Avis juridique important

Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC (Text with EEA relevance) Official Journal L 187 , 16/07/2002 P. 0030 - 0043

Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Council Directive 76/895/EEC of 23 November 1976 relating to the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables(1), as last amended by Commission Directive 2002/57/EC(2), and in particular Article 6 thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 86/362/EEC of 24 July 1986 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on cereals(3), as last amended by Commission Directive 2002/42/EC(4), and in particular Article 8 thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 86/363/EEC of 24 July 1986 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on products of animal origin(5), as last amended by Directive 2002/42/EC, and in particular Article 8 thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 90/642/EEC of 27 November 1990 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on certain products of plant origin, including fruit and vegetables(6), as last amended by Directive 2002/42/EC, and in particular Article 6 thereof, Whereas: (1) Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC provide for official checks and controls to ensure compliance with maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin. They also provide that Community methods of sampling may be established by the Commission. (2) Methods of sampling for pesticides residues in fruit and vegetables were laid down by Commission Directive 79/700/EEC of 24 July 1979 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables(7). (3) It is appropriate to update these methods to reflect technical progress and to establish methods of sampling for pesticides residues in products of animal origin as well as in other products of plant origin. (4) Methods of sampling for the determination of pesticides residues for compliance with maximum residue levels (MRLs) were developed and agreed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission(8). The Community supported and endorsed the recommended methods. It is appropriate to replace the existing sampling provisions with those developed and agreed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. (5) Directive 79/700/EEC should therefore be repealed and replaced by this Directive. (6) The measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 The provisions laid down in this Directive apply to the sampling of products of plant and animal origin in order to determine the level of pesticide residues for the purposes of Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC and do not affect the sampling strategy, sampling levels and frequency as specified in Annexes III and IV to Council Directive 96/23/EC(9) on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products. Article 2 Member States shall require that sampling for the checks provided for in Article 6 of Directive 76/895/EEC, in Article 8 of Directive 86/362/EEC, in Article 8 of Directive 86/363/EEC and in Article 6 of Directive 90/642/EEC be carried out in accordance with the methods described in the Annex to this Directive. Article 3 Directive 79/700/EEC is repealed. References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive. Article 4 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 January 2003. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. 2. When Member States adopt these provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made. Article 5 This Directive shall enter into force on the seventh day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Done at Brussels, 11 July 2002. For the Commission David Byrne Member of the Commission (1) OJ L 340, 9.12.1976, p. 26. (2) OJ L 244, 29.9.2000, p. 76. (3) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 37. (4) OJ L 134, 22.5.2002, p. 36. (5) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 43. (6) OJ L 350, 14.12.1990, p. 71. (7) OJ L 207, 15.8.1979, p. 26. (8) Document CAC/GL 33-1999 of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. FAO Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/standard/volume2a/en/GL_033e.pdf (9) OJ L 125, 23.5.1996, p. 10. ANNEX METHODS OF SAMPLING PRODUCTS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FOR CHECKING COMPLIANCE WITH MRLS 1. OBJECTIVE Samples intended for the official control of the levels of pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables and in products of animal origin shall be taken according to the methods described below. The objective of these sampling procedures is to enable a representative sample to be obtained from a lot for analysis to determine compliance with maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides established in the Annexes to Council Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC and, in the absence of Community MRLs, with other MRLs such as those established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The methods and procedures laid down incorporate those recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2. PRINCIPLES Community MRLs are based on good agricultural practice data and raw commodities as well as foods derived from them that comply with the MRLs are intended to be toxicologically acceptable. A MRL for a plant, egg or dairy product takes into account the maximum level expected to occur in a composite sample, which has been derived from multiple units of the treated product and which is intended to represent the average residue level in a lot. A MRL for meat and poultry takes into account the maximum level expected to occur in the tissues of individual treated animals or birds. In consequence, MRLs for meat and poultry apply to a bulk sample derived from a single primary sample, whereas MRLs for plant products, eggs and dairy products apply to a composite bulk sample derived from one to ten primary samples. 