Avis juridique important

Judgment of the Court of 1 June 1999. - Klaus Konle v Republik Österreich. - Reference for a preliminary ruling: Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien - Austria. - Freedom of establishment - Free movement of capital - Articles 52 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 43 EC) and 56 EC (ex Article 73b) - Authorisation procedure for the acquisition of immovable property - Article 70 of the Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Republic of Austria - Secondary residences - Liability for breach of Community law. - Case C-302/97. European Court reports 1999 Page I-03099

Summary Parties Grounds Decision on costs Operative part

1 Freedom of movement for persons - Freedom of establishment - Free movement of capital - Treaty provisions - Scope - National legislation regulating the acquisition of land - Covered

(EC Treaty, Art. 54(3)(e) (now, after amendment, Art. 44(3)(e) EC); Council Directive 88/361, Annex I)

2 Accession of new Member States to the Communities - Austria - Finland - Sweden - Freedom of movement for persons, free movement of services and capital - Transitional measures concerning Austria - Existing legislation regarding secondary residences - Concept of `existing legislation'

(1994 Act of Accession, Art. 70)

3 Free movement of capital - Restrictions on the acquisition of immovable property - Transitional measures, under the 1994 Act of Accession, concerning Austria - Scheme, adopted before the date of accession, for prior authorisation of the acquisition of immovable property - Exemption only for own nationals - Justification put forward - Article 70 of the Act of Accession

(EC Treaty, Art. 73b (now Art. 56 EC); 1994 Act of Accession, Art. 70)

4 Free movement of capital - Restrictions on the acquisition of immovable property - Transitional measures, under the 1994 Act of Accession, concerning Austria - Scheme, adopted after the date of accession, for prior authorisation of the acquisition of immovable property - Whether justified - No justification

(EC Treaty, Art. 73b (now Art. 56 EC); 1994 Act of Accession, Art. 70)

5 Community law - Rights conferred on individuals - Where breached by a Member State - To be assessed by the national courts

6 Community law - Rights conferred on individuals - Where breached by a Member State - To be assessed by the national courts - Obligation to make reparation for damage caused to individuals - In federal States, reparation to be ensured by public authorities - Application of national law - Limits

1 National legislation on the acquisition of land must comply with the provisions of the Treaty on freedom of establishment for nationals of Member States and the free movement of capital. As is apparent from Article 54(3)(e) of the Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 44 EC), the right to acquire, use or dispose of immovable property on the territory of another Member State is the necessary corollary of freedom of establishment. Capital movements include investments in immovable property on the territory of a Member State by non-residents, as is clear from the nomenclature of capital movements set out in Annex I to Directive 88/361 for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty.

2 The concept of `existing legislation' within the meaning of Article 70 of the 1994 Act of Accession - a provision which permits Austria to maintain its existing legislation regarding secondary residences for five years from the date of accession - is based on a factual criterion, so that its application does not require an assessment of the validity in domestic law of the national provisions at issue. Thus, any rule regarding secondary residences which was in force in the Republic of Austria at the date of accession is, in principle, covered by the derogation laid down in Article 70 of the Act of Accession. It would be otherwise if that rule were withdrawn from the domestic legal system by a decision by the constitutional court of the Member State concerned subsequent to the date of accession but with retroactive effect from before that date, thereby eliminating the provision in question as regards the past, it being for the courts of that Member State to assess the temporal effects of declarations of unconstitutionality made by the constitutional court of that State.

3 Article 73b of the Treaty (now Article 56 EC) and Article 70 of the 1994 Act of Accession do not preclude a scheme for acquiring land such as that introduced by the Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1993 (Tyrol Law on the Transfer of Land), exempting only Austrian nationals from having to obtain authorisation before acquiring a plot of land which is built on and thus from having to demonstrate, to that end, that the planned acquisition will not be used to establish a secondary residence. Although that legislation creates a discriminatory restriction against nationals of other Member States in respect of capital movements between Member States, that is authorised by the Act of Accession which allows Austria to maintain its existing legislation regarding secondary residences for five years from the date of accession.

