AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

                      Application No. 24384/94

                      by Peter Johnny VAN REESWIJK

                      against the Netherlands

     The European Commission of Human Rights (Second Chamber) sitting

in private on 18 May 1995, the following members being present:

           Mr.   H. DANELIUS, President

           Mrs.  G.H. THUNE

           MM.   G. JÖRUNDSSON

                 S. TRECHSEL

                 J.-C. SOYER

                 H.G. SCHERMERS

                 F. MARTINEZ

                 L. LOUCAIDES

                 J.-C. GEUS

                 M.A. NOWICKI

                 I. CABRAL BARRETO

                 J. MUCHA

                 D. SVÁBY

           Ms.   M.-T. SCHOEPFER, Secretary to the Chamber

     Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection

of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

     Having regard to the application introduced on 27 April 1994 by

Peter Johnny VAN REESWIJK against the Netherlands and registered on

13 June 1994 under file No. 24384/94;

     Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 47 of the Rules

of Procedure of the Commission;

     Having deliberated;

     Decides as follows:

THE FACTS

     The applicant is a Dutch national, born in 1955, who at present

serves a prison sentence in Veenhuizen, the Netherlands. Before the

Commission, he is represented by Mrs. T. Spronken, a lawyer practising

in Maastricht.

     The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be

summarised as follows.

     In the context of an investigation, started in 1989, into a South

American group, operating from Columbia and involved in large scale

transports of cocaine and marihuana from South America to Germany,

Italy, Spain and the Netherlands, the German Federal Office of Criminal

Investigation (Bundeskriminalamt, hereinafter referred to as "BKA") at

Wiesbaden, Germany, set up a transport company called Mertrans. This

company was run by police officers and its telephone was tapped. Two

police officers, known under the code names of A 253 and A 256, were

registered as the company's owners.

     The aim of this operation was to infiltrate the European

distribution network of the South American organisation, by providing

it with storage facilities for the imported drugs pending a further

distribution to other European countries and thus to find the buyers

of those drugs. A central role in Mertrans was given to "Hugo", a

police informer who apparently had good contacts with the Columbian

group and its clients.

     The BKA informed the Dutch Central Investigation Department

(Centrale Recherche Informatiedienst, hereinafter referred to as "CRI")

of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice of this investigation and

requested the Dutch police and judicial authorities to co-operate where

necessary in order to make it possible to trace and arrest the

organisers, suppliers, transporters and buyers involved in this drug

traffic.

     On 5 October 1990 a first shipment of about 960 kilogrammes of

cocaine sent by the South American group at issue was seized by the BKA

in Frankfurt, Germany. It further appeared that a second shipment

consisting of about 800 kilogrammes of cocaine and about 10.000

kilogrammes of marihuana was on its way to Germany.

     In the beginning of November 1990, Mertrans was contacted by

telephone by H.M., a Dutchman, who presented himself as "Martin". On

26 October 1990 the German police authorities involved requested the

Public Prosecutor (officier van justitie) at Roermond, the Netherlands,

to allow a supervised delivery of drugs. This request was granted under

the condition that the German police officers involved would be

accompanied by Dutch police officers.

     Following several telephone conversations in Spanish between H.M.

and "Hugo", they met on 6 November 1990 in Venlo, the Netherlands, in

order to discuss the transaction. On that occasion H.M. was accompanied

by the applicant. "Hugo" was accompanied by the two "owners" of

Mertrans, A 253 and A 256. During this meeting, while being observed

by the Dutch police, H.M. handed 500.000 Dutch guilders over to "Hugo",

after the applicant had given him a plastic bag out of which H.M. took

the money.

     On 12 November 1990, while being observed and photographed by the

Dutch police, A 253 and A 256 delivered five carton boxes and a plastic

bag, containing altogether about 125 kilogrammes of cocaine, to H.M.

and the applicant on a parking lot in Venlo. H.M., the applicant, A 253

and A 256 placed the cocaine in the car in which H.M. and the applicant

had arrived. Thereupon H.M. and the applicant drove to another nearby

town in the Netherlands, where they met E.G. at a hospital parking lot.

They then loaded the drugs into the car of E.G. and drove away. Shortly

after they had left the parking lot, H.M. and the applicant were

arrested by the Dutch police and subsequently detained on remand.