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS Analytical portion A representative quantity of material removed from the analytical sample, of proper size for measurement of the residue concentration. Note: A sampling device may be used to withdraw the analytical portion. Analytical sample The material prepared for analysis from the laboratory sample, by separation of the portion of the product to be analysed(1)(2) and then by mixing, grinding, fine chopping, etc., for the removal of analytical portions with minimal sampling error. Note: Preparation of the analytical sample must reflect the procedure used in setting MRLs and thus the portion of the product to be analysed may include parts that are not normally consumed. Bulk sample/aggregate sample For products other than meat and poultry, the combined and well-mixed aggregate of the primary samples taken from a lot. For meat and poultry, the primary sample is considered to be equivalent to the bulk sample. Notes: a) The primary samples must contribute sufficient material to enable all laboratory samples to be withdrawn from the bulk sample. b) Where separate laboratory samples are prepared during collection of the primary sample(s), the bulk sample is the conceptual sum of the laboratory samples, at the time of taking the samples from the lot. Laboratory sample The sample sent to, or received by, the laboratory. A representative quantity of material removed from the bulk sample. Notes: a) The laboratory sample may be the whole or a part of the bulk sample. b) Units should not be cut or broken to produce the laboratory sample(s), except where subdivision of units is specified in Table 3. c) Replicate laboratory samples may be prepared. Lot A quantity of a food material delivered at one time and known, or presumed, by the sampling officer to have uniform characteristics such as origin, producer, variety, packer, type of packing, markings, consignor, etc. A suspect lot is one which, for any reason, is suspected to contain an excessive residue. A non-suspect lot is one for which there is no reason to suspect that it may contain an excessive residue. Notes: a) Where a consignment is comprised of lots which can be identified as originating from different growers, etc., each lot should be considered separately. b) A consignment may consist of one or more lots. c) Where the size or boundary of each lot in a large consignment is not readily established, each one of a series of wagons, lorries, ships bays, etc., may be considered to be a separate lot. d) A lot may be mixed by grading or manufacturing processes, for example. Primary sample/incremental sample One or more units taken from one position in a lot. Notes: a) The position from which a primary sample is taken in the lot should preferably be chosen randomly but, where this is physically impractical, it should be from a random position in the accessible parts of the lot. b) The number of units required for a primary sample should be determined by the minimum size and number of laboratory samples required. c) For plant, egg and dairy products, where more than one primary sample is taken from a lot, each should contribute an approximately similar proportion to the bulk sample. d) Units may be allocated randomly to replicate laboratory samples at the time of collecting the primary sample(s), in cases where the units are of medium or large size and mixing the bulk sample would not make the laboratory sample(s) more representative, or where the units (e.g. eggs, soft fruit) could be damaged by mixing. e) Where primary samples are taken at intervals during loading or unloading of a lot, the sampling "position" is a point in time. f) Units should not be cut or broken to produce the primary sample(s), except where subdivision of units is specified in Table 3. Sample One or more units selected from a population of units, or a portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. For the purposes of these recommendations, a representative sample is intended to be representative of the lot, the bulk sample, the animal, etc., in respect of its pesticide residue content and not necessarily in respect of other attributes. Sampling The procedure used to draw and constitute a sample. Sampling device (i) A tool such as a scoop, dipper, borer, knife or spear, used to remove a unit from bulk material, from packages (such as drums, large cheeses) or from units of meat or poultry which are too large to be taken as primary samples. (ii) A tool such as a riffle box, used to prepare a laboratory sample from a bulk sample, or to prepare an analytical portion from an analytical sample. Notes: a) Specific sampling devices are described by ISO(3)(4)(5) and IDF(6) standards. b) For materials such as loose leaves, the hand of the sampling officer may be considered to be a sampling device. Sampling officer A person trained in sampling procedures and, where required, authorised by the appropriate authorities to take samples. Note: The sampling officer is responsible for all procedures leading to and including preparation, packing and shipping of the laboratory sample(s). The officer must understand that consistent adherence to the specified sampling procedures is necessary, must provide complete documentation for samples, and should collaborate closely with the laboratory. Sample size The number of units, or quantity of material, constituting the sample. Unit The smallest discrete portion in a lot, which should be withdrawn to form the whole or part of a primary sample. Notes: Units should be identified as