4 Article 73b of the Treaty (now Article 56 EC) and Article 70 of the 1994 Act of Accession preclude a scheme for acquiring land such as that introduced by the Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1996 (Tyrol Law on the Transfer of Land), which places all prospective acquirers of land under an obligation to apply for administrative authorisation prior to the acquisition of such property.

As regards Article 73b, such a requirement entails, by its very purpose, a restriction on the free movement of capital and constitutes a restrictive measure which can be justified only if it meets a town and country planning objective such as maintaining, in the general interest, a permanent population and an economic activity independent of the tourist sector in certain regions, provided that it is not applied in a discriminatory manner and that the same result cannot be achieved by other less restrictive procedures. That is not the position, however, given the risk of discrimination inherent in a system of prior authorisation for the acquisition of land and the other possibilities at the disposal of the Member State concerned for ensuring compliance with its town and country planning guidelines.

As regards the purported justification based on Article 70 of the Act of Accession, which enables Austria to maintain its existing legislation regarding secondary residences for five years from the date of accession, the relevant provisions of the 1996 Law cannot be covered by the derogation provided for by that provision. Although no measure adopted after the date of accession is, by that fact alone, automatically excluded from the derogation - for example, it is covered by the derogation if, in substance, it is identical to the previous legislation or limited to reducing or eliminating an obstacle to the exercise of Community rights and freedoms in the earlier legislation - legislation such as that at issue, which is based on an approach which differs from that of the previous law and establishes new procedures, cannot be treated as legislation existing at the time of accession.

In Case C-302/97,

REFERENCE to the Court under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (now Article 234 EC) by the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien (Austria) for a preliminary ruling in the proceedings pending before that court between

Klaus Konle

and

Republic of Austria

on the interpretation of Articles 5 of the EC Treaty (now Article 10 EC), 6 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 12 EC), 52, 54, 56 and 57 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Articles 43 EC, 44 EC, 46 EC and 47 EC), 53 of the EC Treaty (repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam), 55 and 58 of the EC Treaty (now Articles 45 EC and 48 EC), 73b to 73d, 73f and 73g of the EC Treaty (now Articles 56 EC to 60 EC), 73e and 73h of the EC Treaty (repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam), and Article 70 of the Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded (OJ 1994 C 241, p. 21, and OJ 1995 L 1, p. 1),

THE COURT,

composed of: G.C. Rodríguez Iglesias, President, P.J.G. Kapteyn, J.-P. Puissochet (Rapporteur), G. Hirsch and P. Jann (Presidents of Chambers), G.F. Mancini, J.C. Moitinho de Almeida, C. Gulmann, J.L. Murray, D.A.O. Edward, H. Ragnemalm, L. Sevón and M. Wathelet, Judges,

Advocate General: A. La Pergola,

Registrar: H.A. Rühl, Principal Administrator,

after considering the written observations submitted on behalf of:

- Mr Konle, by A. Fuith, Rechtsanwalt, Innsbruck,

- the Republic of Austria, by M. Windisch, Oberkommissär at the Finanzprokuratur, acting as Agent,

- the Austrian Government, by C. Stix-Hackl, Gesandte in the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, acting as Agent,

- the Greek Government, by A. Samoni-Rantou, Special Legal Adviser to the Special Department for Community Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and S. Vodina and G. Karipsiadis, Special Scientific Assistants in the same department, acting as Agents,

- the Spanish Government, by N. Díaz Abad, Abogado del Estado, acting as Agent,

- the Commission of the European Communities, by C. Tufvesson and V. Kreuschitz, Legal Advisers, acting as Agents,

having regard to the Report for the Hearing,

after hearing the oral observations of: Mr Konle, represented by A. Fuith; the Republic of Austria, represented by M. Windisch; the Austrian Government, represented by C. Stix-Hackl, assisted by J. Unterlechner, Consultant to the Office of the Land Government; the Greek Government, represented by A. Samoni-Rantou; the Spanish Government, represented by M. López-Monís Gallego, Abogado del Estado, acting as Agent; and the Commission, represented by C. Tufvesson and V. Kreuschitz, at the hearing on 1 December 1998,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 23 February 1999,