     On 13 and 14 January 1991 the Dutch police questioned A 253 and

A 256 on the drug transaction and their respective part in it. The

police were aware of the identity and function of both A 253 and A 256,

who both identified the applicant and H.M. from photographs.

     On 23 January 1991 the investigating judge (rechter-commissaris)

of the Regional Court (Arrondissementsrechtbank) of Roermond, assisted

by an interpreter, examined A 253, A 256 and M., the BKA officer who

had been in charge of the investigation in Germany in respect of the

second shipment from the South American group. The lawyers of the

applicant and of the co-suspects H.M. and E.G. were present and were

provided with the opportunity to put questions to A 253, A 256 and

H.M., and they availed themselves of this opportunity. During the

examination of the witnesses, the applicant and his co-suspects H.M.

and E.G. were present in another room with sound equipment enabling

them to listen to and communicate with the persons in the room where

the witnesses were examined.

     As the investigating judge considered that, because of their

anonymity, A 253 and A 256 would not appear before the trial court,

they were examined under oath pursuant to Section 216 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering). Before A 253 and A 256

were heard, the investigating judge verified their identity and their

status as German police officers.

     A 253 declared to the investigating judge that he was not

authorised to make any statement concerning "Hugo"'s particulars, to

indicate whether or not he was a police officer, or to give any

information about his relation to the BKA. A 253 stated that "Hugo" and

A 256 were not the same person, that "Hugo" had offered his services

at his own initiative and had not been invited or recruited. He stated

that at some point in time "Hugo" had come forward with the information

that he had obtained contacts with South American cocaine dealers, who

had offered him 6.000 German Marks per kilo imported cocaine if he

would organise storage facilities in Germany from where the imported

drugs could be further distributed and transported. It was on the basis

of that information that the investigation at issue, including the

creation of the Mertrans company, had started. As regards the

transaction with H.M., A 253 stated that all contacts with the

Columbian organisation had been made through "Hugo" and that the

contacts between the Columbian organisation and the drug purchasers had

been made directly between them, without passing via Mertrans. When at

some point in time Mertrans had made certain financial demands to the

Columbian organisation for its services, it was informed that its

requests would be met from the Netherlands. Subsequently, on

5 November 1990, a certain "Martin" called from the Netherlands

offering 500.000 Dutch guilders. "Hugo", in the presence of A 253,

spoke with "Martin" over the telephone in Spanish. During the

subsequent meeting in Venlo A 253 spoke directly with "Martin". Insofar

as "Martin" and "Hugo" spoke Spanish at that meeting, "Hugo" translated

from Spanish into German for A 253, although the latter had a passive

knowledge of Spanish and had understood the contents of the

conversation. At that meeting it became clear that "Martin" wished to

obtain 300 kilogrammes in three parts of 100 kilogrammes each. A 253

did not recall whether "Martin" had used the codeword of "balineros"

for cocaine and "verduras" for marihuana. A 253 further stated that he

had made written reports on all his activities to the officers in

charge of the investigation.

     Following a question from the applicant's lawyer, A 253 stated

that the applicant had remained passive during the meeting on

6 November 1990, but that he had participated in the conversation that

took place on 12 November 1990, when the cocaine was delivered. A 253

stated that on that occasion "Martin", the applicant, "Hugo" and

himself discussed a delivery of 6.000 kilogrammes of marihuana. It was

agreed that "Martin" would provide a car, which A 253 and his partners

would then fill with marihuana and return to "Martin". They had also

discussed the delivery of the cocaine, but insofar as A 253 could

recall, only briefly in the form of statements such as "Is the cocaine

there" and "Yes".

     A 256 stated before the investigating judge that he had nothing

to correct or add to his previous statement made to police on

13 November 1990. He further answered questions by the suspects'

lawyers.

     The investigating judge further examined M., whose identity was

disclosed. He stated that the CRI had been informed of the BKA

investigation on 23 October 1990 and that on 26 October 1990 the CRI

informed the German authorities that the supervised deliveries in the

Netherlands could proceed. He further stated that the meetings on 6 and

12 November 1990 had been organised in agreement with the Venlo police

authorities. He also answered questions by the suspects' lawyers.

