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PEDERSEN v. DENMARK

Doc ref: 13445/87 • ECHR ID: 001-1159

Document date: October 14, 1991

  • Inbound citations: 1
  • Cited paragraphs: 0
  • Outbound citations: 1

PEDERSEN v. DENMARK

Doc ref: 13445/87 • ECHR ID: 001-1159

Document date: October 14, 1991

Cited paragraphs only



                      AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

                      Application No. 13445/87

                      by Flemming PEDERSEN

                      against Denmark

        The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private

on 14 October 1991, the following members being present:

              MM. J.A. FROWEIN, Acting President

                  C.A. NØRGAARD

                  S. TRECHSEL

                  F. ERMACORA

                  G. SPERDUTI

                  E. BUSUTTIL

                  G. JÖRUNDSSON

                  A.S. GÖZÜBÜYÜK

                  A. WEITZEL

                  J.-C. SOYER

                  H.G. SCHERMERS

                  H. DANELIUS

             Mrs.  G. H. THUNE

             Sir  Basil HALL

             MM.  F. MARTINEZ RUIZ

                  C.L. ROZAKIS

             Mrs.  J. LIDDY

             MM.  L. LOUCAIDES

                  J.-C. GEUS

                  A.V. ALMEIDA RIBEIRO

                  M.P. PELLONPÄÄ

                  B. MARXER

             Mr.  J. RAYMOND, Deputy Secretary to the Commission

        Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the

Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

        Having regard to the application introduced on 30 October 1987

by Flemming Pedersen against Denmark and registered on 10 December

1987 under file No. 13445/87;

        Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 47 of the

Rules of Procedure of the Commission;

        Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent

Government on 31 October 1989 and 13 May 1991 and the observations

submitted in reply by the applicant on 19 December 1989 and 18 June

1991;

        Having deliberated;

        Decides as follows:

THE FACTS

        The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be

summarised as follows.

        The applicant is a Danish citizen, born in 1940.  At the time

of introduction of the application the applicant was serving a three

year prison term at Vridsløselille state prison, Denmark.  Before the

Commission he is represented by his lawyer, Mr.  Peter Ørbæk.

A.      Particular facts of the case

I

        On 18 August 1986 the applicant and a Dutch citizen, C, were

arrested in a hotel lobby in Copenhagen and charged with drug

trafficking.  The following day, 19 August 1986, the applicant and C

were separately brought before the Copenhagen City Court (Københavns

Byret) which decided, on the basis of their statements and other

available information, to detain them on remand.

        The applicant did not confess to the charge brought against

him.  When questioned by the police in connection with his arrest on

18 August 1986, the applicant said he had by chance met C in the

health club at Hotel Scandinavia in Copenhagen.  C had asked him about

the hotel shops' prices and opening hours.  There had been no other

contact between them.  In particular the applicant denied any knowledge

of heroin being smuggled from the Netherlands to Denmark.

        When questioned in the presence of his counsel on 4 September

1986, the applicant changed his statement, informing the police that

he, being a drug addict, had turned up at Hotel Scandinavia to buy

heroin from a female Dutch courier, unknown to him.  He knew from one

of his trips to Amsterdam that the person in question would be at the

hotel on that particular day.  C had sat down at his table in the

health club, and he had asked her whether he could buy 8 grammes of

heroin from her.  She had said that this was not possible in the health

club, but that they could meet in the hotel lobby.  He was carrying a

pink towel in the health club.  The applicant denied, however, that he

had been there to receive the total quantity of 80 grammes of heroin

which had been smuggled to Denmark by C.

        As C confessed to the charge brought against her, i.e. that

she was a drug courier, her case was dealt with separately and on 6

October 1986 she was convicted by the Copenhagen City Court and

sentenced to nine months imprisonment for drug trafficking contrary to

Section 191 of the Danish Penal Code.