follows. a) Fresh fruit and vegetables. Each whole fruit, vegetable or natural bunch of them (e.g. grapes) should form a unit, except where these are small. Units of packaged small products may be identified as in (d). Where a sampling device may be used without damaging the material, units may be created by this means. Individual eggs, fresh fruit or vegetables must not be cut or broken to produce units. b) Large animals or parts or organs of them. A portion, or the whole, of a specified part or organ should form a unit. Parts or organs may be cut to form units. c) Small animals or parts or organs of them. Each whole animal or complete animal part or organ present may form a unit. Where packaged, units may be identified as in (d), below. Where a sampling device may be used without affecting residues, units may be created by this means. d) Packaged materials. The smallest discrete packages should be taken as units. Where the smallest packages are very large, they should be sampled as bulk, as in (e). Where the smallest packages are very small, a pack of packages may form the unit. e) Bulk materials and large packages (such as drums, cheeses, etc) which are individually too large to be taken as primary samples. The units are created with a sampling device. 4. SAMPLING PROCEDURES(7) 4.1. Precautions to be taken Contamination and deterioration of samples must be prevented at all stages, because they may affect the analytical results. Each lot to be checked for compliance must be sampled separately. 4.2. Collection of primary samples The minimum number of primary samples to be taken from a lot is determined from Table 1, or Table 2 in the case of a suspect lot of meat or poultry. Each primary sample should be taken from a randomly chosen position in the lot, as far as practicable. The primary samples must consist of sufficient material to provide the laboratory sample(s) required from the lot. Note: Sampling devices required for grain(8), pulses(9) and tea(10) are described in ISO recommendations and those required for dairy products(11) are described by the IDF. Table 1 Minimum number of primary samples to be taken from a lot >TABLE> Table 2 Number of randomly selected primary samples required for a given probability of finding at least one non-compliant sample in a lot of meat or poultry, for a given incidence of non-compliant residues in the lot >TABLE> Notes: a) The table assumes random sampling. b) Where the number of primary samples indicated in Table 2 is more than about 10 % of units in the total lot, the number of primary samples taken may be fewer and should be calculated as follows: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> where n= minimum number of primary samples to be taken no= number of primary samples given in Table 2 N= number of units, capable of yielding a primary sample, in the lot. c) Where a single primary sample is taken, the probability of detecting a non-compliance is similar to the incidence of non-compliant residues. d) For exact or alternative probabilities, or for a different incidence of non-compliance, the number of samples to be taken may be calculated from: >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> where p is the probability and i is the incidence of non-compliant residues in the lot (both expressed as fractions, not percentages), and n is the number of samples. 4.3. Preparation of the bulk sample The procedures for meat and poultry are described in Table 3. Each primary sample is considered to be a separate bulk sample. The procedures for plant products, eggs or dairy products are described in Tables 4 and 5. The primary samples should be combined and mixed well, if practicable, to form the bulk sample. Where mixing to form the bulk sample is inappropriate or impractical, the following alternative procedure may be followed. Where units may be damaged (and thus residues may be affected) by the processes of mixing or subdivision of the bulk sample, or where large units cannot be mixed to produce a more uniform residue distribution, the units should be allocated randomly to replicate laboratory samples at the time of taking the primary samples. In this case, the result to be used should be the mean of valid results obtained from the laboratory samples analysed. Table 3 Meat and poultry: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples >TABLE> Table 4 Plant products: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples >TABLE> Table 5 Egg and dairy products: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples >TABLE> 4.4. Preparation of the laboratory sample Where the bulk sample is larger than is required for a laboratory sample, it should be divided to provide a representative portion. A sampling device, quartering, or other appropriate size reduction process may be used but units of fresh plant products or whole eggs should not be cut or broken. Where required, replicate laboratory samples should be withdrawn at this stage or they may be prepared using the alternative procedure described above. The minimum sizes required for laboratory samples are given in Tables 3, 4 and 5. 4.5. Sampling record The sampling officer must record the nature and origin of the lot; the owner, supplier or carrier of it; the date and place of sampling; and any other relevant information. Any departure from the recommended method of sampling must be recorded. A signed copy of the record must accompany each replicate laboratory sample and a copy should be retained by the sampling officer. A copy of the sampling record should be given to the owner of the lot, or a representative of the owner, whether or not they are to be provided with a laboratory sample. If sampling records are produced in computerised form, these should be distributed to the same recipients and a similar verifiable audit trail maintained. 