JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)

19 November 2019 ( *1 ) ( i )

Table of contents

Legal context

European Union law

The EU Treaty

The Charter

Directive 2000/78

Polish law

The Constitution

The New Law on the Supreme Court

– The provisions lowering the retirement age for judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)

– Provisions on the appointment of judges to the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)

– Provisions on the Disciplinary Chamber

Law on the system of administrative courts

The Law on the KRS

The disputes in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling

Procedure before the Court

Consideration of the questions referred

The first question in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

The questions in Case C‑585/18 and the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

The jurisdiction of the Court

Whether it is necessary to give a ruling

Admissibility of the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

The substance of the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

Costs

(Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 2000/78/EC — Equal treatment in employment and occupation — Non-discrimination on the ground of age — Lowering of the retirement age of judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland) — Article 9(1) — Right to a remedy — Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Effective judicial protection — Principle of judicial independence — Creation of a new chamber of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) with jurisdiction inter alia for cases of retiring the judges of that court — Chamber formed by judges newly appointed by the President of the Republic of Poland on a proposal of the National Council of the Judiciary — Independence of that council — Power to disapply national legislation not in conformity with EU law — Primacy of EU law)

In Joined Cases C‑585/18, C‑624/18 and C‑625/18,

THREE REQUESTS for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Sąd Najwyższy (Izba Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych) (Supreme Court (Labour and Social Insurance Chamber), Poland), made by decisions of 30 August 2018 (C‑585/18) and of 19 September 2018 (C‑624/18 and C‑625/18), received at the Court on 20 September 2018 (C‑585/18) and 3 October 2018 (C‑624/18 and C‑625/18), in the proceedings

A. K.

v

Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa (C‑585/18),

and

CP (C‑624/18),

DO (C‑625/18)

v

Sąd Najwyższy,

third party:

Prokurator Generalny , represented by the Prokuratura Krajowa,

THE COURT (Grand Chamber),

composed of K. Lenaerts, President, R. Silva de Lapuerta, Vice-President, J.-C. Bonichot, A. Prechal (Rapporteur), E. Regan, P.G. Xuereb and L.S. Rossi, Presidents of Chambers, E. Juhász, M. Ilešič, J. Malenovský, and N. Piçarra, Judges,

Advocate General: E. Tanchev,

Registrar: M. Aleksejev, Head of Unit, and R. Schiano, Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearings on 19 March and 14 May 2019,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

–

A. K., CP and DO, by S. Gregorczyk-Abram and M. Wawrykiewicz, adwokaci,

–

the Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa, by D. Drajewicz, J. Dudzicz, and D. Pawełczyk-Woicka,

–

the Sąd Najwyższy, by M. Wrzołek-Romańczuk, radca prawny,

–

the Prokurator Generalny, represented by the Prokuratura Krajowa, by S. Bańko, R. Hernand, A. Reczka, T. Szafrański and M. Szumacher,

–

the Polish Government, by B. Majczyna and S. Żyrek, acting as Agents, and by W. Gontarski, adwokat,

–

the Latvian Government, by I. Kucina and V. Soņeca, acting as Agents,

–

the European Commission, by H. Krämer and by K. Herrmann, acting as Agents,

–

the EFTA Surveillance Authority, by J.S. Watson, C. Zatschler, I.O. Vilhjálmsdóttir and C. Howdle, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 27 June 2019,

gives the following

Judgment

2The requests have been made in proceedings between, on the one hand, A. K., Judge of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court, Poland) and the Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa (National Council of the Judiciary, Poland) (‘the KRS’) (Case C‑585/18) and, on the other, CP and DO, Judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland), and that court (Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18) concerning their early retirement due to the entry into force of new national legislation.

Legal context

European Union law

The EU Treaty

3Article 2 TEU reads as follows:

‘The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.’

4Article 19(1) TEU provides:

‘The Court of Justice of the European Union shall include the Court of Justice, the General Court and specialised courts. It shall ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed.

Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law.’

The Charter

5Title VI of the Charter, under the heading ‘Justice’, includes Article 47 thereof, entitled ‘Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial’, which states as follows:

‘Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article.

Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. …

…’

6Under Article 51 of the Charter, under the heading ‘Scope’:

‘1. The provisions of this Charter are addressed to the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union with due regard for the principle of subsidiarity and to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law. They must therefore respect the rights, observe the principles and promote the application thereof in accordance with their respective powers and respecting the limits of the powers of the European Union as conferred on it in the Treaties.