        The conviction was based primarily on C's own statements to

the police and during the trial.  She explained inter alia that she had

met a person in the sauna of the hotel in question who answered to the

description of the person to whom she had been instructed to hand over

the drugs she had smuggled into Denmark.  He was a Dane by the name of

Flemming, around forty, corpulent, thin-haired and with spectacles.  He

was wearing a golden necklace with a pendant in the shape of a pyramid

and he was dressed in a pink towel.

        In the judgment it was finally decided that C should be

expelled from Denmark after having served her sentence.  The

applicant's defence counsel was present during C's trial but he could

not put questions to her.

        As the applicant assumed that C would be released in January

1987, after having served only part of the sentence imposed, he

informed the City Court on 11 December 1986, through his

representative, that he wanted C heard as a witness in his case or at

least obtain her evidence in court prior to her expulsion.  He

demanded a decision of the Court against which he could appeal to the

High Court of Eastern Denmark (Østre Landsret) should the Court refuse

his request.

        Due to this the prosecuting authority informed the

applicant on 16 December 1986 that his case would be dealt with as

quickly as possible and that a request to obtain the evidence from C

would be made to the City Court, should it not be possible to hear her

during the trial.  The indictment was served on the applicant on 17

December 1986.  He was charged with drug trafficking contrary to

Section 191 of the Penal Code involving a total of 80 grammes of

heroin.  During a court session on 22 December 1986 his case was

scheduled for examination by the Copenhagen City Court on 12 January

1987 as the prosecutor submitted that, according to the information he

had received, C would be released and expelled on 25 January 1987.

        In the meantime C had submitted to the prison authorities a

request of 25 November 1986 to be released after having served half of

her prison sentence.  Her request was forwarded to the Ministry of

Justice on 11 December 1986 and it was supported by the prison

authorities.  On 17 December 1986 the Ministry of Justice granted

C's request and she was released and expelled to the Netherlands

on 19 December 1986.

        Unaware of this the applicant submitted, on 7 January 1987, to

the City Court his list of evidence for the forthcoming trial.  He

requested inter alia the hearing of two witnesses, including C. The

prosecuting authority, which apparently now had been informed of the

fact that C was no longer in Denmark, did not attempt to summon C as a

witness through a rogatory commission to the Dutch authorities because

it could not be expected that the request would yield any positive

result before the date set for the trial.

        During his trial before the Copenhagen City Court on 12

January 1987 the applicant was heard.  Subsequently the prosecutor

informed the Court that C, due to certain misunderstandings, had been

released and expelled from Denmark on 19 December 1986 and instead he

submitted as evidence C's statements made before the Court on 19

August 1986 after her arrest and during her trial on 6 October 1986.

The applicant did not protest against this procedure nor did he ask

for an adjournment in order to try to obtain the attendance of C in

court.

        The prosecutor, however, subsequently opposed the applicant's

request concerning the hearing of another witness but accepted certain

facts which the applicant wanted to prove by hearing this witness.

Thereupon the applicant abandoned his request.

        In addition to the above evidence records of four telephone

conversations between a person in the Netherlands and a person in

Denmark as well as a statement form the Medico-Legal Institute

(Retsmedicinsk Institut) concerning the heroin were submitted as

evidence.

        On the basis thereof the City Court found the applicant guilty

of the charge brought against him and rejected his claim that he,

being a drug addict, had only tried to purchase a small amount for

himself.  In its judgment of 12 January 1987 the Court stated:

(translation)

"It is clear that (C) was arrested on 18 August 1986 at 16.39

hours when she left the dressing room of the Hotel Scandinavia

sauna and that she carried approximately 80 grammes of heroin

with a purity of 46 to 60%.

Furthermore it is clear that (the applicant) was arrested on

18 August 1986 at 16.45 hours when he came out of the dressing

room of the Hotel Scandinavia sauna and that he was in

possession of, inter alia, a pink towel, a necklace with a

pyramid-like pendant and an envelope containing 10,000 crowns.