4.6. Packaging and transmission of the laboratory sample The laboratory sample must be placed in a clean, inert container which provides secure protection from contamination, damage and leakage. The container should be sealed, securely labelled and the sampling record must be attached. Where a bar code is utilised, it is recommended that alphanumeric information is also provided. The sample must be delivered to the laboratory as soon as practicable. Spoilage in transit must be avoided, e.g. fresh samples should be kept cool and frozen samples must remain frozen. Samples of meat and poultry should be frozen prior to despatch, unless transported to the laboratory before spoilage can occur. 4.7. Preparation of the analytical sample The laboratory sample should be given a unique identifier which, together with the date of receipt and the sample size, should be added to the sample record. The part of the commodity to be analysed(12),(13), i.e. the analytical sample, should be separated as soon as practicable. Where the residue level must be calculated to include parts which are not analysed(14), the weights of the separated parts must be recorded. 4.8. Preparation and storage of the analytical portion The analytical sample should be comminuted, if appropriate, and mixed well, to enable representative analytical portions to be withdrawn. The size of the analytical portion should be determined by the analytical method and the efficiency of mixing. The methods for comminution and mixing should be recorded and should not affect the residues present in the analytical sample. Where appropriate, the analytical sample should be processed under special conditions, e.g. at sub-zero temperature, to minimise adverse effects. Where processing could affect residues and where practical alternative procedures are not available, the analytical portion may consist of whole units, or segments removed from whole units. If the analytical portion thus consists of few units or segments, it is unlikely to be representative of the analytical sample and sufficient replicate portions must be analysed, to indicate the uncertainty of the mean value. If analytical portions are to be stored before analysis, the method and length of time of storage should be such that they do not affect the level of residues present. Additional portions must be withdrawn for replicate and confirmatory analyses, as required. 4.9. Schematic representations Schematic representations of the sampling procedures described above are given in the document referred to in footnote 8 of page 30. 5. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING COMPLIANCE Analytical results must be derived from one or more laboratory samples taken from the lot and received in a fit state for analysis. The results must be supported by acceptable quality control data(15). Where a residue is found to exceed a MRL, its identity should be confirmed and its concentration must be verified by analysis of one or more additional analytical portions derived from the original laboratory sample(s). The MRL applies to the bulk sample. The lot complies with a MRL where the MRL is not exceeded by the analytical result(s). Where results for the bulk sample exceed the MRL, a decision that the lot is non-compliant must take into account: (i) the results obtained from one or more laboratory samples, as applicable, and (ii) the accuracy and precision of analysis, as indicated by the supporting quality control data. (1) EC classification of foods: Annex I to Directive 86/362/EEC and Annex I to Directive 86/363/EEC, both as amended by Directive 93/57/EC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 1) and Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 95/38/EC (OJ L 197, 22.8.1995, p. 14). (2) Part of products to which maximum limits apply: Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 93/58/EEC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 6). (3) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 950: Cereals - sampling (as grain). (4) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 951: Pulses in bags - sampling. (5) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1980. International standard ISO 1839: Sampling - tea. (6) International Dairy Federation, 1995. International IDF standard 50C: Milk and milk products - methods of sampling. (7) ISO recommendations for sampling of grain (see footnote 3), or other commodities shipped in bulk may be adopted, if required. (8) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 950: Cereals - sampling (as grain). (9) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 951: Pulses in bags - sampling. (10) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1980. International Standard ISO 1839: Sampling - tea. (11) International Dairy Federation, 1995. International IDF standard 50C: Milk and milk products - methods of sampling. (12) EC classification of foods: Annex I to Directive 86/362/EEC and Annex I to Directive 86/363/EEC, both as amended by Directive 93/57/EC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 1) and Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 95/38/EC (OJ L 197, 22.8.1995, p. 14). (13) Part of products to which maximum limits apply: Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 93/58/EEC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 6). (14) For example, the stones of stone fruit are not analysed but the residue level is calculated assuming that they are included but contain no residue. See footnote 12. (15) Quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis. Document SANCO/3103/2000; amendments will be found on the Commission's Internet site.