2. The Charter does not extend the field of application of Union law beyond the powers of the Union or establish any new power or task for the Union, or modify powers and tasks as defined in the Treaties.’

7Article 52(3) of the Charter states:

‘In so far as this Charter contains rights which correspond to rights guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms[, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950], the meaning and scope of those rights shall be the same as those laid down by the said Convention. This provision shall not prevent Union law providing more extensive protection.’

8The Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights ( OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17 ) point out that the second paragraph of Article 47 of the Charter corresponds to Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘the ECHR’).

Directive 2000/78

9Article 1 of Directive 2000/78 provides:

‘The purpose of this Directive is to lay down a general framework for combating discrimination on the grounds of … age … as regards employment and occupation, with a view to putting into effect in the Member States the principle of equal treatment.’

10Article 2(1) of that directive provides:

‘For the purposes of this Directive, the “principle of equal treatment” shall mean that there shall be no direct or indirect discrimination whatsoever on any of the grounds referred to in Article 1.’

11Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 states:

‘Member States shall ensure that judicial and/or administrative procedures … for the enforcement of obligations under this Directive are available to all persons who consider themselves wronged by failure to apply the principle of equal treatment to them, even after the relationship in which the discrimination is alleged to have occurred has ended.’

Polish law

The Constitution

12Under Article 179 of the Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland (‘the President of the Republic’) shall appoint judges, on a proposal of the KRS, for an indefinite period.

13Under Article 186(1) of the Constitution:

‘The [KRS] shall be the guardian of the independence of the courts and of the judges.’

14Article 187 of the Constitution provides:

‘1. The [KRS] shall be composed of:

(1)

the First President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], the Minister for Justice, the President of the [Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court)] and a person designated by the President of the Republic,

(2)

Fifteen elected members from among the judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], the ordinary courts, the administrative courts and the military courts,

(3)

Four members elected by [the Sejm (Lower Chamber of the Polish Parliament)] from among the members [of the Lower Chamber] and two members elected by the Senate from among the senators.

…

3. The elected members of the [KRS] shall have a mandate of four years.

4. The regime applicable to the [KRS] … and the procedure by which its members are elected shall be laid down by law.’

The New Law on the Supreme Court

– The provisions lowering the retirement age for judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)

15Article 30 of the ustawa o Sądzie Najwyższym (Law on the Supreme Court) of 23 November 2002 (Dz. U. of 2002, item 240) set the retirement age for judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) at 70 years.

16On 20 December 2017, the President of the Republic signed the ustawa o Sądzie Najwyższym (Law on the Supreme Court) of 8 December 2017 (Dz. U. of 2018, item 5) (‘the New Law on the Supreme Court’), which entered into force on 3 April 2018. That law was subsequently amended on several occasions.

17Under Article 37 of the New Law on the Supreme Court:

‘1. Judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] shall retire on the day of their 65th birthday, unless they make a statement, no earlier than 12 months and no later than 6 months before reaching [the age of 65], indicating their desire to continue to perform their duties, and submit a certificate, drawn up under the conditions applicable to candidates applying for a judge’s post, confirming that their state of health allows them to serve, and the [President of the Republic] consents to their continuing to perform their duties at the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)].

1a. Prior to granting such authorisation, the [President of the Republic] shall consult the [KRS]. The [KRS] shall provide the [President of the Republic] with an opinion within 30 days of the date on which the [President of the Republic] requests submission of such an opinion. If the opinion is not submitted within the period referred to in the second sentence, the [KRS] shall be deemed to have submitted a positive opinion.

1b. When providing the opinion referred to in paragraph 1a, the [KRS] shall take into account the interest of the judicial system or an important public interest, in particular the rational distribution of members of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] or the needs arising from the workload of individual chambers of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)].

…

4. The authorisation referred to in paragraph 1 shall be granted for a period of three years, no more than twice. …’

18Article 39 of that law provides:

‘The [President of the Republic] shall declare the date on which a judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] retires or is retired.’

19Under Article 111(1) of that law:

‘Judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] who by the date of entry into force of this law have reached the age of 65 or who will have reached the age of 65 within three months of the date of entry into force of this law shall retire on the day following the expiry of that three-month period, unless they submit the declaration and certificate referred to in Article 37(1) within one month of the date of entry into force of this law and the [President of the Republic] grants authorisation for those judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] to continue to carry out their duties. …’

– Provisions on the appointment of judges to the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)

20Under Article 29 of the New Law on the Supreme Court, judges shall be appointed to the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) by the President of the Republic acting on a proposal from the [KRS]. Article 30 of that law sets out the conditions which a person must satisfy in order to qualify for the post of judge of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court).