Finally it is clear that (C), during the criminal trial against

her, inter alia explained that she came to Copenhagen where

she should deliver narcotics to a person by the name of Flemming

whom she should meet in the sauna and swimming pool at Hotel

Scandinavia around 16.00 hours and that she could recognise

this person on a golden necklace with a pyramid and that he

had very little hair on his head.  He should recognise her by

her wearing a green and black bathing suit.

Furthermore it must be considered established that G.K. (a

Dutchman) in the telephone conversation of 18 August 1986 at

14.16 hours named the person who was calling Flemming, and

that this person was informed that he should go to the sauna

at 15.30 hours.  G.K. would call at 4 o'clock whereafter

Flemming could note who would go to the phone.  She would

wear a green top and a dark bottom.  Flemming should then

call her by the name of Sarinam and she should give him

everything.  From the telephone conversation of 18 August

1986 at 15.21 hours it appears, inter alia, that a person

calls G.K. and informs him that now he is there and that he

carries a pink towel.  The man asks G.K. what he should give

her and G.K. answers that he shall give her 8 and G.K.

repeats green top black bottom.

On the basis of the explanations submitted by (the applicant)

and by (C) it is clear that they met in the sauna area and

started talking and that someone called (C) at around 16.00 hours.

Regardless of the fact that the Court has not had the

opportunity to hear (C's) explanations directly, since she was

released and expelled from Denmark on 19 December 1986, the

Court finds, on the basis of the above particulars of the

evidence produced, that (the applicant) is identical with the

man with whom G.K. talks on the telephone.  Hereafter (the

applicant) is guilty in accordance with the indictment."

        The City Court sentenced the applicant to 2 years and 4 months

imprisonment.  This included approximately 1 year and 4 months

accumulated in connection with conditional release from his previous

prison sentences.  The applicant announced that he intended to appeal

against the judgment.

        On 21 January 1987 the applicant appealed against the judgment

to the High Court of Eastern Denmark (Østre Landsret).  He maintained

that he had not received a fair trial in the City Court, in particular

since the Ministry of Justice had effectively excluded him from

obtaining the attendance of the witness C as she had been released and

expelled from Denmark prior to the trial regardless of the applicant's

request, supported by the prosecuting authority, to hear her as a

witness.  The applicant maintained that the case had thus been dealt

with contrary to Article 6 para. 3 of the Convention in that he had

not had the possibility of examining witnesses against him and to

obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under

the same conditions as witnesses against him.  He pointed out that the

Ministry of Justice had decided to release the witness C at a time

when both the defence and the prosecution had informed the Court that

C was an important witness.  Finally, as to the merits of the case,

the applicant maintained his innocence and requested an acquittal.

        On 24 January 1987 the public prosecutor's appeal against the

judgment and the indictment to be used in the High Court were served

on the applicant.  It appeared from the prosecutor's list of evidence,

which was forwarded on 1 May 1987, that it was not intended to hear C

as a witness but that it was intended to use her statements made

during hearings in court as evidence.

        In addition to the appeal against the City Court judgment the

applicant complained to the State Prosecutor (Statsadvokaten) of the

way in which the Copenhagen Chief of Police had handled the procedure

concerning the release of C. The complaint was rejected on 9 February

1987 and this decision was upheld by the Prosecutor General

(Rigsadvokaten) on 6 March 1987.  A subsequent appeal to the Ministry

of Justice regarding this matter was rejected by letter of 8 May 1987

in which the Ministry added:

(translation)

"It should be added that it is for the High Court of Eastern

Denmark to decide whether it might entail a violation of your

client's rights - including your client's rights under the

European Convention on Human Rights - to use the statements

made in court by C during her own trial as evidence in the

case against your client.

The Ministry of Justice would therefore refer you to the

possibility of submitting your objections in this respect

in connection with the examination of the case in the High

Court of Eastern Denmark."

