ) .

76 . As for the court decision of 24 January 200 5 , it was, like the detention order of 2 April 2004, issued in a standard, template form, containing pre-printed reasoning in abstract terms. A fter having remand ed the applicant in custody for almost ten months , six months of which had no lawful basis ( see paragraph 6 6 above ) , the domestic court , contrary to its obligation to establish convincingly the existence of concrete facts justifying continued detention (see G.K . , cited above, § 84 ), left the applicant in custody on the basis of a single abstract phrase : “the imposed measure of restraint has been correctly chosen.” T h is constitute d a particularly broad restriction of the applicant ’ s rights guaranteed by Article 5 § 3 of the Convention ( see Patsuria , cited above, § 7 4 ).

77 . Assuming that specific, relevant facts warranting the applicant ’ s deprivation of liberty may have existed in the present case, they were not set out in the relevant domestic decisions ( see , Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 152 in fine , ECHR 2000 ‑ IV ). It is not the Court ’ s task to take the place of the national authorities and establish such facts in their stead (see Ilijkov v. Bulgaria , no. 33977/96, § 86, 26 July 2001 ; Nikolov v. Bulgaria , no. 38884/97, § 74, 30 January 2003; and Panchenko v. Russia , no. 45100/98, § 105, 8 February 2005 ).

78 . Lastly, the Court notes that the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention lasted some ten months ( see paragraphs 18, 28 and 29 above ). Such a long period shows that the authorities failed to deal with the case with special diligence, this factor being of further importance in assessing the compatibility of pre-trial detention with Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (compare Galu a shvili , § 50 and Patsuria , §§ 61 and 77, both cited above).

79 . In view of the foregoing considerations, the Court concludes that , by failing to address the specific facts of the applicant ’ s case and to consider alternative non-custodial pre-trial measures, the authorities, using a stereotyped formula , paraphrasing the terms of th e Code of Criminal Procedure (see Patsuria , cited above, §§ 12 , 14 and 15 ; Javakhishvili v. Georgia (dec.), no. 42065/04, 2 October 2007) , imposed pre-trial d etention upon the applicant for reasons which cannot be regarded as “sufficient” or “relevant” .

80 . Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.

III . ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 4 OF THE CONVENTION

81 . The applicant c laimed that the judicial review of his detention on remand had been conducted, on 2 and 8 April 2004 and 2 4 January 2005, in violation of the procedural safeguards of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. He further complain ed that the domestic law did not envis age any mechanism for regular revi ews of the lawfulness of his detention. Th is Convention provision reads as follows:

“Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.”

82 . The Government did not submit any comments on these points in their observations on the admissibility and merits of the case .

83 . In his observations t he applicant argued that , since the court decisions of 2 and 8 April 2004 and 2 4 January 2005 had not been properly reasoned, the corresponding judicial reviews had amounted to routine forma lities falling short of the standards prescribed by Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

84 . The applicant further submi tted that the court review of 24 January 2005 had violated the principles of equality of arms and adversarial proceedings because it had been held without an oral hearing. He added that no adequate written procedure had been offered instead . In accordance with the relevant domestic law, the court had de termined the issue of committal for trial, of which the extension of his detention o n remand formed a part, solely on the basis of the prosecutor ’ s submissions, without soliciting those of the applicant.

A. Admissibility

1. A bsence of an automatic review of detention

85 . The Court observes that the relevant provisions of the CCP, as in force at the material time, have already been examined on two occasions and been found, in circumstances similar to tho se of the present case, to be compatible with the rule of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention requiring a regular review of the lawfulness of detention (see Patsuria , cited above, §§ 3-57 ; Galuashvili v. Georgia ( dec .), no. 40008/04, 24 October 2006 ).

86 . As in the cases of Patsuria and Galuashvili , the applicant in the present case failed to specify why the authorities should have initiated a review of his detention of their own motion. Neither did he indicate to the Court any important factors which could arguably have warranted the automatic review of his detention at more frequent intervals ( see Galuashvili , decision cited above). The applicant ’ s complaint is thus more a challenge to the domestic criminal procedural law in general and not the specific application of this law to the particular circumstances of his situation (see Patsuria , cited above, § 57 ).