– Provisions on the Disciplinary Chamber

21The New Law on the Supreme Court created a new chamber within the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) known as the ‘Izba Dyscyplinarna’ (‘the Disciplinary Chamber’).

22Article 20 of the New Law on the Supreme Court states:

‘With regard to the Disciplinary Chamber and the judges who adjudicate in it, the powers of the First President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] as defined in:

–

Article 14(1)(1), (4) and (7), Article 31(1), Article 35(2), Article 36(6), Article 40(1) and (4) and Article 51(7) and (14) shall be exercised by the President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] who shall direct the work of the Disciplinary Chamber;

–

Article 14(1)(2) and the second sentence of Article 55(3) shall be exercised by the First President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] in agreement with the President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] who shall direct the work of the Disciplinary Chamber.’

23Article 27(1) of the New Law on the Supreme Court states:

‘The following cases shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Disciplinary Chamber:

(1)

disciplinary proceedings:

–

involving [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] judges

…

(2)

proceedings in the field of labour law and social security involving [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] judges;

(3)

proceedings concerning the compulsory retirement of a [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] judge.’

24Article 79 of the New Law on the Supreme Court provides:

‘Labour law and social insurance cases concerning [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] judges and cases relating to the retirement of a [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] judge shall be heard:

(1)

at first instance by one judge of the Disciplinary Chamber of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)];

(2)

at second instance by three judges of the Disciplinary Chamber of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)].’

25Under Article 25 of the New Law on the Supreme Court:

‘The Izba Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych [Labour and Social Insurance Chamber] shall have jurisdiction to hear and rule on cases concerning labour law, social insurance …’

26The transitional measures of the New Law on the Supreme Court include inter alia the following provisions:

‘Article 131

Until all of the judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] have been appointed to the Disciplinary Chamber, the other judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] cannot sit within that chamber.

…

Article 134

On entry into force of the present law, the judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] sitting in the Labour, Social Insurance and Public Affairs Chamber shall sit in the Labour and Social Insurance Chamber.’

27Under Article 1(14) of the ustawa o zmianie ustawy o Sądzie Najwyższym (Law amending the Law on the Supreme Court), of 12 April 2018 (Dz. U. of 2018, item 847), which entered into force on 9 May 2018, Article 131 of the New Law on the Supreme Court was amended as follows:

‘Judges who, on the date of the entry into force of the present law, occupy posts in other Chambers of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], may be transferred to posts in the Disciplinary Chamber. Until all judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] sitting in the Disciplinary Chamber have been appointed for the first time, a judge occupying a post in another chamber of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] may submit a request [to the KRS] to be transferred to a post in the Disciplinary Chamber, after having obtained the consent of the First President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] and of the President of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] responsible for directing the work of the Disciplinary Chamber and of the President of the chamber in which the applicant judge occupies a position. On a proposal [from the KRS], the [President of the Republic] shall appoint a judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], to the Disciplinary Chamber, until the date on which all posts within that chamber have been filled for the first time.’

Law on the system of administrative courts

28Article 49 of the ustawa — Prawo o ustroju sądów administracyjnych (Law on the system of administrative courts) of 25 July 2002 (Dz. U. of 2017, item 2188) provides that, as regards aspects which are not governed by that law, the provisions of the New Law on the Supreme Court are to be applied.

The Law on the KRS

29The KRS is governed by the ustawa o Krajowej Radzie Sądownictwa (Law on the National Council of the Judiciary) of 12 May 2011 (Dz. U. No 126 of 2011, item 714), as amended by the ustawa o zmianie ustawy o Krajowej Radzie Sądownictwa oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Law amending the Law on the National Council of the Judiciary and certain other laws) of 8 December 2017 (Dz. U. of 2018, item 3) (‘Law on the KRS’).

30Under Article 9a of the Law on the KRS:

‘1. The Lower Chamber [of the Polish Parliament] shall elect, among the judges of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] and of the ordinary, administrative and military courts, 15 members [of the KRS] for a collective term of four years.

2. In the election referred to in paragraph 1, the Lower Chamber shall, as far as possible, take into account the need for representativeness within [the KRS] of various types and levels of the courts.