        The hearing of the appeal in the High Court was scheduled for

14 May 1987.  It was a full re-hearing of the case during which the

High Court was called upon to take evidence and to examine anew the

facts and the law.  On 3 May and 10 May 1987 the applicant submitted

his list of evidence to be examined in the High Court.  In particular

he wanted the witness C heard as well as three other persons,

including his own defence counsel and the City Court prosecutor.  As in

the proceedings in the City Court the prosecuting authority made no

attempt to summon C as a witness through a rogatory commission to the

Dutch authorities as it would not have been possible to receive a

reply within the eleven days available (3-14 May 1987).

        During the trial on 14 May 1987 the applicant maintained his

position as described in his appeal to the High Court and requested

that the judgment of the City Court be repealed and the case sent back

for a new trial.  In the alternative he requested his acquittal.

Before the High Court the applicant as well as four witnesses were

heard.

        The first witness was a police officer who made statements

concerning the factual circumstances of the arrest of the applicant

and C on 18 August 1986.

        The second witness was another police officer who, according

to the High Court court transcripts, stated inter alia as follows:

(translation)

"The witness explained that he carried out the interrogations of

(C) and (the applicant).  The witness explained that (C) did

not change her statements during the interrogations.  She

explained that she should deliver the heroin to a person by

the name of Flemming who would wear a golden necklace with a

pendant.  Flemming would be around forty and thin haired. (C)

should receive an envelope with money.  She did not know how

much money she would receive for the heroin.  No

confrontation was arranged between (the applicant) and (C).

(C) recognised (the applicant) from a photo.  The witness

stated that the Dutch police has informed him that (C) does

not want to go to Denmark in order to appear as a witness

against (the applicant).

The witness received, on 16 December 1986, a letter from

(the applicant) who wrote that (C) would be released on

19 December 1986.  The witness contacted the competent

authority (kriminalforsorgen) which informed him that (C)

would not be released until 25 January 1987, and since (the

applicant's) trial was scheduled for 12 January 1987 he did

not take any further steps in this respect."

        A third witness gave the following evidence according to the

court transcripts:

(translation)

"Questioned by the defence counsel the witness explained

that he was interrogated by the police on 13 May 1987.  He

had been detained on remand together with (the applicant) at

Blegdamvejen prison.  At Vestre prison he attended a

religious service together with (C).  They talked and (C)

explained that it was her fault that an innocent man was in

prison.  She did not mention the man's name.  At Blegdamvejen

prison (the applicant) explained that he was innocent and

the witness connected this with the conversation with (C)

who explained that the man should buy only a few grammes of

heroin.  The witness has been shown a photo of (C).  At

Blegdamvejen prison the witness told (the applicant) about

the conversation with (C) and he described (C) to (the

applicant)."

        The fourth witness was a police officer from the Netherlands

who brought along a tape with certain telephone conversations and he

explained its contents before the tape was played in court.

        C was not heard as a witness but it appears that her

statements, used as evidence in the City Court, were also submitted as

evidence in the High Court although no specific reference is made to

these statements in the court transcripts.  The applicant did not

protest against this, nor did he apply for an adjournment of the

proceedings.

        Finally the High Court found it unnecessary to hear the

defence counsel and the City Court prosecutor as witnesses.  The

applicant had requested the hearing of these witnesses in order to

show that it was impossible to identify the voices in the taped

telephone conversations.  The High Court found, however, that this was

a matter the Court should decide upon and accordingly refused to hear

the witnesses as they could not, in the High Court's opinion, add

anything of relevance to the case.

        In its judgment of 14 May 1987 the High Court stated:

(translation)

"The fact that (C) due to a misunderstanding during the

investigation was not kept here in this country and heard

as a witness in the applicant's case is not found to be a

procedural error which can constitute a reason to repeal

the judgment and the applicant's submissions in this

respect cannot, therefore, be accepted.

Also on the basis of the evidence produced in the High Court

it is found established that the applicant is guilty in

accordance with the indictment."

        The High Court sentenced the applicant to 3 years imprisonment

which again included the 1 year and 4 months from previous convictions.

        The applicant did not ask the Ministry of Justice for leave to

appeal to the Supreme Court (Højesteret), but subsequently he asked the

Special Court of Revision (Den særlige Klageret) to reopen his case.