Commission Directive 2002/63/EC

of 11 July 2002

establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to Council Directive 76/895/EEC of 23 November 1976 relating to the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables(1), as last amended by Commission Directive 2002/57/EC(2), and in particular Article 6 thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 86/362/EEC of 24 July 1986 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on cereals(3), as last amended by Commission Directive 2002/42/EC(4), and in particular Article 8 thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 86/363/EEC of 24 July 1986 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on products of animal origin(5), as last amended by Directive 2002/42/EC, and in particular Article 8 thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 90/642/EEC of 27 November 1990 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on certain products of plant origin, including fruit and vegetables(6), as last amended by Directive 2002/42/EC, and in particular Article 6 thereof,

Whereas:

(1) Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC provide for official checks and controls to ensure compliance with maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin. They also provide that Community methods of sampling may be established by the Commission.

(2) Methods of sampling for pesticides residues in fruit and vegetables were laid down by Commission Directive 79/700/EEC of 24 July 1979 establishing Community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables(7).

(3) It is appropriate to update these methods to reflect technical progress and to establish methods of sampling for pesticides residues in products of animal origin as well as in other products of plant origin.

(4) Methods of sampling for the determination of pesticides residues for compliance with maximum residue levels (MRLs) were developed and agreed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission(8). The Community supported and endorsed the recommended methods. It is appropriate to replace the existing sampling provisions with those developed and agreed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

(5) Directive 79/700/EEC should therefore be repealed and replaced by this Directive.

(6) The measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

The provisions laid down in this Directive apply to the sampling of products of plant and animal origin in order to determine the level of pesticide residues for the purposes of Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC and do not affect the sampling strategy, sampling levels and frequency as specified in Annexes III and IV to Council Directive 96/23/EC(9) on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products.

Member States shall require that sampling for the checks provided for in Article 6 of Directive 76/895/EEC, in Article 8 of Directive 86/362/EEC, in Article 8 of Directive 86/363/EEC and in Article 6 of Directive 90/642/EEC be carried out in accordance with the methods described in the Annex to this Directive.

Article 3

Directive 79/700/EEC is repealed.

References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive.

Article 4

1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 January 2003. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.

2. When Member States adopt these provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

Article 5

This Directive shall enter into force on the seventh day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.

Done at Brussels, 11 July 2002.

For the Commission

David Byrne

Member of the Commission

(1) OJ L 340, 9.12.1976, p. 26.

(2) OJ L 244, 29.9.2000, p. 76.

(3) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 37.

(4) OJ L 134, 22.5.2002, p. 36.

(5) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 43.

(6) OJ L 350, 14.12.1990, p. 71.

(7) OJ L 207, 15.8.1979, p. 26.

(8) Document CAC/GL 33-1999 of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. FAO Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/standard/volume2a/en/GL_033e.pdf

(9) OJ L 125, 23.5.1996, p. 10.

ANNEX

METHODS OF SAMPLING PRODUCTS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FOR CHECKING COMPLIANCE WITH MRLS

1. OBJECTIVE

Samples intended for the official control of the levels of pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables and in products of animal origin shall be taken according to the methods described below.

The objective of these sampling procedures is to enable a representative sample to be obtained from a lot for analysis to determine compliance with maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides established in the Annexes to Council Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC and, in the absence of Community MRLs, with other MRLs such as those established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The methods and procedures laid down incorporate those recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

2. PRINCIPLES

Community MRLs are based on good agricultural practice data and raw commodities as well as foods derived from them that comply with the MRLs are intended to be toxicologically acceptable.

A MRL for a plant, egg or dairy product takes into account the maximum level expected to occur in a composite sample, which has been derived from multiple units of the treated product and which is intended to represent the average residue level in a lot. A MRL for meat and poultry takes into account the maximum level expected to occur in the tissues of individual treated animals or birds.

In consequence, MRLs for meat and poultry apply to a bulk sample derived from a single primary sample, whereas MRLs for plant products, eggs and dairy products apply to a composite bulk sample derived from one to ten primary samples.

3. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Analytical portion

A representative quantity of material removed from the analytical sample, of proper size for measurement of the residue concentration.

Note:

A sampling device may be used to withdraw the analytical portion.

Analytical sample

The material prepared for analysis from the laboratory sample, by separation of the portion of the product to be analysed(1)(2) and then by mixing, grinding, fine chopping, etc., for the removal of analytical portions with minimal sampling error.