3. The collective term of the new members [of the KRS], elected among the judges, shall begin the day following their election. Serving members [of the KRS] shall exercise their posts until the day on which the collective term of the new members [of the KRS] begins.’

31Under Article 11a(2) of the Law on the KRS, candidates for the post of member of the KRS, chosen among the judges, may be presented by a group of at least 2000 Polish citizens or by a group of at least 25 judges in active service. The procedure for the Lower Chamber to appoint members of the KRS is set out in Article 11d of the Law on the KRS.

32In accordance with Article 34 of the Law on the KRS, a panel of three members of the KRS is to adopt a position on the assessment of candidates’ suitability for the post of judge.

33Article 35 of the Law on the KRS provides:

‘1. Where several candidates have applied for a post of judge or trainee judge, the group shall draw up a list of recommended candidates.

2. In determining the order of the candidates on the list, the group shall take into account, in the first place, the assessment of the candidates’ qualifications and it shall also consider:

(1)

the professional experience, including experience in the application of legislative provisions, academic output, the opinion of his or her superiors, letters of recommendation, publications and other documents enclosed with the application form;

(2)

the opinion of the kolegium (general assembly) of the relevant court and the evaluation of the relevant general assembly of judges.

3. The absence of any of the documents referred to in paragraph 2 shall not constitute an obstacle to the drawing up of a list of recommended candidates.’

34Under Article 37(1) of the Law on the KRS:

‘If several candidates have applied for a single post of judge, [the KRS] shall examine and evaluate all the applications lodged together. In that case, [the KRS] shall adopt a resolution including its decisions for the purposes of presenting one appointment proposition to the post of judge in respect of all candidates.’

35Article 44 of the Law on the KRS provides:

‘1. An applicant may bring an action before the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] on the ground of the illegality of [the KRS’s] resolution, unless specific provisions provide otherwise. …

1a. In individual cases regarding appointment to the post of judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], an action may be brought before the [Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court)]. In those cases, no action may be brought before the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)]. The action before the [Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court)] cannot be based on a plea alleging an inadequate evaluation of whether the candidates fulfilled the criteria taken into account in arriving at its decision on the presentation of an appointment proposal to the post of judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)].

1b. If all of the applicants have not challenged the resolution referred to in Article 37(1) in individual cases regarding appointment to the post of judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)], that resolution shall become final in respect of the part concerning the decision on the presentation of the appointment proposition to the post of judge of the [Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)] and in respect of the part concerning the decision not to present an appointment proposition to the post of judge of that court, as regards the applicants who did not challenge that decision.

2. An action shall be lodged through the offices of the Przewodniczący [President of the KRS], within two weeks of notice of the resolution with its statement of reasons. …’

36Under Article 6 of the Law of 8 December 2017 amending the Law on the KRS:

‘The term of office of the members [of the KRS] referred to in Article 187(1)(2) of the [Constitution], elected pursuant to provisions now in force, shall continue until the day preceding the term of the new members [of the KRS] without, however, exceeding 90 days from the date of the entry into force of the present law, unless that term has not already expired.’

The disputes in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling

37In Case C‑585/18, A. K., a judge of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court) who reached the age of 65 before the entry into force of the New Law on the Supreme Court, submitted, on the basis of Article 37(1) and of Article 111(1) of that law, a declaration indicating his wish to continue in his position. On 27 July 2018, the KRS issued an unfavourable opinion to that request under Article 37(1a) of that law. On 10 August 2018, A. K. brought an action before the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) in respect of that opinion. In support of his action, A. K. claimed, inter alia, that retiring him at the age of 65 infringed the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, Article 47 of the Charter and Directive 2000/78, in particular, Article 9(1) thereof.

38Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 concern two judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), CP and DO, who also reached the age of 65 before the date of the entry into force of the New Law on the Supreme Court but who have not submitted declarations on the basis of Article 37(1) and of Article 111(1) of that law. Having been informed that the President of the Republic had, pursuant to Article 39 of that law, declared that they had been retired as of 4 July 2018, CP and DO brought actions before the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) against the President of the Republic for a declaration that their employment relationship of judge in active service in the referring court had not been transformed, as of that date, into an employment relationship of retired judge of that court. In support of their actions, they rely, inter alia, on an infringement of Article 2(1) of Directive 2000/78 prohibiting discrimination on the ground of age.