gives the following

Judgment

1 By order of 13 August 1997, received at the Court on 22 August 1997, the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen (Regional Civil Court), Vienna, referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (now Article 234 EC) four questions on the interpretation of Articles 5 of the EC Treaty (now Article 10 EC), 6 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 12 EC), 52, 54, 56 and 57 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Articles 43 EC, 44 EC, 46 EC and 47 EC), 53 of the EC Treaty (repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam), 55 and 58 of the EC Treaty (now Articles 45 EC and 48 EC), 73b to 73d, 73f and 73g of the EC Treaty (now Articles 56 EC to 60 EC), 73e and 73h of the EC Treaty (repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam), and Article 70 of the Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the treaties on which the European Union is founded (OJ 1994 C 241, p. 21, and OJ 1995 L 1, p. 1, `the Act of Accession').

2 Those questions were raised in the context of an action brought by Mr Konle, a German national, against the Republic of Austria for damages for the loss sustained by him as a result of the alleged infringement of Community law by the Tyrol legislation on land transactions.

The relevant national legislation

3 The Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1993 (Tiroler LGBl. 82/1993; Tyrol Law on the Transfer of Land, `the TGVG 1993'), adopted by the Tyrol in respect of transfers of land there, entered into force on 1 January 1994 and was replaced, with effect from 1 October 1996, by the Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1996 (Tiroler LGBl. 61/1996; `the TGVG 1996').

4 According to Sections 9(1)(a) and 12(1)(a) of the TGVG 1993, acquisition of the ownership of building land is subject to authorisation by the authority responsible for land transactions.

5 Section 14(1) of the TGVG 1993 provides that authorisation `shall be refused, in particular where the acquirer fails to show that the planned acquisition will not be used to establish a secondary residence'.

6 However, Section 10(2) of the TGVG 1993 states that authorisation `is not ... required where the right acquired relates to land which has been built on and the acquirer makes a written declaration to the authority responsible for land transactions that he has Austrian nationality and that the acquisition will not be used to establish a secondary residence'.

7 Furthermore, under Section 13(1) of the TGVG 1993, authorisation may be granted to a foreigner only on condition that the intended purchase does not conflict with the policy interests of the State and there is an economic, cultural or social interest in acquisition by the foreigner. That rule is not, however, applicable where it is precluded by obligations under international agreements (Section 13(2) of the TGVG 1993).

8 Under Section 3 of the TGVG 1993, which, unlike the remainder of the Law, did not enter into force until 1 January 1996, the condition for granting authorisation laid down in Section 13(1) is also inapplicable where the foreign acquirer furnishes proof that he is exercising one of the freedoms guaranteed by the Agreement on the European Economic Area.

9 By judgment of 10 December 1996, when the TGVG 1993 was already no longer in force, the Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional Court) held that the Law was unconstitutional in its entirety since it involved an excessive infringement of the fundamental right to property.

10 The TGVG 1996 abolished the declaration procedure which had previously been limited to Austrian nationals alone and thus extended to all acquirers, by Sections 9(1)(a) and 12(1), the obligation to apply for administrative authorisation prior to the acquisition of land.

11 Sections 11(1)(a) and 14(1) of that Law maintain the obligation for the acquirer to show that the acquisition will not be used to create a secondary residence.

12 Additional conditions are still imposed on foreigners by Section 13(1)(b) of the TGVG 1996 for the acquisition of land, although they are not applicable, pursuant to Section 3 of the TGVG 1996, where the foreign acquirer furnishes proof that he is exercising one of the freedoms guaranteed by the EC Treaty or the Agreement on the European Economic Area.

13 Finally, Section 25(2) of the TGVG 1996 provides for an accelerated procedure allowing authorisation for the acquisition of land which is built on to be granted within two weeks if the conditions for authorisation are clearly satisfied.

The relevant Community legislation

14 Article 70 of the Act of Accession provides:

`Notwithstanding the obligations under the Treaties on which the European Union is founded, the Republic of Austria may maintain its existing legislation regarding secondary residences for five years from the date of accession.'