However, on 27 August 1987 the Special Court of Revision refused to do

so.

II

        When the applicant received the indictment on 17 December 1986

he noted that, after the presentation of the charge, the prosecution

had made a certain reservation as to the possibility of further

charges to be considered under Section 191 of the Penal Code, in

particular one charge which was already under investigation.  The

applicant complained to the State Public Prosecutor and requested the

reservation removed.  However, on 6 January 1987 the State Public

Prosecutor rejected the applicant's request maintaining that the

reservation had been made in order to pursue the applicant's case as

quickly as possible while indicating that another charge was still

under investigation.

        The applicant complained of this decision to the Prosecutor

General who rejected the applicant's complaints on 20 January 1987.  A

subsequent complaint to the Ministry of Justice was rejected by the

Ministry on 15 April 1987.

B.      Relevant domestic legislation

        The relevant sections of the Administration of Justice Act

(Retsplejeloven) read as follows (translation):

"Section 747, sub-section 1: A court session is held when

measures, which require the participation of the court, are

requested.  On request a court session is furthermore held

when this is necessary to secure evidence which would

otherwise be lost or which could only be brought before the

adjudicating court directly with considerable inconvenience

or delay, or when it must be considered necessary for the

investigation or due to public interest."

"Section 877, sub-section 2: ... the following documents may

be used as evidence during the trial and must then be read

out;

1. ...

2. enterings in the court record concerning the statements

of the accused made during the examination of the charge,

when the accused now either refuses to answer, or when the

present statement deviates from the previous one, or when

the accused fails to appear;

3. enterings in the court record concerning the statements

of witnesses or experts made during their examination when

these persons have either died or for other reasons cannot

be heard again, or when they have been heard by a court

other than the one before which the case is pending pursuant

to Sections 174 and 209, or they have been heard in the

absence of the accused pursuant to Section 847 sub-section 1,

or when the present statement deviates from the previous

one, or when a witness refuses to speak and the prescribed

coercive measures ought not to be used or have been used in

vain;

4. ...

5. ... .

Sub-section 3: In circumstances other than the above,

documents and other written material which contain

statements or testimony may only be used as evidence if the

court by way of exception so permits."

"Section 880, sub-sections 2 and 3: Adjournments for the

purpose of obtaining evidence which is not readily available

is granted by the court if it finds that the circumstances

make this desirable for the elucidation of the case.

The court may, when it considers this appropriate for the

complete elucidation of the case, decide that evidence shall

be brought which neither of the parties have relied upon or

which the party, who has announced it, has abandoned, and may

for this purpose adjourn the case; ..."

"Section 881: The court's decision in disputes which arise

between the parties during the hearing of evidence, and

where protests have been made by witnesses or experts, is

passed insofar as requested by court order."

"Section 968, sub-sections 2 and 3: Court orders and other

decisions pronounced during the court hearing or during its

preparatory stage may, unless especially provided for in

law, only be appealed against (kære) when and insofar as the

decision provides that the case be adjourned or dismissed

or repealed or concerns imprisonment, seizure, search or

similar measures, or orders punishment or costs or when

directed against somebody who is not a party to the case.

Where an ordinary appeal (against a judgment (anke)) is

excluded in accordance with the rules set out in Section 966

appeals (against court orders and decisions (kære)) may only

be submitted with leave from the Minister of Justice in

which case the rules concerning leave to appeal against

judgments are applicable."

"Section 966, sub-sections 1 and 4: The judgment of the High

Court, sitting as a second instance court, cannot be appealed

against.  The Minister of Justice may, however, grant leave

to appeal if the case involves questions of principle or

where special reasons otherwise speak in favour of it.

Applications for leave to appeal shall be submitted to the

Ministry of Justice within 2 weeks from the pronouncement of

the judgment or, if it is the accused who wants to appeal

and he was not present when judgment was pronounced, from

the date it was served.  The Minister may, by way of

exception, grant leave to appeal if the application is

submitted later but within one year of the pronouncement of

the judgment.

