AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF

                      Application No. 26279/95

                      by Karen BROCK

                      against the United Kingdom

     The European Commission of Human Rights (First Chamber) sitting

in private on 16 January 1996, the following members being present:

           Mr.   C.L. ROZAKIS, President

           Mrs.  J. LIDDY

           MM.   E. BUSUTTIL

                 A.S. GÖZÜBÜYÜK

                 M.P. PELLONPÄÄ

                 B. CONFORTI

                 N. BRATZA

                 I. BÉKÉS

                 E. KONSTANTINOV

                 G. RESS

                 A. PERENIC

                 C. BÎRSAN

                 K. HERNDL

           Mrs.  M.F. BUQUICCHIO, Secretary to the Chamber

     Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection

of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

     Having regard to the application introduced on 5 December 1994

by Karen BROCK against the United Kingdom and registered on

24 January 1995 under file No. 26279/95;

     Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 47 of the Rules

of Procedure of the Commission;

     Having deliberated;

     Decides as follows:

THE FACTS

     The facts as submitted by the applicant may be summarised as

follows. The applicant is an British citizen, born in 1972 and is

resident in London. She is represented before the Commission by Anthony

Pickford, a barrister practising in London.

Particular circumstances of the case

     On 4 August 1992 the applicant was convicted by a Magistrates'

Court of having in her possession on 26 December 1991, contrary to

section 1(3) of the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, a dog "of the type known

as the pit bull terrier". The Magistrates' Court ordered, inter alia,

the applicant to pay a fine and that the dog be destroyed.

     On appeal, the Crown Court (after a full rehearing lasting three

days) dismissed the applicant's appeal on 9 December 1992. The only

matter at issue (as in the Magistrates' Court) was whether the dog was

"of the type known as the pit bull terrier". In the first place, the

Crown Court considered that this latter phrase meant "known to those

experienced in identifying pit bull terriers and in accordance with a

recognised and accepted standard". Secondly, having considered the

expert evidence presented by both parties, the court concluded that the

breed standards laid down by the American Dog Breeders Association

("ADBA") were the most rigorous and detailed, that it was satisfied

that the dog substantially complied with those standards and that the

dog was therefore "of the type known as the pit bull terrier". In so

concluding as to the dog's "type", the court refused to take into

account evidence presented as to the animal's behaviour.

     The applicant successfully applied for a case stated to the High

Court. The High Court's judgment was delivered on 2 July 1993. That

court accepted that reliance on substantial compliance with the ADBA

breed standards was the correct approach but found that, since those

standards included two characteristics of behaviour (gameness and

aggressiveness) in identifying a breed, the Crown Court should have

considered evidence as to such behaviour in reaching its conclusion as

to the dog's "type". The High Court therefore ordered a rehearing of

the applicant's appeal in the Crown Court but by a different judge.

     The Crown Court, in its judgment of 26 August 1994, also accepted

that substantial conformation with the breed standards laid down by the

ADBA would be sufficient to identify the dog as being of the relevant

"type" including the behavioural criteria contained in those standards.

Having heard expert evidence the court concluded that, even though the

dog did not display aggressive behaviour, it was a dog of the relevant

type. Accordingly, the applicant's appeal was rejected.

     The dog, which was seized on the applicant being charged, remains

in police custody to date pending the outcome of the present

application.

Relevant domestic law and practice

     Pit bull terriers were bred as fighting dogs. When dog fighting

was banned in the United Kingdom, this breed died out but was re-

imported back into the United Kingdom from the United States in the

1970's.

     Dogs generally have breed standards which are laid down and

recognised by different associations of dog breeders. The English

Kennel Club has no standards in relation to pit bull terriers because

of the long period when those dogs were not bred in the United Kingdom.

The United States, on the other hand, has two associations setting down

such standards - the American Dog Breeders Association ("ADBA") and the

United Kennel Club ("UKC").