The main proceedings

15 In the context of a procedure for compulsory sale by auction, the Bezirksgericht Lienz (Lienz District Court) allocated on 11 August 1994 a plot of land in the Tyrol to Mr Konle on condition that he obtain the administrative authorisation required under the TGVG 1993 then in force.

17 Mr Konle instituted proceedings against that decision, both before the Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Administrative Court), which dismissed the action by judgment of 10 May 1996, and before the Verfassungsgerichtshof, which, by judgment of 25 February 1997, set aside the decision of 12 June 1995 on the ground that the whole of the TGVG 1993 had been declared unconstitutional. The effect of the latter judgment was to bring Mr Konle's application for authorisation back before the LGvK.

18 Without awaiting the LGvK's new decision on his application, Mr Konle also brought an action against the Republic of Austria before the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen to establish the liability of the State for breach of Community law by the provisions of both the TGVG 1993 and the TGVG 1996.

19 In its defence, the Republic of Austria has relied, in particular, on Article 70 of the Act of Accession.

20 In those circumstances, the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien took the view that the solution of the dispute required an interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Treaty and the Act of Accession and referred the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:

`1. Does it follow from the interpretation of Article 6 of the EC Treaty, Article 52 et seq. (Part Three, Title III, Chapter 2) of the EC Treaty and Article 73b et seq. (Part Three, Title III, Chapter 4) of the EC Treaty and Article 70 of the Act of Accession (Act concerning the conditions of accession of ... the Republic of Austria ... and the adjustments to the treaties on which the European Union is founded) that

(a) in that, while the TGVG 1993 was in force, the plaintiff was required to prove that he would not establish a holiday residence, whereas in the case of an acquisition by an Austrian a mere declaration under Section 10(2) would have sufficed to obtain the authorisation of the land transactions authority, and he was refused such authorisation, and

(b) in that, under the TGVG 1996, the plaintiff, even before his property right is entered in the land register, must - as is now also the case for Austrians - undergo an authorisation procedure, the possibility of making an effective declaration that no holiday residence is being created no longer existing for Austrians either,

Community law was infringed and the plaintiff injured in respect of a fundamental freedom guaranteed by provisions of Community law?

2. If Question 1 is answered in the affirmative, is it for the Court of Justice in proceedings under Article 177 of the EC Treaty also to decide whether a breach of Community law is "sufficiently serious" (as the phrase is used, for example, in the judgment in Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur and Factortame)?

3. If Questions 1 and 2 are answered in the affirmative, is the breach "sufficiently serious"?

4. Is the principle of the liability of Member States for the damage caused to an individual by breaches of Community law complied with, on a proper interpretation of Article 5 of the EC Treaty, if the national law on liability of a Member State with a federal structure lays down that in the case of infringements attributable to a part of the State, the injured party may claim only against that part of the State, not the State as a whole?'

The first question

21 By its first question, the national court seeks essentially to ascertain whether the freedom of establishment and free movement of capital guaranteed by the Treaty are ensured by schemes, such as those under the two national laws at issue in the main proceedings, which make acquisition of land subject to prior administrative authorisation and which, in the case of one of those laws, exempt only nationals of the Member State concerned from the authorisation otherwise required. If the answer in respect of either scheme is in the negative, the national court also asks, in substance, whether the derogating clause in Article 70 of the Act of Accession, which allows the Republic of Austria to maintain its existing legislation regarding secondary residences for five years, is such as to permit national provisions such as those at issue in the main proceedings.

The scheme established under the TGVG 1993

23 Section 10(2) of the TGVG 1993, which exempts only Austrian nationals from having to obtain authorisation before acquiring a plot of land which is built on and thus from having to demonstrate, to that end, that the planned acquisition will not be used to establish a secondary residence, creates a discriminatory restriction against nationals of other Member States in respect of capital movements between Member States.

24 Such discrimination is prohibited by Article 73b of the Treaty, unless it is justified on grounds permitted by the Treaty.

25 In this case, the Republic of Austria relies exclusively on Article 70 of the Act of Accession to justify the maintenance beyond the date of its accession, in the Land of Tyrol, of different schemes for the acquisition of land depending on the nationality of the acquirer, as laid down in the TGVG 1993.