87 . It follows that this complaint is unsubstantiated and must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

2. J udicial reviews of 2 and 8 April 2004

88 . The Court notes that the applicant ’ s complaint about the procedural unfairness of the judicial reviews of 2 and 8 April 2004 is based solely on the alleged inadequacy of the reasons given in the resultant court decisions . However, the latter issue has already been thoroughly examined by the Court under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, which is a lex specialis in this respect ( see paragraphs 7 2 -8 0 above ). T he Court cannot discern from the case file any additional circumstances which could cast doubt on the procedural safeguards relating to the judicial review of the applicant ’ s detention. In any event, the applicant himself has not referred to any ( contrast Danov v. Bulgaria , no. 56796/00, § 93, 26 October 2006 ) .

89 . It follows that the complaint challenging the judicial reviews of 2 and 8 April 2004 is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

3. J udicial review of 24 January 2005

90 . The C ourt notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill ‑ founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

91 . The Court reiterates that Article 5 § 4 of the Convention entitles a detained person to institute proceedings concerning the procedural and substantive conditions which are essential for the “lawfulness”, in Convention terms, of the deprivation of liberty (see, among many other authorities , Brogan and Others v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 29 November 1988, Series A no. 145-B , pp. 34-35, § 65). The proceedings must be adversarial and must always ensure “equality of arms” between the parties. In the case of a person whose detention falls within the ambit of Article 5 § 1 ( c) , a hearing is required (see, among other authoritie s, Nikolova v. Bulgaria [GC], no. 31195/96, § 58, ECHR 1999-II).

92 . U nder Article 5 § 4 of the Convention the competent court has to examine not only the compliance of the detention with the procedural requirements of domestic law , but also the reasonableness of the suspicion underpinning the arrest and the legitimacy of the purpose pursued by the arrest and ensuing detention (see Brogan and Others , cited above, pp. 34 ‑ 35, § 65). Where a second level of jurisdiction exists for such matters , the same guarantees should be provided (see Navarra v. France , judgment of 23 November 1993, Series A no. 273-B, § 28 ; Toth v. Austria , judgment of 12 December 1991, Series A no. 224, § 84).

93 . T urning to the problem in the present case – the absence of an oral hearing during the judicial review of 2 4 January 2005 – the Court finds that, in the circumstances, this constituted a departure from the principles of adversarial proceedings and equality of arms. Notably, in accordance with Article 417 § § 2 and 3 of the CCP, the competent court, sitting in camera , committed the applicant for trial and authorised his continued detention without a n oral hearing. Having received the bill of indictment from the prosecutor , along with the latter ’ s position on the issue of the applicant ’ s further detention (Article 410 § 2 and Article 412 of the CCP), the court examined and upheld both the reasonableness of the suspicion that the applicant had committed the offence and his further detention on remand, without having solicited t he applicant ’ s written comments on those issues . In fact, there was no statutory obligation for the exchang e of written pleadings between the parties at th at stage of the proceedings under Article 417 of the CCP.

94 . Thus, as a matter of domestic law and practice , the prosecut ing authorities had the privilege of addressing the court , at the committal stage , with arguments pertinent to the issue of detention, which the applicant could not contest either in writing or in oral submissions . Th e judicial review of 24 January 2005 was not therefore of an adversarial nature . The principle of equality of arms was equally undermined ( see Ilijkov , cited above, § 104; G.K. , cited above, § 93; Kawka , cited above, § 60 ; Trzaska v. Poland , no. 25792/94, § 78 , 11 July 2000 ; Fodale v. Italy , no. 70148/01, § 43 , ECHR 2006 ‑ VII ; Osváth v. Hungary , no. 20723/02, § 18, 5 July 2005 ).

95 . L astly, t he Court considers that even the form of the decision – a template in which the findings had been already pre-printed – suggests that the domestic court did not carry out a proper judicial review of the applicant ’ s detention (see Belevitskiy v. Russia , no. 72967/01, § 111 , 1 March 2007 ) .

96 . In the light of the above considerations, the Court concludes that the judicial review of 2 4 January 2005 did not s atisf y the requirements of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

97 . There has therefore been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

IV . ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION

98 . Relying in substance on Article 8 of the Convention, the applican t complained that his photograph had been unlawfully posted in police stations as th at of a person wanted for murder . Article 8 reads in its relevant part as follows:

“1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private ... life ...

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society ... for the prevention of disorder or crime, .. .”