     The ADBA exists for pit bull terriers alone, its standards are

widely used, it is concerned to take into account fighting standards

and the dogs imported into the United Kingdom in the 1970's were

registered with the ADBA. Its breed standards mainly relate to the

physical characteristics of a pit bull terrier but also refer to the

dog's "gameness and aggressiveness". The UKC provides standards for

many breeds of dog registered with it (including pit bull terriers) but

is mainly concerned with show dogs.

     In 1991, and pursuant to considerable public concern about recent

attacks on persons by, inter alia, pit bull terriers, parliament

enacted the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 ("the 1991 Act") and, pursuant

thereto, the Secretary of State made the Dangerous Dogs Compensation

and Exemption Schemes Order 1991 ("the 1991 Order"). The 1991 Act is

ultimately aimed at the eradication of pit bull terriers as a breed

from the United Kingdom.

     Section 1(1)(a) of the 1991 Act states that section 1 of that Act

applies, inter alia, to "any dog of the type known as the pit bull

terrier". Section 1(3) of the 1991 Act prohibits having any dog to

which section 1 applies in one's possession or custody after the

30 November 1991 (unless exempted under the 1991 Order). Contravention

of section 1(3) is an offence, carrying a potential punishment of

imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or a fine (section

1(7)) and requiring the court to make a destruction order in relation

to the relevant dog (section 4).

     The exemption scheme is detailed in the 1991 Order which, inter

alia, allowed owners to retain possession of their dogs. In order to

be so exempted the dog had to be, inter alia, registered with the

police (prior to the 12 October 1991 in the case of an adult dog and

prior to 30 November 1991 in the case of a puppy), neutered,

permanently marked as a dog of the relevant type and insured. A fee was

also payable.

     Section 5(5) of the 1991 Act, insofar as relevant, reads as

follows:

     "If in any proceedings it is alleged by the prosecution that a

     dog is one to which section 1 ... applies it shall be presumed

     that it is such a dog unless the contrary is shown by the accused

     by such evidence as the court considers fit; and the accused

     shall not be permitted to adduce such evidence unless he has

     given the prosecution notice of his intention to do so not later

     than the fourteenth day before that on which the evidence is to

     be adduced".

COMPLAINTS

1.   The applicant mainly complains about the presumption of fact

contained in section 5(5) of the 1991 Act arguing that it is in

violation of Article 6 para. 2 of the Convention.

2.   She also complains that the condemnation of a category of dog,

on the basis of physical appearance and apparent characteristics alone

without accepting evidence as to past good behaviour, violates the

right to a fair trial guaranteed by Article 6 para. 1 of the

Convention.

3.   She further complains under Article 8 of the Convention that she

has been deprived of her basic right to have a dog as a pet in

violation of her right to respect for her private and family life.

4.   The applicant also claims that the 1991 Act has denied her

peaceful enjoyment of her possessions contrary to Article 1 of Protocol

1 as the measures in question went beyond any fair view of the public

interest in the control of the use of property.

5.   In addition, she complains under Article 14 of the Convention

that the 1991 Act discriminates against a certain type of dog

irrespective of the character or behaviour of the relevant dog.

6.   Finally, she complains under Article 13 of the Convention that

she has no effective domestic remedy because there is no option, other

than a destruction order, available to a court having convicted an

owner under section 1(3) of the 1991 Act.

THE LAW

1.   In the first place, the applicant invokes Article 6 (Art. 6) of

the Convention. She submits that the presumption as to fact contained

in section 5(5) of the 1991 Act is in violation of Article 6 para. 2

(Art. 6-2) of the Convention. Article 6 para. 2 (Art. 6-2) of the

Convention reads as follows:

     "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed

     innocent until proved guilty according to law."

     The Commission recalls that the criteria to be applied in

determining whether proceedings involve the determination of a criminal

charge are the qualification of the offence in domestic law, the very

nature of the offence together with the nature and degree of severity

of the penalty which the accused risks incurring (see, for example, No.

13877/88, Dec. 17.5.90, D.R. 65 p. 279). Applying these criteria and

in view, in particular, of the sanction set out in section 1(7) of the

1991 Act for a contravention of section 1(3) of that Act, the

Commission considers that the proceedings against the applicant

constituted the determination of a criminal charge.