26 However, as the Court has pointed out in paragraph 9 of this judgment, the TGVG 1993 was declared unconstitutional, at a time when it was already no longer in force, by a judgment of the Verfassungsgerichtshof of 10 December 1996. That court then used that judgment as the basis for setting aside the decision of refusal upheld against Mr Konle by the LGvK.

28 The concept of `existing legislation' within the meaning of Article 70 of the Act of Accession is based on a factual criterion, so that its application does not require an assessment of the validity in domestic law of the national provisions at issue. Thus, any rule regarding secondary residences which was in force in the Republic of Austria at the date of accession is, in principle, covered by the derogation laid down in Article 70 of the Act of Accession.

29 It would be otherwise if that rule were withdrawn from the domestic legal system by a decision subsequent to the date of accession but with retroactive effect from before that date, thereby eliminating the provision in question as regards the past.

30 In proceedings for a preliminary ruling, it is for the courts of the Member State concerned to assess the temporal effects of declarations of unconstitutionality made by the constitutional court of that Member State.

31 The answer to the first part of the first question must therefore be that Article 73b of the Treaty and Article 70 of the Act of Accession do not preclude a scheme for acquiring land such as that introduced by the TGVG 1993, unless that Law was deemed not to form part of the domestic legal system of the Republic of Austria on 1 January 1995.

The scheme established under the TGVG 1996

32 The Austrian Government contends that the TGVG 1996 was not applied to the applicant's case before Mr Konle brought his action for damages against the Republic of Austria and that the question of the compatibility of that Law with Community law is, therefore, irrelevant to the outcome of the main proceedings.

33 However, as the Court has consistently held, it can refrain from giving a preliminary ruling on a question submitted by a national court only where it is quite obvious that the interpretation or assessment of validity of Community law sought by that court bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or its purpose, or where the problem is hypothetical and the Court does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give a useful answer to the questions submitted to it (see, inter alia, Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and Others v Bosman and Others [1995] ECR I-4921, paragraph 61).

34 Since the TGVG 1996 entered into force before Mr Konle initiated his action for damages before the national court, it is not obvious that the interpretation of Community law sought is irrelevant to the assessment of the question whether the Republic of Austria is liable in respect of the refusal to grant the authorisation applied for by the applicant in the main proceedings. Furthermore, the question is not hypothetical and the Court has before it the factual and legal material necessary to give an answer.

35 It is therefore necessary to answer the first question submitted for a preliminary ruling also in so far as it concerns the provisions of the TGVG 1996.

36 Mr Konle and the Commission submit that the general requirement of authorisation for the acquisition of land constitutes a restriction on the free movement of capital, can be applied in a discriminatory manner, is not justified by overriding reasons in the general interest and is not necessary in order to achieve the objective pursued, with the result that it is contrary to Article 73b of the Treaty.

37 The Austrian and Greek Governments observe that Article 222 of the EC Treaty (now Article 295 EC) leaves the Member States in control of the system of property ownership and that only a procedure of prior authorisation for the acquisition of land can enable the national and local authorities to retain control over town and country planning policies which are pursued in the general interest and which, according to the Austrian Government, are particularly necessary in a region such as the Tyrol, where only a very small proportion of the land can be built on.

41 As to the first condition, it is not possible for the person seeking authorisation to provide incontrovertible proof of the future use of the land to be acquired. The administrative authorities thus have, in determining the probative value of the information received, considerable latitude which is closely related to a discretionary power. Furthermore, the explanatory memoranda drawn up by the administrative authorities of the Land of Tyrol on Section 25 of the TGVG 1996, which were produced by the applicant in the main proceedings and the significance of which for the interpretation of the Law has been accepted by the Republic of Austria, reveal the intention of using the means of assessment offered by the authorisation procedure in order to subject applications from foreigners, including nationals of Member States of the Community, to a more thorough check than applications from Austrian nationals. In addition, the accelerated authorisation procedure laid down in Section 25(2) is presented in that document as designed to replace the declaration procedure laid down in Section 10(2) of the TGVG 1993 and reserved for Austrians alone.