A. Admissibility

1. The Government ’ s arguments

99 . The Gove rnment stated that the applicant ’ s photograph had been posted in police stations as an investigative measure . Consequently, the applicant should have challenged it under section 6 ( 2 ) of the Operati onal Investigative Measures Act of 30 April 1999 before a hierarchically superior authority, prosecutor or court.

100 . The Government further contended that, instead of seeking to have criminal proceedings instituted against “particular persons” , the applicant should have formally requested to have his photograph remov ed from the boards of “wanted persons” .

101 . The Government argued that the Vake-Saburtalo District Court had correctly refused , on 4 February 2004 , to authorise the applicant ’ s lawyers to request the institution of libel proceedings on his behalf . Even though Article 71 of the CCP stated, as a general rule, that a victim could be fully represented by his or her lawyer , Article 627 § 1 was the lex specialis in matters of private prosecution, and specified that only the victim in person or his or her representative in law could lodge a criminal complaint ( paragraph 42 above ) . The Government further reproached the applicant for not having challenged the decision of 4 February 2004 before an appellate court.

102 . Lastly, the Government claimed that if the applicant was not satisfied with the V ake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s decision to forward the case to the MI for a disciplinary investigation , he sh ould have appealed against that decision to a superior prosecut or under Article 234 of the CCP ( paragraph 37 above). T he applicant had been able, pursuant to Article 236 § 1 of the CCP (paragraph 38 above ) , to lodge such a hierarchical complaint throughout the entire period of the preliminary i nquiry . The same non ‑ exhaustion argument held true , in the Government ’ s view, in respect of the applicant ’ s second criminal complaint lodged with the GPO in April 2004 ( paragraph 16 above) . In the Government ’ s submission , the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s office had duly examined this request and, having been unable to establish any elements of a criminal abuse of power by public offic ials , had decided to refer the case to the MI with a view to instituting disciplinary proceedings. ( The Government did not submit copies of th is prosecutor ’ s decisions ; again see paragraph 16 above).

103 . Relying on the above arguments, the Government submitted that the applicant ’ s complaint under Article 8 of the Convention should be dismissed for having fail ed to exhaust domestic remedies.

2. The applicant ’ s arguments

104 . Referring to the relevant circumstances of the case ( see paragraph s 7 -1 3 above ), the applicant refuted the Government ’ s allegation that he had never formally requested to have his photograph removed from the police stations . On the contrary, h is first and foremost aim had been to remedy th at situation. Only after the photograph s had been removed had he request ed that the officials responsible be punished .

105 . As the applicant ’ s submissions indicated , he had not object ed to the Vake-Saburtalo District Court ’ s refusal to institute libel proceedings . Nevertheless , in view of the instruction issued by the same court , the applicant had considered that the relevant investigative autho rities would conduct an i nquiry into the possible abuses of power committed by the State agents involved . H owever, neither the prosecution authority nor the MI had adequately fulfilled their investigative obligations . A fter the prosecution had referred his case to the MI with a view to instituting disciplinary proceedings, no reply had been forthcoming from the latter agency ( see paragraph 15 above ) .

106 . As to the argument that he had failed to appeal against the Vake ‑ Saburtalo prosecutor ’ s office ’ s decision to refer his second criminal complaint to the MI with a view to instituting disciplinary proceedings ( paragraph s 16 and 10 2 above ), the applicant replied that he had first learnt about th e referral from the Government ’ s submissions to the Court. Without having received th e above-mentioned decision and studied its reasons, he had obviously been unable to lodge an appeal.

107 . The applicant stated that he had resorted to all accessible domestic remedi es in order to have the perp e trators identified and pun i shed. However, the competent authorities had left his complaints without due consideration by need lessly circulating them from one institution to another.

3 . The Court ’ s assessment

108 . The Court reiterates that the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies referred to in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention obliges applicants to use first the remedies which are normally available and sufficient in the domestic legal system to enable them to obtain redress for the breaches alleged. The existence of the remedies must be sufficiently certain, in practice as well as in theory, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness. Article 35 § 1 also requires that the complaints intended to be brought subsequently before the Court should have been made to the appropriate domestic body, at least in substance and in compliance with the formal requirements laid down in domestic law, but it does not require that recourse should be had to remedies which are inadequate or ineffective (see Aksoy v. Turkey judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports 1996-VI, pp. 2275-76, §§ 51-52; Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, judgment of 16 September 1996, Reports 1996-IV, p. 1210, §§ 65 ‑ 67; Åžarli v. Turkey , no. 24490/94, § 59 , 22 May 2001 ).