Note:

Preparation of the analytical sample must reflect the procedure used in setting MRLs and thus the portion of the product to be analysed may include parts that are not normally consumed.

Bulk sample/aggregate sample

For products other than meat and poultry, the combined and well-mixed aggregate of the primary samples taken from a lot. For meat and poultry, the primary sample is considered to be equivalent to the bulk sample.

Notes:

a) The primary samples must contribute sufficient material to enable all laboratory samples to be withdrawn from the bulk sample.

b) Where separate laboratory samples are prepared during collection of the primary sample(s), the bulk sample is the conceptual sum of the laboratory samples, at the time of taking the samples from the lot.

Laboratory sample

The sample sent to, or received by, the laboratory. A representative quantity of material removed from the bulk sample.

Notes:

a) The laboratory sample may be the whole or a part of the bulk sample.

b) Units should not be cut or broken to produce the laboratory sample(s), except where subdivision of units is specified in Table 3.

c) Replicate laboratory samples may be prepared.

Lot

A quantity of a food material delivered at one time and known, or presumed, by the sampling officer to have uniform characteristics such as origin, producer, variety, packer, type of packing, markings, consignor, etc. A suspect lot is one which, for any reason, is suspected to contain an excessive residue. A non-suspect lot is one for which there is no reason to suspect that it may contain an excessive residue.

Notes:

a) Where a consignment is comprised of lots which can be identified as originating from different growers, etc., each lot should be considered separately.

b) A consignment may consist of one or more lots.

c) Where the size or boundary of each lot in a large consignment is not readily established, each one of a series of wagons, lorries, ships bays, etc., may be considered to be a separate lot.

d) A lot may be mixed by grading or manufacturing processes, for example.

Primary sample/incremental sample

One or more units taken from one position in a lot.

Notes:

a) The position from which a primary sample is taken in the lot should preferably be chosen randomly but, where this is physically impractical, it should be from a random position in the accessible parts of the lot.

b) The number of units required for a primary sample should be determined by the minimum size and number of laboratory samples required.

c) For plant, egg and dairy products, where more than one primary sample is taken from a lot, each should contribute an approximately similar proportion to the bulk sample.

d) Units may be allocated randomly to replicate laboratory samples at the time of collecting the primary sample(s), in cases where the units are of medium or large size and mixing the bulk sample would not make the laboratory sample(s) more representative, or where the units (e.g. eggs, soft fruit) could be damaged by mixing.

e) Where primary samples are taken at intervals during loading or unloading of a lot, the sampling "position" is a point in time.

f) Units should not be cut or broken to produce the primary sample(s), except where subdivision of units is specified in Table 3.

Sample

One or more units selected from a population of units, or a portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material. For the purposes of these recommendations, a representative sample is intended to be representative of the lot, the bulk sample, the animal, etc., in respect of its pesticide residue content and not necessarily in respect of other attributes.

Sampling

The procedure used to draw and constitute a sample.

Sampling device

(i) A tool such as a scoop, dipper, borer, knife or spear, used to remove a unit from bulk material, from packages (such as drums, large cheeses) or from units of meat or poultry which are too large to be taken as primary samples.

(ii) A tool such as a riffle box, used to prepare a laboratory sample from a bulk sample, or to prepare an analytical portion from an analytical sample.

Notes:

a) Specific sampling devices are described by ISO(3)(4)(5) and IDF(6) standards.

b) For materials such as loose leaves, the hand of the sampling officer may be considered to be a sampling device.

Sampling officer

A person trained in sampling procedures and, where required, authorised by the appropriate authorities to take samples.

Note:

The sampling officer is responsible for all procedures leading to and including preparation, packing and shipping of the laboratory sample(s). The officer must understand that consistent adherence to the specified sampling procedures is necessary, must provide complete documentation for samples, and should collaborate closely with the laboratory.

Sample size

The number of units, or quantity of material, constituting the sample.

Unit

The smallest discrete portion in a lot, which should be withdrawn to form the whole or part of a primary sample.