     The Commission further recalls that the Court, in the Salabiaku

judgment and more recently in the Pham Hoang judgment, stated that the

Convention does not prohibit presumptions of fact or law in principle,

but does require Contracting States to remain within certain reasonable

limits as regards criminal law which limits take into account the

importance of what is at stake and maintain the rights of the defence.

The Court, in the above-mentioned judgments, also went on to consider

whether the application of the relevant presumptions was compatible

with the presumption of innocence (Eur. Court H.R., Salabiaku judgment

of 7 October 1988, Series A no. 141-A, pp. 14-18, paras. 26-30 and Pham

Hoang judgment of 25 September 1992, Series A no. 243, pp. 21-22, para.

33).

     In the present case, the Commission also recalls that the

presumption contained in section 5(5) of the 1991 Act is one as to fact

namely, it is presumed that a dog is "of the type known as the pit bull

terrier".

     The Commission notes what was at stake for the applicant namely,

a possible criminal conviction together with a potential penalty of,

inter alia, six months imprisonment and the destruction of her dog.

However, the Commission finds that it is significant that section 5(5)

of the 1991 Act expressly provides an opportunity to the defendant to

adduce evidence as to a dog's breeding and that the applicant did this

before the Magistrates' Court and the Crown Court. The sole issue of

substance throughout the domestic proceedings was whether the dog in

question was "of the type known as the pit bull terrier". Detailed

evidence was submitted by the prosecution and the defence as to the

dog's breeding before the courts concluded that the ADBA standards,

being the most rigorous standards available, could be utilised, that

the dog substantially complied with those standards and that the

applicant had not therefore, on the balance of probabilities,

established that her dog was not of a type known as a pit bull terrier.

     In such circumstances, the Commission considers that section 5(5)

of the 1991 Act falls within reasonable limits, even in light of what

was at stake for the applicant, given the opportunity expressly

provided to the defence to rebut the presumption of fact and that that

section was applied in a manner compatible with the presumption of

innocence. Accordingly, the Commission concludes that the applicant's

complaint under Article 6 para. 2 (Art. 6-2) of the Convention is

manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2

(Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

2.   The applicant also complains that the condemnation of a category

of dog, on the basis of physical appearance and characteristics alone

without accepting evidence as to past good behaviour, violates her

right to a fair trial set out in Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the

Convention.

     Having regard to the nature of these submissions, the Commission

considers that they are more properly considered under Article 1 of

Protocol 1 (P1-1), this complaint essentially being a grievance with

the provisions of the 1991 Act itself and there being no suggestion

(apart from the matter considered at 1. above) that the hearings

themselves were procedurally unfair.

3.   The applicant further argues that the deprivation of her dog

constitutes a lack of respect for her private and family life in

violation of Article 8 (Art. 8) of the Convention.

     As to whether the applicant's complaint is within the scope of

Article 8 (Art. 8) of the Convention, the Commission recalls its

previous case-law in which it held that the keeping of a pet does not

fall within the sphere of the owner's private or family life for the

purposes of Article 8 (Art. 8) of the Convention (No. 6825/74, X v.

Iceland, Dec. 18 May 1976, D.R. 5 p. 86). While the applicant argues

to the contrary, the Commission does not consider that, in the

circumstances of this case, there exists any reason to depart from or

to distinguish the aforementioned case-law (cf., No. 25517/94, Dec.

3.4.95, unpublished).

     Accordingly, the Commission finds this complaint incompatible

ratione materiae within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2

(Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

4.   The applicant also claims that the 1991 Act has denied her

peaceful enjoyment of her possessions contrary to Article 1 of Protocol

1 (P1-1) as the measures in question went beyond any fair view of the

public interest in the control of the use of property.

     Article 1 of Protocol 1 (P1-1), insofar as relevant, reads as

follows:

     "Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful

     enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of

     his possessions except in the public interest and subject

     to the conditions provided for by law and by the general

     principles of international law."