109 . The Court emphasises that the application of the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies must make due allowance for the fact that it is being applied in the context of machinery for the protection of human rights which the Contracting States have agreed to establish. Accordingly, it has recognised that Article 35 § 1 must be applied with some degree of flexibility and without excessive formalism. It has further recognised that the rule of exhaustion is neither absolute nor capable of being applied automatically; for the purposes of reviewing whether it has been observed, it is essential to have regard to the circumstances of the individual case. This means, in particular, that the Court must take realistic account not only of the existence of formal remedies in the legal system of the Contracting State concerned but also of the general context in which they operate, as well as the personal circumstances of the applicant. It must then examine whether, in all the circumstances of the case, the individual did everything that could reasonably be expected of someone to exhaust domestic remedies ( see the aforecited judgments of Akdivar , § 69 , Aksoy , §§ 53 and 54 , and Şarli , § 60).

110 . T urning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court considers that t he Government ’ s argument that the applicant never complained about the police posting of his photograph under section 6 ( 2 ) of the Operati onal Investigative Measures Act is unconvincing. I n fact , the applicant did lodg e such complaints on several occasions with all the authorities mentioned in that provision: the M inistry of the Interior (a hierarchically superior body ), a prosecutor and a court . Assuming that the applicant did not explicitly rely on section 6 ( 2 ) of the Act in his complaints, such a formality cannot outweigh the fact that he made all the competent authorities aware of his grievances . Equally unfounded is the Government ’ s assertion that the applicant never aimed to have his photographs removed but simply sought to have “particular persons” held criminally liable for posting them . The circumstances of the case clearly show the opposite (see paragraph 9 above) .

111 . The Court finds it un necessary to examine the validity of the reasons for the Vake-Saburtalo District Court ’ s decision of 4 February 2004 dismiss ing t he libel complaint as , indeed, that decision was never challenged on appeal (see paragraph 13 above). However, t he Court attaches importance to the fact that the applicant himself apparently dropped the idea of pursuing the libel proceedings and decided instead to request the initiation of criminal proceedings for the alleged offences committed by public off icials in the performance of their duties , the latter course of action having been suggested by the District Court (see paragraphs 12 in fine and 1 0 5 above ). It is to be emphasised in this connection that , when there exist several potentially effective remedies with essentially the same objective, it is sufficient for the applicant to pursue only one of them ( see Moreira Barbosa v. Portugal (dec.), no. 6 5681/01, ECHR 2004 ‑ V ; Jeličić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (dec.), no. 41183/02, ECHR 2005 ‑ XII ).

112 . As to the Government ’ s argument that the applicant should have challenged the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s decisions , referring his case to the MI , before a higher prosecutor, the Court reiterates that , normally, a hierarchical remedy cannot be regarded as effective , because the litigants are u n able to part icipate in such proceedings (see Horvat v. Croatia , no. 51585/99, § 47 , ECHR 2001 ‑ VIII ; Hartman v. Czech Republic , no. 53341/99, § 66 , ECHR 20 03 ‑ VIII). Moreover, as disclosed by the case file, and as the applicant maintained and the Government did not dispute , the applicant w as never served with the impugned decisions ( see paragraphs 15 and 1 0 5 above ) . C onsequently, he cannot be criticised for not having appealed against them ( see Ramishvili and Kokhreidze (dec.) , cited above ; Chitayev and Chitayev v. Russia , n o. 59334/00, §§ 139 and 140, 18 January 2007).

113 . Moreover, the Court is not persuaded by the Government ’ s reproach that the applicant did not challenge the Vake-Saburtalo district prosecutor ’ s decision in respect of his second criminal complaint ( see paragraph s 16 and 10 2 above ) , given that the applicant was only informed of that decision by the Government ’ s observations on the admissibility and merits of the case before the Court .

114 . Contrary to the applicant ’ s legitimate expectations based on the Vake-Saburtalo District Court ’ s recommendation for an investigation , the prosecution, instead of conducting a speedy and objective examination of the incident , with the aim of establish ing whether it disclosed the elements of the offence of an abuse of power, referred the case to the MI. However, t he latter agency was directly responsible for the police, on whose premises the applicant ’ s photograph s had been posted. In such circumstances, any internal i nquiry conducted by the MI could not have been seen to have been objective or effective ( cf. Barbu Anghelescu v. Romania , no. 46430/99, § 66, 5 October 2004 ; Ergı v. Turkey , judgment of 28 July 1998, Reports 1998-IV, §§ 83-84 ). Since t he competent authorities remain ed passive in the face of the applicant ’ s serious allegations of misconduct and the prejudice caused by State agents ( see paragraph 9 above , in fine ) , the applicant could justifiably have regard ed any further requests to th e same authorities as a futile e xercise (see Selmouni v. France [GC], no. 25803/94, § 76, ECHR 1999 ‑ V).