     All witnesses refused to answer questions put by the suspects'

lawyers insofar as these questions concerned the identity, role,

status, function and remuneration of "Hugo".

     Following two hearings, on 14 May and 18 July 1991 respectively,

the Regional Court (Arrondissementsrechtbank) of Roermond convicted the

applicant on 30 July 1991 of drug trafficking and sentenced him to

seven years' imprisonment. The applicant filed an appeal.

     On 25 March 1992 a hearing took place before the Court of Appeal

(Gerechtshof) of 's-Hertogenbosch. The defence requested the Court to

summon "Hugo", D. - the German officer in charge of the BKA narcotics

department -, H. of the German public prosecution department at Mainz,

Germany, and G., V, and P., three Dutch police officers involved in the

operation.

     After deliberating, the Court of Appeal rejected the request to

summon "Hugo". It observed that his name and address were not known to

the Dutch police and judicial authorities and that it was clear from

the statements of A 253, 256 and M. of 23 January 1991 before the

investigating judge that the German authorities did not wish to

disclose the identity of "Hugo" for policy reasons. Moreover, given

these witnesses' statements that they were not allowed to disclose

"Hugo"'s identity, role and functioning, the Court found it very

unlikely that "Hugo" himself would appear before the Court to answer

any questions on these points.

     The Court of Appeal also rejected the applicant's request to hear

D. and H. It considered that the applicant would only have a valid

interest in examining these persons if they could state that he had

been provoked by them or committed the acts he was charged with under

their responsibility, as this could form the basis for a plea for the

inadmissibility of the prosecution or unlawfully obtained evidence. The

Court of Appeal found this not at all likely given the applicant's

statement that he had only acted upon the request of the co-suspect

H.M. and not following any act of "Hugo", A 253, A 256 or any other

person in Germany. In this respect the Court also had regard to the

statement of the co-suspect H.M. that he had acted at the request of

"a person from Amsterdam" who had given him the telephone number of a

drug supplier named "Hugo", and that he had subsequently called "Hugo".

Since H.M. had refused to provide any information as regards this

"person from Amsterdam", the Court did not find that an examination of

D. and H. would be useful for a clarification of the relations between

"Hugo" and the "person from Amsterdam".

     The Court of Appeal granted the applicant's request to summon the

three Dutch police officers G., V. and P. The Court of Appeal further

decided to summon the investigating judge, who had examined A 253, A

256 and M. on 23 January 1991 in order to put certain questions in

respect of that examination.

     The Court of Appeal further examined the applicant, who stated

that he had been approached by the co-suspect H.M. requesting him to

assist in a marihuana deal. He further admitted that he had been

present when H.M. handed over 500.000 Dutch guilders on

6 November 1990, that H.M. had shown him the money beforehand and that

H.M. was called "Martin" by the persons he and H.M. met on

6 November 1990. The applicant stated he had acted throughout at H.M.'s

request and that he had always assumed that the deal concerned soft

drugs as H.M. had told him so and in view of the amount of money paid

for the drugs.

     On 8 April 1992 the Court of Appeal examined the investigating

judge, who stated that he knew the function and identity of A 253 and

A 256 and that he had found them to be reliable witnesses. He further

considered that they had given valid reasons for wishing to remain

anonymous, i.e. their normal professional usefulness and the danger of

reprisals (hun normale inzetbaarheid en gevaar voor represailles). He

also stated that A 253 and A 256 had stated in a preliminary meeting

with him before their actual examination that, if during the

examination they would be questioned about their identity, they would

not tell the truth. The Court of Appeal subsequently examined G., V,

and P., the three Dutch police officers whose examination had been

requested by the defence. At the request of the defence, the Court also

examined E., a police officer from The Hague. The defence was given the

opportunity of questioning the five witnesses heard.

     On 6 July 1992 the Court of Appeal heard the applicant and the

final pleas, and subsequently closed its examination.

     In its judgment of 20 July 1992 the Court of Appeal quashed the

judgment of 30 July 1991, finding that the Regional Court had

insufficiently dealt with certain arguments of the defence, and finding

that the Regional Court had admitted the statements of A 253 and A 256

before the police as evidence whereas the requirements for the use of

anonymous statements in evidence, as defined by the European Court of

Human Rights and the Dutch Supreme Court, had not been complied with.