     The Commission recalls that the applicant's dog was impounded

when the applicant was charged, remains so to date and is the subject

of a destruction order and considers that these measures amount to a

deprivation of the applicant's property which falls to be considered

under the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 of

Protocol 1 (P1-1).

     In order to be justified, it must be shown that the deprivation

was in accordance with the conditions provided for by law and in the

public interest. Furthermore, not only must the aim of the deprivation

of property be in the public interest, but there must also be a

reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed

and the aim sought to be realised (cf., for example, Eur. Court H.R.

Holy Monasteries judgment of 9 December 1994, Series A no. 301-A, para.

70). This implies that a fair balance must be struck between the

demands of the general interests of the community and the requirement

to protect the individual's fundamental rights, which balance would not

be found if the individual was found to have borne an excessive burden

(Eur. Court  H.R., Sporrong and Lönnroth judgment of 23 September 1982,

Series A no. 52, pp. 26-28, paras. 69-73).

(a) Subject to the conditions provided for by law

     The Commission recalls that the term "law" in the Convention

refers not only to compliance with the domestic law but also to the

quality of that law requiring it to be compatible with the rule of law

so that, inter alia, the law in question must not be arbitrary and must

be formulated with sufficient precision to enable citizens to regulate

their conduct (Eur. Court H.R., James and Others judgment of

21 February 1986, Series A no. 98, p. 41, para. 67 and the Sunday Times

judgment of 26 April 1979, Series A no. 20, p. 31, para. 49).

     The Commission, having examined the applicant's submissions,

finds no evidence that the prosecution of the applicant was other than

in accordance with the 1991 Act or that her prosecution or conviction

was arbitrary in its effect. In view of the availability of objective

standards by which various characteristics of a dog can be assessed to

establish its identity and of the exemption scheme provided by the 1991

Order, the Commission does not find that the 1991 Act and Order lacked

sufficient clarity to have enabled the applicant to regulate her

conduct as regards her dog to avoid prosecution under section 1(3) of

the 1991 Act.

(b) Public interest

      The Commission considers that it is clear that the provisions

of the 1991 Act, which applied in the applicant's case, operate in the

interests of public safety.

(c) Proportionality of the deprivation

     The applicant disputes, in this respect, the necessity of the

mandatory destruction order (section 4) in that a number of other

options could have been made available by the 1991 Act. In the context

of her complaint under Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the Convention,

the applicant also points out that the 1991 Act denounces a breed

rather than a particular dog's dangerous behaviour (section 1(1)(a)).

Therefore, according to the applicant, the practical effect of the 1991

Act is that, if the owner misses the deadline for registration and thus

qualification for the exemption scheme, the possession or ownership of

the relevant type of dog is in itself unlawful and its destruction is

mandatory.

     On the one hand, the Commission accepts that the conviction based

on breed rather than past behaviour and the consequent mandatory

destruction order, being provisions ultimately aimed at eradicating pit

bull terriers as a breed from the United Kingdom, are draconian

measures.

     However and on the other hand, the Commission is cognisant of the

fact that the pit bull terrier breed was developed as a fighting animal

which, prior to the introduction of the 1991 Act, was known to have

attacked persons in the United Kingdom causing much public concern. In

addition, the Commission notes that an exemption scheme was provided

for by the 1991 Order which allowed persons such as the applicant, who

had fulfilled certain conditions prior to a certain date, to retain

possession of their dogs subject to the requirement that they be on a

lead and muzzled in public places.

     In these circumstances, the Commission considers that the

provisions of the 1991 Act referred to by the applicant demonstrate a

reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed

and the aim sought to be realised in that a fair balance was struck

between the importance of ensuring the safety of the public and the

requirement to protect the applicant's rights under Article 1 of

Protocol 1 (P1-1).