115 . Consequently, in view of the fact that the applicant made the hierarchical, prosecution and judicial authorities fully aware of his grievances about the unlawful post ing of his photographs, the Court considers that he was dispensed from having to observe meticulously any other exhaustion formalities as suggested by the Government . In the circumstances of the present case, the Court finds that the applicant did everything that could reasonably be expected of him to have his rights redressed ( see Ramishvili and Kokhreidze (dec.), cited above ; Belevitskiy , cited above, § 71; Akdivar and Others , cited above, § 69).

116 . In the light of the foregoing, the Court dismisses the Government ’ s objection of non-exhaustion.

117 . The Court further notes that the complaint under Article 8 of the Convention is not manifestly ill-founde d within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. No other ground for declaring it inadmissible has been established. It must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties ’ arguments

118 . The Government did not contest that the police posting of the applicant ’ s photograph constituted an interference , within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention. However, th at interference was justified because it had had been carried out as an “operati onal investigative measure”. The Government stated that, since the applicant ’ s photo graph had not been circulated through the mass media , the interference was of a limited nature and could not amount to a violation . They further asserted that the competent authorities had duly conducted an investigation to identify the persons involved in the impugned act. The Government contested as untrue the applicant ’ s submission that his photo graph had been removed after the newspaper publication of 9 February 2004. In reality, they claimed, the photograph had been removed following the author ities ’ proper recognition of their “error” .

119 . The applicant replied that the main reason why the interference had amounted to a violation of Article 8 of the Convention wa s because it had been unlawful . According to the criminal procedural law, the pre condition for declaring a person “ wanted ” by the investigative authorities wa s the initiation of criminal proceedings, in which the person was suspect ed of or charg ed with an offence ( paragraph 4 2 above) . I n the present case, however, the authorities had implicated the applicant in a murder by posting his photograph on the boards of “wanted” persons in police stations, without ever having launched criminal proceedings against him . Consequently, the applicant had been unlawfully and libellously implicated in a very grave crime in the eyes of the public.

120 . In reply to the Government ’ s argument that the interference had been of a limited nature, the applicant noted that the police had not circulated his photograph for internal purposes . O n the contrary, his photograph had been deliberately posted on the most visible site in several police station s all over the country, so that as large a part of the population as possible could consult it. The applicant also complained that the authorities had failed to investigate effectively his complaints . The State agents responsible had never been identified and punished.

2. The C ourt ’ s assess ment

121 . The Court reiterates that the concept of private life includes elements relating to a person ’ s right to his or her image , and that the publication of a photograph , without the consent of its owner, even if this act is de void of any specific aim, constitutes an interference under Article 8 of the Convention (see Gurgenidze v. Georgia , no. 71678/01 , §§ 56-57, 17 October 2006 ; Von Hannover v. Germany , no. 59320/00, § § 50-53 , ECHR 2004 ‑ VI ; Sciacca v. Italy , no. 50774/99, § 29, ECHR 2005 ‑ I).

122 . In the present case, t he applicant ’ s photograph was not published in a newspaper or divul ged through other mass media . However , it cannot be den ied that, by posting it o n the public premises of several police stations in different parts of the country , the authorities deliberately made the photograph easily accessible to the population at large. Furthermore , it is not solely the public disclosure of the applicant ’ s image , as such , whi c h wa s at stake in the present case, but also the manner in which it was done and the aims it pursued. In identifying the applicant as being wanted in connection with a murder case , the authorities ’ action amounted to a public denunc i ation that he had been involved in a very serious crime . This denunciation constituted a statement of fact within the meaning of Article 10 of the Convention , which , since it fail ed to correspond to real ity – the applicant never having been formally accused or suspected of murder – was defamatory (see White v. Sweden , no. 4 2435/02, § 24, 19 September 2006 ; Pfeifer v. Austria , no. 12556/03, § 46-47, ECHR 2007 ‑ ... ) . It is n oteworthy that the Government recogni sed the “error” committed by the ir authorities ( paragraph 1 18 above ). Consequently, gratuitous damage was done to t he applicant ’ s reputation, which form s part of his social identity and psychological integrity and thus f a ll s within the scope of his private life as understood by Article 8 of the Convention (see Pfeifer , cited above, § § 35 and 46-49 ; Chauvy and Others v. France , no. 64915/01, § 70, ECHR 2004 ‑ VI; Gunnarsson v. Icelan d (dec.), no. 4591/04, 20 October 2004) .