...

An appeal in accordance with this section must be based on

the reasons set out in Sections 943, 945 sub-sections 1 to 3

and 963 sub-section 1 no 1.  Moreover the rules set out in

chapter 82 are applicable with the necessary modifications."

"Section 943: An appeal may be based on the allegation that

procedural rules have been set aside or applied wrongly;

however, such application of the procedural rules, which the

court does not check ex officio, may only be used as a

reason for the appeal, where objections were lodged timely

before the lower court."

"Section 945 sub-section 1 no 3: In addition to the reasons

for appeal set out in Section 943 an appeal may only be

based on:

...

3. the claim that the punishment meted out in the judgment

goes beyond the limits of the law or is obviously

disproportionate to the offence."

"Section 963 sub-section 1 no 1: In addition to the reasons

for appeal set out in Section 943 an appeal against the

judgments mentioned there may be based on:

1. the claim that the court when deciding on whether the

accused shall be found guilty has applied the Penal Code

wrongly."

COMPLAINTS

        The applicant complains that he did not get a fair trial in

the criminal court proceedings against him and he invokes

Article 6 of the Convention.

        The applicant alleges that he was prevented from obtaining the

attendance and examination of the witness C because this witness had

been expelled from Denmark prior to the court proceedings for which

reason it was practically impossible to obtain her attendance.

        The applicant also refers to the fact that the High Court

refused to hear two witnesses, namely his defence counsel and the City

Court prosecutor.

        Finally the applicant, noting that the indictment contained

reservations as to further charges under investigation, submits that

this could improperly influence the court as regards the assessment of

factors relevant for their judgments.

PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

        The application was introduced on 30 October 1987 and

registered on 10 December 1987.

        The Commission decided on 12 July 1989 to bring the

application to the notice of the respondent Government inviting them

to submit written observations on the admissibility and merits of the

case.

        The Government's observations were submitted on 31 October

1989 and the applicant's observations in reply were submitted on 19

December 1989.

        On 3 December 1990 the Commission decided to invite the

parties to appear before it at a hearing on the admissibility and

merits of the application.

        On 20 February 1991 the hearing, scheduled for 5 March 1991,

was cancelled due to the applicant's representative's illness.

        On 13 April 1991 the Commission decided to invite the parties

to submit additional written observations on the admissibility and

merits of the application.

        The Government's additional observations were submitted on

13 May 1991 and the applicant's additional observations in reply were

submitted on 18 June 1991.

THE LAW

1.      The applicant has complained that he did not get a fair trial

in the criminal court proceedings against him and he has invoked

Article 6 (Art. 6) of the Convention.

        The Commission recalls first of all that in accordance with

Article 26 (Art. 26) of the Convention it may only deal with a matter

after all domestic remedies have been exhausted according to the

generally recognised rules of international law.

        In this respect the Government have referred to a number of

remedies the applicant allegedly could have used in the City Court as

well as in the High Court, such as his right to demand an adjournment

of the proceedings with a view to summoning C as a witness, his right

to protest against the use of C's statements as evidence in his case,

and the possibility of applying for leave to appeal to the Supreme

Court.

        The applicant maintains that these remedies are not effective

for the purposes of the present case.

        Having regard to the observations of the parties on the

question of exhaustion of domestic remedies, the Commission does not

find it necessary to determine whether the applicant has fulfilled

this condition because, even assuming this to be the case, the

application is inadmissible for the following reasons.

2.      The applicant has complained that he was prevented from

obtaining the attendance and examination of the witness C in the City

Court as well as in the High Court as she had been expelled from

Denmark prior to the trial.  He has also complained that the High

Court refused to hear two further witnesses proposed by him and

finally he has submitted that the indictment used in the City Court

contained certain reservations which improperly influenced the Court.

a.      The Commission has considered the issues relating to the

attendance and examination of the witness C under Article 6 paras. 1

and 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) which as far as relevant read as follows:

"1.  In the determination of ... any criminal charge against

him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by a ...

tribunal ...