Notes:

Units should be identified as follows.

a) Fresh fruit and vegetables. Each whole fruit, vegetable or natural bunch of them (e.g. grapes) should form a unit, except where these are small. Units of packaged small products may be identified as in (d). Where a sampling device may be used without damaging the material, units may be created by this means. Individual eggs, fresh fruit or vegetables must not be cut or broken to produce units.

b) Large animals or parts or organs of them. A portion, or the whole, of a specified part or organ should form a unit. Parts or organs may be cut to form units.

c) Small animals or parts or organs of them. Each whole animal or complete animal part or organ present may form a unit. Where packaged, units may be identified as in (d), below. Where a sampling device may be used without affecting residues, units may be created by this means.

d) Packaged materials. The smallest discrete packages should be taken as units. Where the smallest packages are very large, they should be sampled as bulk, as in (e). Where the smallest packages are very small, a pack of packages may form the unit.

e) Bulk materials and large packages (such as drums, cheeses, etc) which are individually too large to be taken as primary samples. The units are created with a sampling device.

4. SAMPLING PROCEDURES(7)

4.1. Precautions to be taken

Contamination and deterioration of samples must be prevented at all stages, because they may affect the analytical results. Each lot to be checked for compliance must be sampled separately.

4.2. Collection of primary samples

The minimum number of primary samples to be taken from a lot is determined from Table 1, or Table 2 in the case of a suspect lot of meat or poultry. Each primary sample should be taken from a randomly chosen position in the lot, as far as practicable. The primary samples must consist of sufficient material to provide the laboratory sample(s) required from the lot.

Note:

Sampling devices required for grain(8), pulses(9) and tea(10) are described in ISO recommendations and those required for dairy products(11) are described by the IDF.

Table 1

Minimum number of primary samples to be taken from a lot

>TABLE>

Table 2

Number of randomly selected primary samples required for a given probability of finding at least one non-compliant sample in a lot of meat or poultry, for a given incidence of non-compliant residues in the lot

>TABLE>

Notes:

a) The table assumes random sampling.

b) Where the number of primary samples indicated in Table 2 is more than about 10 % of units in the total lot, the number of primary samples taken may be fewer and should be calculated as follows:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where

n= minimum number of primary samples to be taken

no= number of primary samples given in Table 2

N= number of units, capable of yielding a primary sample, in the lot.

c) Where a single primary sample is taken, the probability of detecting a non-compliance is similar to the incidence of non-compliant residues.

d) For exact or alternative probabilities, or for a different incidence of non-compliance, the number of samples to be taken may be calculated from:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where p is the probability and i is the incidence of non-compliant residues in the lot (both expressed as fractions, not percentages), and n is the number of samples.

4.3. Preparation of the bulk sample

The procedures for meat and poultry are described in Table 3. Each primary sample is considered to be a separate bulk sample.

The procedures for plant products, eggs or dairy products are described in Tables 4 and 5. The primary samples should be combined and mixed well, if practicable, to form the bulk sample.

Where mixing to form the bulk sample is inappropriate or impractical, the following alternative procedure may be followed. Where units may be damaged (and thus residues may be affected) by the processes of mixing or subdivision of the bulk sample, or where large units cannot be mixed to produce a more uniform residue distribution, the units should be allocated randomly to replicate laboratory samples at the time of taking the primary samples. In this case, the result to be used should be the mean of valid results obtained from the laboratory samples analysed.

Table 3

Meat and poultry: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples

>TABLE>

Table 4

Plant products: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples

>TABLE>

Table 5

Egg and dairy products: description of primary samples and minimum size of laboratory samples

>TABLE>

4.4. Preparation of the laboratory sample

Where the bulk sample is larger than is required for a laboratory sample, it should be divided to provide a representative portion. A sampling device, quartering, or other appropriate size reduction process may be used but units of fresh plant products or whole eggs should not be cut or broken. Where required, replicate laboratory samples should be withdrawn at this stage or they may be prepared using the alternative procedure described above. The minimum sizes required for laboratory samples are given in Tables 3, 4 and 5.

4.5. Sampling record

The sampling officer must record the nature and origin of the lot; the owner, supplier or carrier of it; the date and place of sampling; and any other relevant information. Any departure from the recommended method of sampling must be recorded. A signed copy of the record must accompany each replicate laboratory sample and a copy should be retained by the sampling officer. A copy of the sampling record should be given to the owner of the lot, or a representative of the owner, whether or not they are to be provided with a laboratory sample. If sampling records are produced in computerised form, these should be distributed to the same recipients and a similar verifiable audit trail maintained.