123 . The present case is di fferent from most of the previous cases which the Court has examined concerning the disclosure of a photograph of a public person ( see Von Hannover , cited above, § 50 ; Schüssel v. Austria (dec.), no. 42409/98, 21 February 2002). The present applicant was not even the subject of a criminal prosecution at the material time . His status as an “ordinary person” excluded the possibility of curtailing the scope of his private life in favour of any legitimate aim protected by the Convention (see Gurgenidze , cited above, §§ 56-58 and 60-61; Sciacca , cited above, § 29; and , a contrario , Craxi v. Italy (no. 2) , no. 25337/94, § 65, 17 July 2003; Pfeifer , cited above, §§ 43-44).

124 . The interference with the applicant ’ s “private life “ should thus be examined , pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 8 of the Convention , as to whether it (a) compli ed with the criterion of “lawfulness” ; (b) was compatib le with the existence of a legitimate aim ; and (c) was necessary “in a democratic society ” ( see Sciacca , cited above, § 28).

125 . Even though it is for the national authorities, notably the courts, to interpret and apply the relevant internal rules (see Kruslin v. France , judgment of 24 April 1990, Series A no. 176 ‑ A, p p . 21-22, § 29 ; Amann v. Switzerland [GC], no. 27798/95, § 52, ECHR 2000 ‑ II), the Court exercise s a certain power of review (see Craxi (no. 2) , cited above, § 78). This is particularly true when, as happened in the case at hand, the domestic authorities omit ted to scrutinise effectively the compatibility of the impugned interference either with domestic rules or with Convention standards (see, mutatis mutandis , Gurgenidze , cited above, § 62).

126 . As acknowledged by the competent domestic authorities and confirmed by the respondent Government, the po lice posting of the applicant ’ s photograph on the boards of “wanted persons” was an “ operati onal investigative measure ” aimed at securing the applicant ’ s appearance before the prosecution authorit ies to testify in the murder case as a witness ( see paragraphs 9 and 1 18 above). However, under Articles 393 and 606 (1) of the C CP, only an accused or convicted person evading an investigation, trial or sentence c ould be declared “ wanted ” . Furthermore , as stated in section 8 ( 2 ) of the Operati onal Investigative M easur es Act , before any specific measure aimed at establishing the whereabouts of a n accused or convict ed person who has absconded may be taken, a formal decision should first have been issued by the prosecution or judicial authorities.

127 . Articles 93 and 94 of the CCP (paragraphs 33-34 above) , defining the status , rights and responsibilities of a witness, did not provide for the possibility of declaring a witness “wanted” in relation to a criminal case. If a witness refused to appear voluntarily before the prosecution, the court could issue an order for his or her compulsory appearance . However, the role of the police , in the event of an inability to establish that witness ’ s whereabouts, was limited to returning the order to the court as “une nforc ed”. No other measure aimed at searching for the witness was ever envisaged by the domestic law .

128 . In the present case, the applicant was neither an accused n or a suspect in the murder case and , consequently, could not have been designated as a “wanted” person . Nor does t he case file disclose any record of a court order which , pursuant to Article 176 of the CCP, authoris ed the applicant ’ s compulsory appearance before the investigative authority as a witness . T he respondent Government did not refer to any provision of domestic law or any decision of the national authorities which could have served as a legal basis for divulging the applicant ’ s photograph to the public and implicating him in a murder. In such circumstances, the interference cannot be said to have been “ in accordance with the law” within the meaning of Article 8 § 2 of the Convention.

129 . The Court reiterates that, where it has been shown that the interference was not in accordance with the law , a violation of Art icle 8 of the Convention will normally be found without investigating whether the interference pursued a “legitimate aim” or was “necess ar y in a democratic society” (see Sciacc a , cited above, § 30 ; Craxi (no. 2) , cited above, § 84; Dobrev v. Bulgaria , no. 55389/00, § 165, 10 August 2006).