     Therefore the Commission concludes that this complaint of the

applicant is manifestly ill-founded pursuant to Article 27 para. 2

(Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

5.   The applicant further complains under Article 14 (Art. 14) of the

Convention arguing that the 1991 Act discriminates against a certain

breed of dog irrespective of the character or behaviour of the dog in

question. Article 14 (Art. 14) of the Convention, insofar as relevant,

reads as follows:

     "The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this

     Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground

     such as ...  political or other opinion, ... property or other

     status."

     The Commission recalls that this Article protects individuals in

analogous situations from a discriminatory difference in treatment in

the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Convention

and its Protocols. Article 14 (Art. 14) has, therefore no independent

existence and the Commission has accordingly considered this complaint

of the applicant in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol 1 (P1-1),

into the scope of which latter Article a complaint relating to the

seizure and destruction of the applicant's dog could be said to fall.

     However, such a difference in treatment will only be

discriminatory if it has "no objective and reasonable justification"

namely, if it does not pursue a "legitimate aim" and if there is no

"reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed

and the aim sought to be realised" (see, for example, Eur. Court H.R.,

Darby judgment of 23 October 1990, Series A no. 187, p. 12, para. 31).

Furthermore, the Contracting States enjoy a certain margin of

appreciation in assessing whether and to what extent differences in

otherwise similar situations justify a different treatment in law; the

scope of this margin will vary according to the circumstances, the

subject matter and the background (Eur. Court H.R., Lithgow judgment

of 8 July 1986, Series A no. 102, pp. 66-67, para. 177).

     The Commission accepts that the 1991 Act singles out, inter alia,

owners of pit bull terrier from owners of other dogs which by their

behaviour show themselves to be dangerous. However, the Commission

finds that this difference in treatment has an objective and reasonable

justification given that this type of dog is bred for fighting and the

experience of pit bull terriers in the United Kingdom. The Commission

further finds that such difference in treatment pursues the legitimate

aim of public safety and demonstrates a reasonable relationship of

proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be

realised in light of, in particular, the existence of the exemption

scheme in the 1991 Order together with the relatively uncomplicated

requirement to use a muzzle and lead in a public place. Having regard,

in addition, to the margin of appreciation enjoyed by the Contracting

States in this area, the Commission considers that this difference in

treatment is not discriminatory within the meaning of Article 14

(Art. 14) of the Convention.

     Accordingly, the Commission finds this complaint manifestly ill-

founded pursuant to Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

6.   Finally, the applicant complains under Article 13 (Art. 13) of

the Convention that she has no effective domestic remedy. In this

respect, she refers to the mandatory nature of the destruction order

pursuant to conviction under section 1(3) of the 1991 Act and the

inability of the courts to make any alternative orders upon convicting

the owner of a relevant dog.

     Insofar as the applicant claims that there was no domestic remedy

in respect of her complaints that the provisions of the relevant

legislation do not comply with the Convention provisions and Protocols,

the Commission recalls that Article 13 (Art. 13) of the Convention does

not go so far as to guarantee a remedy allowing a Contracting State's

laws as such to be challenged before the national authority on the

grounds of being contrary to the Convention (Eur. Court H.R., James and

Others judgment of 21 February 1986, Series A no. 98, p. 47, para. 85).

     Insofar as the applicant complains about the consequences for her

of the application of the legislation, the Commission recalls that

Article 13 (Art. 13) of the Convention does not require a remedy in

domestic law for all claims alleging a breach of the Convention; the

claim must be an arguable one (Eur. Court H.R., Boyle and Rice judgment

of 27 April 1988, Series A no. 131, p. 23, para. 52). In light of the

above conclusions of the Commission concerning the applicant's other

complaints, the Commission finds that the applicant does not have an

arguable claim, of a breach of her rights and freedoms by the

application of the legislation in her case, which warrants a remedy

under Article 13 (Art. 13) of the Convention.

     The Commission therefore considers the applicant's complaints

under Article 13 (Art. 13) of the Convention manifestly ill-founded

within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.

     For these reasons, the Commission, by a majority,

     DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE.

Secretary to the First Chamber         President of the First Chamber

     (M.F. BUQUICCHIO)                         (C.L. ROZAKIS)