...

3.   Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the

following minimum rights:

...

     (d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him

and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on

his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against

him;

..."

        The Commission recalls that the applicant's appeal against the

judgment of the City Court was a full appeal in the sense that a

complete re-hearing of the case had to be carried out in the High Court,

which in doing so was not bound by the findings of the City Court.

However, from this it does not follow that the lower court did not

have to provide the guarantees of Article 6 (Art. 6) of the

Convention.  Such a result would be at variance with the intention

underlying the creation of several levels of courts (cf.  Eur.  Court

H.R., De Cubber judgment of 26 October 1984, Series A no. 86, p. 18,

para. 32).

        Nevertheless a higher or the highest court may in some

circumstances make reparations for a possible initial violation of one

of the Convention's provisions, in particular where the alleged defect

bears solely upon the conduct of the first-instance proceedings rather

than on matters of internal organisation.

        Therefore the Commission will base its examination of the

present case on its consistently held view that the conformity of a

trial with the rules laid down in Article 6 (Art. 6) of the Convention

should be examined in the light of the entire trial.  It is true that

one particular aspect or incident can be influential or assume such

importance as to constitute a decisive factor in a general appraisal

of the trial as a whole.  But even in such an event, it is on the

basis of an appraisal of the whole trial that the question of whether

the case was given a fair hearing should be decided (cf. for example

No. 9000/80, Dec. 11.3.82, D.R. 28 p. 127).

        As regards C's status as a witness the Government have

expressed doubts as to whether it would have been possible to impose

on C an obligation to give evidence which might deviate from her

previous statements.  In this respect the Commission nevertheless finds

that C, who had been convicted and thus was no longer an accused or

co-accused person, must be considered a witness within the meaning of

Article 6 para. 3 (d) (Art. 6-3-d) of the Convention (cf. also Cardot

v.  France, Comm.  Report 3.4.90, para. 51).

        As regards the fairness of the applicant's trial in the

absence of C the applicant submits that C was an important witness, as

shown by the fact that the prosecution itself initially wanted C

heard.  The statement made by another witness in the High Court

indicates that C did not in her written statements tell the truth and

therefore it would have been essential for the outcome of the trial

that C was heard.  However, although C's statements were used the

applicant did not get the opportunity to contest these or to examine

the witness C in court.

        The Government submit that, as the applicant failed to request

an adjournment of the court proceedings with a view to summoning C as

a witness and failed to avail himself of the opportunity to protest

against the use of C's written statements as evidence, the courts had

reason to assume that he agreed to the hearing of the case on the

existing basis despite his previous request for anticipated evidence.

As he did not manifest his dissatisfaction with the nature of the

production of evidence the courts did not get an opportunity to

consider these issues.  Furthermore, the Government maintain, C's

statements were only a minor element in the accumulated evidence and

the courts were fully aware of the secondary nature of this piece of

evidence.

        With regard to the evidence of witnesses the Commission notes

that, according to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights,

the reading out at a hearing of the records of statements made by a

witness cannot, in itself, be regarded as being inconsistent with

Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention but

the use made of such statements as evidence must nevertheless comply

with the rights of the defence (cf.  Eur.  Court H.R., Unterpertinger

judgment of 24 November 1986, Series A no. 110, p. 14, para. 31).  In

this regard the Commission considers in the light of its own case-law

and that of the European Court of Human Rights that save in

exceptional circumstances, requiring specific justification, witnesses

must be heard in the presence of the accused at a hearing where both

parties can present their arguments and which, since it is subject to

public scrutiny, offers a tangible guarantee of the fairness of the

proceedings (cf. Eur.  Court H.R., Delta judgment of 19 December 1990,

Series A no. 191-A, p. 16, para. 36 and the Isgro judgment of 19

February 1991, Series A no. 194-A, para. 34).

        Accordingly the Commission must examine whether the present

case offered such justification as it is clear that C was heard

neither in the City Court nor in the High Court.