42 As to the second condition, the need for the prior authorisation procedure is not made out in this case.

43 Admittedly, as is stated in Article 73d of the Treaty, Article 73b of the Treaty is without prejudice to the right of Member States to take all requisite measures to prevent infringements of national law and regulations.

47 It is sufficient to note in that regard that an infringement of national legislation on secondary residences such as that at issue in the main proceedings may be penalised by a fine, by a decision requiring the acquirer to terminate the unlawful use of the land forthwith under penalty of its compulsory sale, or by a declaration that the sale is void resulting in the reinstatement in the land register of the entries prior to the acquisition of the property. Moreover, it is clear from the Austrian Government's replies to the questions from the Court that Austrian law provides for mechanisms of that kind.

48 Furthermore, by adopting the TGVG 1993, the legislature of the Tyrol had itself acknowledged that prior declaration, established for the benefit of Austrian nationals, constituted an effective means of supervision capable of preventing the property concerned from being acquired as a secondary residence.

50 The Republic of Austria also contends that Article 70 of the Act of Accession allows it, in any event, to maintain the provisions of the TGVG 1996 in force until 1 January 2000, by way of derogation.

51 As the Court stated in paragraph 27 of this judgment, it is, in principle, for the Austrian courts to determine the content of the national legislation existing at the date of accession of the Republic of Austria, for the purposes of Article 70 of the Act of Accession.

53 On the other hand, legislation based on an approach which differs from that of the previous law and establishes new procedures cannot be treated as legislation existing at the time of accession. That is true of the TGVG 1996 which includes a number of significant differences when compared with the TGVG 1993 and which, even if it brings to an end, in principle, the dual scheme of land acquisition which existed before, does not thereby improve the treatment reserved for nationals of Member States other than the Republic of Austria, since it also lays down detailed rules for examining applications for authorisation which are designed, in practice, as the Court stated at paragraph 41 above, to favour applications from Austrian nationals.

54 Accordingly, the relevant provisions of the TGVG 1996 cannot, in any event, be covered by the derogation laid down in Article 70 of the Act of Accession.

56 The answer to the second part of the first question must therefore be that Article 73b of the Treaty and Article 70 of the Act of Accession preclude a scheme such as that introduced by the TGVG 1996.

The second and third questions

57 By its second question, the national court seeks, in substance, to ascertain whether it is for the Court of Justice, in proceedings for a preliminary ruling, to assess whether a breach of Community law is sufficiently serious for a Member State to incur non-contractual liability vis-à-vis individuals who may be victims of that breach.

60 Having regard to the answer given to the second question, there is no need to answer the third question referred for a preliminary ruling.

The fourth question

61 By its fourth question, the national court seeks, in substance, to ascertain whether, in Member States with a federal structure, reparation for damage caused to individuals by national measures taken in breach of Community law must necessarily be provided by the federal State in order for the obligations of the Member State concerned under Community law to be fulfilled.

64 The answer to the fourth question must therefore be that, in Member States with a federal structure, reparation for damage caused to individuals by national measures taken in breach of Community law need not necessarily be provided by the federal State in order for the obligations of the Member State concerned under Community law to be fulfilled.

Costs

65 The costs incurred by the Austrian, Greek and Spanish Governments and by the Commission, which have submitted observations to the Court, are not recoverable. Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

On those grounds,

THE COURT,

in answer to the questions referred to it by the Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien by decision of 13 August 1997, hereby rules:

1. Article 73b of the EC Treaty (now Article 56 EC) and Article 70 of the Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded:

- do not preclude a scheme for acquiring land such as that introduced by the Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1993, unless that Law was deemed not to form part of the domestic legal system of the Republic of Austria on 1 January 1995;

- preclude a scheme such as that introduced by the Tiroler Grundverkehrsgesetz 1996;

2. It is in principle for the national courts to assess whether a breach of Community law is sufficiently serious for a Member State to incur non-contractual liability vis-à-vis an individual;

3. In Member States with a federal structure, reparation for damage caused to individuals by national measures taken in breach of Community law need not necessarily be provided by the federal State in order for the obligations of the Member State concerned under Community law to be fulfilled.