130 . The Court would simpl y point out that , once disclosure s of a private nature inconsistent with Article 8 of the Convention ha ve ta k en place, the positive obligation inherent in ensuring respect for private life entails an obligation to carry out effective inquiries in order to rectify the matter as far as possible (see Sciacc a , cited above, §§ 74-75). In the present case, this has not been done. The authorities failed to fulfil their obligation to provid e a plausible explanation f or the interference with the applicant ’ s “private life” . Moreover, despite the respondent Government ’ s recognition of the “ error ” before the Court , the competent national authorities have never identified or sanctioned the State agents responsible (see paragraph 1 1 4 above) .

131 . In view of the foregoing considerations , t he Court concludes that the re has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention.

V. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION

132 . The applicant relied on Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention without identify ing the substance of his complaints .

133 . Assuming that t he applicant intended to challenge the criminal proceedings against him, the Court notes that, according to the information put at the Court ’ s disposal by the parties in its case file, these proceedings are still pending (see paragraph 2 9 above ) . More importantly, the applicant has failed to specify or substantiate his complaints . T his lead s the Court to reject the m as being manifestly ill-founded, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

V I . APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

134 . Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

A. Damage

1. Pecuniary damage

135 . The applicant claimed 2,000 euros (EUR) in respect of pecuniary damage. This, a llegedly, was the average amount that he could have earned in gainful employment during the period of his unlawful detention.

136 . The Government submitted that there was no causal link between the damage claimed and the alleged violation, as the applicant had been unemployed prior to his detention.

137 . The Court does not discern any causal link between the violation s found and the pecuniary damage alleged . I t therefore dismisses this claim.

2. Non-pecuniary damage

138 . The applicant claimed EUR 70,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage, for the distress and hardship caused by the violation of his Convention rights .

139 . The Government contested the amount claimed as being unreasonably high.

140 . The Court has no doubt that the applicant suffered distress and frustration on account of the violations of his various rights under Articles 5 and 8 of the Convention . The resulting non-pecuniary damage would not be adequately compensated by the mere finding of these breaches (see, for example, StaÅ¡aitis v. Lithuania , no. 47679/99, § 99, 21 March 2002 ; Assanidze v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, §§ 199-201 , ECHR 2004 ‑ II ; Patsuria , cited above, § 99; M.B. v. Poland , no. 34091/96, § § 71 and 72, 27 April 2004 ; Gurgenidze , cited above, § 76 ). Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR 8 ,000 under this head.

B. Costs and expenses

141 . The applicant ’ s representative claimed EUR 10,500 for the costs and expenses which the applicant had allegedly incurred before the domestic courts and the Court. T he representative asserted that she had spent 113 hours work ing on the domestic proceedings and 90 hours on the Court ’ s proceedings , both at the rate of 50 EUR per hour. No invoices , c ontracts or other documents were submitted in support of the above claim .

142 . The Government replied that the amount claimed was excessive .

143 . According to the Court ’ s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and were reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the absence of any legal or financial document s in support of th is claim, the Court dismisses it .

C. Default interest

144 . The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY

1. Declares inadmissible the applicant ’ s complaints under Article 5§ 4 of the Convention , concerning the absence of an automatic review of the applicant ’ s pre-trial detention , and the alleged un fairness of the judicial reviews of 2 and 8 April 2004 , as well as his complaints under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention ;

2 . Declares admissible the remainder of the application;

3 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention on account of the applicant ’ s arrest in circumstances undermining his right to security of person ;

4 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention on account of the absence of a valid court order authorising the applicant ’ s detention on remand for certain periods ;

5 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention on account of a lack of sufficient reasons for the applicant ’ s detention on remand;

6 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention on account of the absence of an oral hearing during the judicial review of 24 January 2005 ;

7 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention on account of the public posting at various police stations of the applicant ’ s photograph as a “wanted person” ;

8 . Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, EUR 8 ,000 ( eight thousand euros ), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to be converted into the national currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

9 . Dismisses the remainder of the applicant ’ s claim for just satisfaction.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 13 January 2009 , pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Sally Dollé Françoise Tulkens Registrar President

[1] In the Georgian colloquial language, the phrase “to catch somebody” ( daWera ) is equivalent to the English expression “imprisoning” or “jailing” a person.