        The Commission recalls that C was expelled to the Netherlands

although her presence at the trial had been requested.  The Danish

authorities are responsible for this situation.  However, it does not

as such concern the fairness of the applicant's trial and, as pointed

out to the applicant by the Ministry of Justice by letter of 8 May

1987, it was eventually for the High Court to decide what effect this

would have on the applicant's trial.

        The Commission furthermore recalls from the court transcripts

of the High Court that C had refused to return to Denmark in order to

appear as a witness during the applicant's trial.  It would clearly

have been preferable if it had been possible to hear C in person but

her stand in this respect could not be allowed to block the prosecution.

Therefore the Commission finds that the prosecution had reason to

produce as evidence the statements submitted by her in court on 19

August and 6 October 1986 in connection with her own trial.  In

addition the Commission notes that the High Court, having established

that the hearing of C would not be possible, tried as far as possible

to verify her statements by hearing the police officers involved in

her case as well as by hearing a witness which supported the applicant's

allegations.

        The Commission has also noted that the High Court found the

applicant guilty without any direct reference to C's written statements

in its judgment and that the applicant did not at any stage consider

it essential to voice his dissatisfaction with their use as evidence

although he must have been fully aware of the consequences, in

particular in the light of the information he had received from the

Ministry of Justice on 8 May 1987.

        Finally the Commission finds that, in particular during the

trial in the High Court, C's statements were far from the only

evidence in the case and it was also clear to the Court that these

statements could not at the outset be considered to be a reliable

source of information.  In particular the High Court could rely on the

applicant's own version of the event which tallied with what he had

told the police.  Furthermore, the investigating police officers could

explain the circumstances surrounding the arrest of C and the

applicant, and taped telephone conversations concerning the heroin

transaction were available.  Nothing has emerged which could give rise

to any misgivings as regards the fairness of the applicant's trial or

his right to a proper defence in respect of this evidence.

        The Commission therefore does not find that the applicant's

conviction was based solely or essentially on C's statements, and the

limitation, which derived from her absence at the hearings, did not in

the Commission's opinion restrict the possibilities of the defence to

a degree that was irreconcilable with the Convention.  Accordingly the

Commission does not find that the applicant's trial was unfair due to

the fact that C was not heard as a witness directly (cf also Eur.

Court H.R., Asch judgment of 26 April 1991, Series A no. 203).

b.      In respect of this allegation of an unfair trial the applicant

has also complained under Article 6 (Art. 6) of the Convention that

the High Court refused to hear two further witnesses which were

readily available.  The Commission finds that such a situation is

clearly distinguishable from the situation referred to above under a.

In principle it does not consider it contrary to Article 6 para. 3 (d)

(Art. 6-3-d) where a court, within its discretionary powers, refuses

to take evidence which is considered irrelevant (cf.  No. 8417/78,

Dec. 4.5.79, D.R. 16 p. 200).

        In the present case the Commission recalls that the High Court

refused to hear the two witnesses, i.e. the City Court prosecutor and

the applicant's defence counsel, as their "evidence" was considered

irrelevant in the light of the fact that High Court was called upon

directly to evaluate the contents and quality of the tapes in

question.  The Commission finds no indications that the High Court in

these circumstances went beyond its proper discretion to refuse to

take evidence when refusing to hear the witnesses concerned.

Accordingly, this part of the complaint submitted under Article 6

(Art. 6) of the Convention has not disclosed any unfairness in respect

of the applicant's trial.

c.      The Commission has finally considered the applicant's

complaint as regards the formulation of the indictment but has found

no basis for a finding that this influenced in any way the fairness of

the applicant's trial.

        Summing up the Commission concludes that the applicant's

trial, when regarded as a whole, cannot be considered to have been

conducted in a manner contrary to Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d)

(Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention.

        It follows that the application is manifestly ill-founded

within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

        For these reasons, the Commission by a majority

        DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE.

Deputy Secretary to the Commission     Acting President of the Commission

         (J. RAYMOND)                            (J.A. FROWEIN)

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