     After a full new examination of the case, the Court of Appeal

convicted the applicant of drug offences and, after having noted the

applicant's previous conviction for similar offences, sentenced him to

seven years' imprisonment. It based its conviction, inter alia, on the

statements of the applicant of 23 November 1990 before the police and

of 25 March 1992 before the Court of Appeal, the statements of A 253

and A 256 before the police and the investigating judge, the minutes

of the statements of the Dutch police officers involved in the

operation, reports of the Forensic Laboratory of the Ministry of

Justice and a statement made by the co-suspect H.M. before the police.

     The Court of Appeal rejected the defence's argument that the

prosecution should be declared inadmissible as the investigation method

used, i.e. the sham transaction, was disproportionate to the aim

pursued, had incited the applicant to commit offences and had

insufficiently been supervised by the Dutch prosecution authorities.

The Court of Appeal found that, given the nature and scope of the

investigation, namely an organised international hard drug traffic, the

investigating authorities' choice of a sham transaction, provided this

did not incite the persons under investigation to commit other offences

than those originally intended, was reasonable and could not be

regarded as disproportionate. The Court of Appeal did not find it

established that the applicant or H.M. had been incited by A 253, A 256

or "Hugo" to commit any act other than those they had already intended

to commit and further found that none of the suspects involved had been

deprived of the possibility to withdraw from the planned transaction.

The Court of Appeal further did not find it established that the

investigation, insofar as the operation had taken place in the

Netherlands, had violated any Dutch norms.

     As regards the use of the statements of the witnesses A 253 and

A 256, the Court of Appeal noted that the investigating judge was aware

of and had verified their identity and status as German police

officers, that the investigating judge had heard them under oath and

had found no reasons to doubt the reliability of these witnesses. The

Court of Appeal found that the investigating judge had examined these

witnesses with the required caution. It accepted the investigating

judge's finding as regards the reliability of these witnesses and

observed that it had used and assessed their statements with the

required caution.

     Furthermore, the Court of Appeal, noting the investigating

judge's finding that the reasons put forward by these witnesses for

wishing to remain anonymous, i.e. their normal professional usefulness

and the danger of reprisals, were valid, and considering the nature of

the offences committed and the nature of the anonymous witnesses'

professional activities, found that they had justified their wishes to

remain anonymous. Finally, noting that the defence had been provided

with ample opportunity to question the anonymous witnesses, of which

the defence had in fact availed itself extensively, the Court of Appeal

did not find that the use in evidence of the statements of A 253 and

A 256 violated the applicant's right to a fair trial within the meaning

of Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention.

     The applicant's appeal in cassation, in which he challenged the

Court of Appeal's findings concerning the admissibility of the

prosecution in respect of the investigation method used and concerning

the rejection of his request to summon "Hugo" as a witness, was

rejected by the Supreme Court (Hoge Raad) on 2 November 1993. The

Supreme Court accepted the Court of Appeal's findings on both points.

COMPLAINTS

     The applicant complains under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) of the

Convention that the domestic courts rejected his requests to summon and

examine "Hugo" as a witness. He submits that, as the statements by A

253 and A 256 were largely based on what "Hugo" had told them, the

trial courts should not have used their statements as evidence without

having examined "Hugo". The applicant argues that also the co-suspects

in this case, H.M., E.G., maintained throughout the criminal

proceedings against them that it had been agreed with "Hugo" that the

delivery at issue would concern soft drugs, i.e. marihuana or hashish.

According to the applicant, "Hugo" was the only person who could

clarify this issue, as he was the only one who could indicate what H.M.

and himself had agreed upon in their coded telephone conversations and

which code word meaning which substance was used in these

conversations.

THE LAW

     The applicant complains under Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d)

(Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention that the domestic courts rejected

his requests to summon and examine "Hugo" as a witness. He states that,

since "Hugo" was not heard, it was unfair to use as evidence the

statements of A 252 and A 256.

     Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention,

insofar as relevant, provides as follows:

     "1.   In the determination of (..) any criminal charge against

     him, everyone is entitled to a fair (...) hearing (...) by a

     (...) tribunal (...).

     (...)