4.6. Packaging and transmission of the laboratory sample

The laboratory sample must be placed in a clean, inert container which provides secure protection from contamination, damage and leakage. The container should be sealed, securely labelled and the sampling record must be attached. Where a bar code is utilised, it is recommended that alphanumeric information is also provided. The sample must be delivered to the laboratory as soon as practicable. Spoilage in transit must be avoided, e.g. fresh samples should be kept cool and frozen samples must remain frozen. Samples of meat and poultry should be frozen prior to despatch, unless transported to the laboratory before spoilage can occur.

4.7. Preparation of the analytical sample

The laboratory sample should be given a unique identifier which, together with the date of receipt and the sample size, should be added to the sample record. The part of the commodity to be analysed(12),(13), i.e. the analytical sample, should be separated as soon as practicable. Where the residue level must be calculated to include parts which are not analysed(14), the weights of the separated parts must be recorded.

4.8. Preparation and storage of the analytical portion

The analytical sample should be comminuted, if appropriate, and mixed well, to enable representative analytical portions to be withdrawn. The size of the analytical portion should be determined by the analytical method and the efficiency of mixing. The methods for comminution and mixing should be recorded and should not affect the residues present in the analytical sample. Where appropriate, the analytical sample should be processed under special conditions, e.g. at sub-zero temperature, to minimise adverse effects. Where processing could affect residues and where practical alternative procedures are not available, the analytical portion may consist of whole units, or segments removed from whole units. If the analytical portion thus consists of few units or segments, it is unlikely to be representative of the analytical sample and sufficient replicate portions must be analysed, to indicate the uncertainty of the mean value. If analytical portions are to be stored before analysis, the method and length of time of storage should be such that they do not affect the level of residues present. Additional portions must be withdrawn for replicate and confirmatory analyses, as required.

4.9. Schematic representations

Schematic representations of the sampling procedures described above are given in the document referred to in footnote 8 of page 30.

5. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING COMPLIANCE

Analytical results must be derived from one or more laboratory samples taken from the lot and received in a fit state for analysis. The results must be supported by acceptable quality control data(15). Where a residue is found to exceed a MRL, its identity should be confirmed and its concentration must be verified by analysis of one or more additional analytical portions derived from the original laboratory sample(s).

The MRL applies to the bulk sample.

The lot complies with a MRL where the MRL is not exceeded by the analytical result(s).

Where results for the bulk sample exceed the MRL, a decision that the lot is non-compliant must take into account:

(i) the results obtained from one or more laboratory samples, as applicable, and

(ii) the accuracy and precision of analysis, as indicated by the supporting quality control data.

(1) EC classification of foods: Annex I to Directive 86/362/EEC and Annex I to Directive 86/363/EEC, both as amended by Directive 93/57/EC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 1) and Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 95/38/EC (OJ L 197, 22.8.1995, p. 14).

(2) Part of products to which maximum limits apply: Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 93/58/EEC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 6).

(3) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 950: Cereals - sampling (as grain).

(4) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 951: Pulses in bags - sampling.

(5) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1980. International standard ISO 1839: Sampling - tea.

(6) International Dairy Federation, 1995. International IDF standard 50C: Milk and milk products - methods of sampling.

(7) ISO recommendations for sampling of grain (see footnote 3), or other commodities shipped in bulk may be adopted, if required.

(8) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 950: Cereals - sampling (as grain).

(9) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1979. International standard ISO 951: Pulses in bags - sampling.

(10) International Organisation for Standardisation, 1980. International Standard ISO 1839: Sampling - tea.

(11) International Dairy Federation, 1995. International IDF standard 50C: Milk and milk products - methods of sampling.

(12) EC classification of foods: Annex I to Directive 86/362/EEC and Annex I to Directive 86/363/EEC, both as amended by Directive 93/57/EC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 1) and Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 95/38/EC (OJ L 197, 22.8.1995, p. 14).

(13) Part of products to which maximum limits apply: Annex I to Directive 90/642/EEC, as amended by Directive 93/58/EEC (OJ L 211, 23.8.1993, p. 6).

(14) For example, the stones of stone fruit are not analysed but the residue level is calculated assuming that they are included but contain no residue. See footnote 12.

(15) Quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis. Document SANCO/3103/2000; amendments will be found on the Commission's Internet site.