39The Izba Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (Labour and Social Insurance Chamber) of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) (‘the Labour and Social Insurance Chamber’), before which these various actions are pending, notes, in its orders for reference in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, that the actions were brought before it since the Disciplinary Chamber has not yet been formed. In those circumstances, the referring court asks whether Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 and Article 47 of the Charter require it to disapply the provisions of national law which reserve jurisdiction to hear and rule on such actions to a chamber which has not yet been formed. The referring court points out, however, that that question could become irrelevant if enough posts of judge of the Disciplinary Chamber were actually filled.

40Furthermore, in its orders for reference in Cases C‑585/18, C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, the referring court considers that, in the light of, inter alia, the circumstances in which the new judges of the Disciplinary Chamber will be appointed, serious doubts arise as to whether that chamber and its members will provide sufficient guarantees of independence and impartiality.

41In that regard, the referring court, which observes that those judges are appointed by the President of the Republic on a proposal of the KRS, notes, first of all, that, under the reform enacted by the Law of 8 December 2017 amending the Law on the National Council of the Judiciary and certain other laws, the 15 members of the KRS who, of its 25 members, must be elected among judges are now not elected by general assembly of judges of all levels as before, but by the Lower Chamber of the Polish Parliament. According to the referring court, that situation disregards the principle of the separation of powers as the basis for a democratic State governed by the rule of law and is not consistent with the prevailing international and European standards in that regard, as is clear, in particular, from Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities of 17 November 2010, from Opinion No 904/2017 (CDL-AD(2017)031) of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) of 11 December 2017 and from Opinion No 10(2007) of the Consultative Council of European Judges to the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the Council for the Judiciary at the service of society of 23 November 2007.

42Next, according to the referring court, both the conditions, in particular those of a procedural nature, under which the members of the KRS were selected and appointed during 2018 and an examination of the way in which that body thus constituted has acted, until the present, demonstrate that the KRS is subject to the political authorities and is incapable of exercising its constitutional role of ensuring the independence of the courts and of the judiciary.

43First, the referring court considers that the recent elections of the new members of the KRS were not transparent and there are serious doubts as to whether the requirements laid down in the applicable legislation were actually complied with during those elections. Moreover, the requirement of representativeness of the various types and levels of the judiciary laid down in Article 187(1)(2) of the Constitution has not been respected. The KRS has no elected judge from the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), the courts of appeal or the military courts, but has 1 representative of a regional administrative court, 2 representatives of regional courts and 12 representatives of district courts.

44Second, an examination of the activities of the KRS as now formed is said to demonstrate a complete lack of the adoption of any stance by that body for the purposes of defending the independence of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) in the crisis caused by the recent legislative reforms affecting that court. By contrast, the KRS, or members thereof, have publicly criticised members of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) for having referred questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling or cooperated with the EU institutions, in particular with the European Commission. Furthermore, the KRS’s practice — when called on to issue an opinion on the possibility for a judge of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) to continue to serve beyond the retirement age now set at 65 — consists, as demonstrated, inter alia, in the opinion of the KRS challenged before the referring court in Case C‑585/18, in issuing unreasoned unfavourable opinions or merely reproducing the wording of Article 37(1b) of the New Law on the Supreme Court.

45In addition, the selection procedure conducted by the KRS for the purposes of filling the 16 posts of judge of the Disciplinary Chamber declared vacant on 24 May 2018 by the President of the Republic reveals that the 12 candidates chosen by the KRS, namely 6 Public Prosecutors, 2 judges, 2 legal advisers and 2 professors, were persons who were, until that time, subject to the executive, persons who, during the crisis of the rule of law in Poland, have acted on the instructions of the political authorities or in line with their expectations, or, lastly, persons who do not meet the statutory criteria or persons who have in the past been the subject of disciplinary sanctions.

46Lastly, the referring court notes that the procedure during the course of which the KRS is called on to select candidates to the posts of judge of the Disciplinary Chamber, who cannot be chosen from currently serving members of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), was designed and, subsequently, amended, so that the KRS may act in an ad hoc manner, without the possibility of any meaningful review in that regard.

47First, the Supreme Court is no longer involved in that appointment process and, thus, the actual and effective assessment of the qualities of the candidates may no longer be guaranteed. Second, the fact that candidates have not provided the documents referred to in Article 35(2) of the Law on the KRS, which are nevertheless essential for the purposes of distinguishing between the candidates, is no longer, as is clear from Article 35(3) of that law, an obstacle to the drawing up of the list of candidates recommended by the KRS. Third, under Article 44 of that law, the KRS’s decisions become final until challenged by all of the candidates, which effectively precludes any actual possibility of their judicial review.