     3.    Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following

     minimum rights:

           d.    to examine or have examined witnesses against him and

     to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his

     behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

     (...)."

     The Commission recalls that, as a general rule, it is for the

domestic courts to assess the relevance of the evidence which the

parties seek to adduce. It is the task of these courts to assess

whether proposed evidence is relevant to the case or necessary for the

proper conduct of the proceedings, although their assessment can to

some extent be reviewed by the Convention organs on the basis of

Article 6 paras. 1 and 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention.

Article 6 para. 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) of the Convention does not

require the attendance and examination of every witness proposed by an

accused, but it requires that witnesses proposed by the accused should

be called and examined "under the same conditions" as 0witnesses

against him or, in other words, that there should be full equality of

arms between the prosecution and the defence. The concept of "equality

of arms" does not, however, exhaust the content of Article 6 para. 3

(d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d), nor that of Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the

Convention. It has to be ascertained whether the proceedings,

considered as a whole, were fair as required by Article 6 para. 1

(Art. 6-1) of the Convention, of which the guarantees contained in

Article 6 para. 3 (d) (Art. 6-1, 6-3-d) form a specific aspect (Eur.

Court H.R., Vidal judgment of 22 April 1992, Series A no. 235, p. 32,

paras. 33).

     The Commission notes that the prosecution authorities did not

have any more information about "Hugo" than the applicant and, like the

applicant, were not in a position to put any questions to him. It

follows that the Court of Appeal's refusal to summon "Hugo" as a

witness did not place the applicant at a disadvantage vis-à-vis the

prosecution. Consequently, there was no lack of equality of arms in

this respect.

     Nevertheless, it is clear that "Hugo" was a central witness and

that a fair trial would normally have required that he should be heard

at the request of the defence.

     The Commission notes that the German police officers, who were

examined by the Dutch police and the investigating judge, refused to

give any information about the identity, role, status, function and

remuneration of "Hugo", stating they were not authorised to do so. The

Commission further notes that the Court of Appeal rejected the

applicant's request to summon "Hugo", observing that his name and

address were not known to the Dutch police and judicial authorities,

that it was clear from the statements of A 253, 256 and M. of

23 January 1991 before the investigating judge that the German

authorities were not prepared to disclose the identity of "Hugo" for

policy reasons and that, in view of these circumstances, it was very

unlikely that "Hugo" would appear before the court in order to be

examined.

     At the relevant time, "Hugo" was apparently not in the

Netherlands but on German territory and the Commission finds it a

reasonable assumption that he would not have voluntarily appeared

before the Dutch courts and that, moreover, the German authorities

would not have assisted in making him available as a witness in the

Netherlands. In these circumstances, the Commission considers that it

must be accepted as a fact that it was impossible to hear "Hugo" before

the courts in the proceedings against the applicant. The failure to

call him as a witness cannot, therefore, be considered as unfair but

merely reflects a factual impossibility.

     It remains to be considered whether, in these circumstances, it

was unfair to use as evidence the statements of A 253 and A 256,

insofar as they conveyed information which they had obtained from

"Hugo".

     In this respect, the Commission first notes that the applicant

does not complain of the fact that the identity of A 253 and A 256 was

not disclosed to the defence. It is clear that they were German police

officers and that they were heard under conditions which made it

possible for the defence to put questions to them. Article 6

(Art. 6) of the Convention cannot be considered to prevent a court from

using as evidence witness statements providing information about what

the witness has heard from a third person. It is another matter that

such information may often have a reduced value as evidence, in

particular where, as in the present case, that third person is not also

heard in the proceedings.

     However, when determining the case against the applicant, the

Court of Appeal did not only rely on the statements of A 253 and A 256,

but they also had other important evidence at their disposal.

Moreover, the applicant himself had admitted participation in the

narcotics transactions, although he had stated that he had believed

that the drugs were soft drugs and not cocaine.

     When examining the proceedings in their entirety, the Commission

cannot find that they violated the principles of fairness inherent in

Article 6 (Art. 6) of the Convention.

     It follows that the application must be rejected as being

manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2

(Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

     For these reasons, the Commission, by a majority,

     DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE.

Secretary to the Second Chamber       President of the Second Chamber

       (M.-T. SCHOEPFER)                       (H. DANELIUS)