48In that context, the referring court harbours doubts as to the importance which should be ascribed, as regards compliance with the requirement stemming from EU law that the courts and the judiciary of the Member States must be independent, to factors such as, first, independence, from the political authorities, of the body responsible for selecting judges, and, second, the circumstances surrounding the selection of the members of a newly created chamber of a court in a particular Member State, where that chamber has jurisdiction to rule on cases governed by EU law.

49In the event that such a chamber of a court does not meet the requirement that courts be independent, the referring court wishes to know whether EU law must be interpreted as meaning that the referring court must disapply the application of provisions of national law which, by reserving such jurisdiction to that chamber, impinge on its own jurisdiction to hear and to rule, where relevant, on the cases in the main proceedings. In its orders for reference in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, the referring court observes, in that regard, that it has general jurisdiction in labour law and the law of social security, which empowers it, in particular, to rule on cases such as those in the main proceedings which concern alleged infringement of the prohibition of discrimination in employment on the ground of age.

50In those circumstances the Sąd Najwyższy (Izba Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych) (Supreme Court (Labour and Social Insurance Chamber)) decided to stay the proceedings and refer questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling.

51In Case C‑585/18, the questions referred are worded as follows:

‘(1)

On a proper construction of the third paragraph of Article 267 TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 19(1) and Article 2 TEU and Article 47 of the [Charter], is a newly created chamber of a court of last instance of a Member State which has jurisdiction to hear an action by a national court judge and which must be composed exclusively of judges selected by a national body tasked with safeguarding the independence of the courts (the [KRS]), which, having regard to the systemic model for the way in which it is formed and the way in which it operates, is not guaranteed to be independent from the legislative and executive authorities, an independent court or tribunal within the meaning of EU law?

(2)

If the answer to the first question is negative, should the third paragraph of Article 267 TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 19(1) and Article 2 TEU and Article 47 of the [Charter of Fundamental Rights], be interpreted as meaning that a chamber of a court of last instance of a Member State which does not have jurisdiction in the case but meets the requirements of EU law for a court and is seised of an appeal in a case falling within the scope of EU law should disregard the provisions of national legislation which preclude it from having jurisdiction in that case?’

52In Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, the questions referred were worded as follows:

‘(1)

Should Article 47 of the [Charter], read in conjunction with Article 9(1) of [Directive 2000/78], be interpreted as meaning that, where an appeal is brought before a court of last instance in a Member State against an alleged infringement of the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of age in respect of a judge of that court, together with a motion for granting security in respect of the reported claim, that court — in order to protect the rights arising from EU law by ordering an interim measure provided for under national law — must refuse to apply national provisions which confer jurisdiction, in the case in which the appeal has been lodged, on a chamber of that court which is not operational by reason of a failure to appoint judges to be its members?

(2)

In the event that judges are appointed to adjudicate within the chamber with jurisdiction under national law to hear and determine the action brought, on a proper construction of the third paragraph of Article 267 TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 19(1) and Article 2 TEU and Article 47 of the [Charter], is a newly created chamber of a court of last instance of a Member State which has jurisdiction to hear the case of a national court judge at first or second instance and which is composed exclusively of judges selected by a national body tasked with safeguarding the independence of the courts, namely the [(KRS)], which, having regard to the systemic model for the way in which it is formed and the way in which it operates, is not guaranteed to be independent from the legislative and executive authorities, an independent court or tribunal within the meaning of EU law?

(3)

If the answer to the second question is negative, should the third paragraph of Article 267 TFEU, read in conjunction with Article 19(1) and Article 2 TEU and Article 47 of the [Charter], be interpreted as meaning that a chamber of a court of last instance of a Member State which does not have jurisdiction in the case but meets the requirements of EU law for a court seised with an appeal in an EU case should disregard the provisions of national legislation which preclude it from having jurisdiction in that case?’

Procedure before the Court

53Cases C‑585/18, C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 were joined by decision of the President of the Court of 5 November 2018.

54By order of 26 November 2018, A. K. and Others ( C‑585/18, C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 , not published, EU:C:2018:977 ), the President of the Court accepted the referring court’s request that the present cases be subject to the expedited procedure. Thus, as provided for by Article 105(2) and (3) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court, the date for the hearing was fixed immediately, namely for 19 March 2019, and communicated to the interested parties together with notification of the requests for a preliminary ruling. A time limit was prescribed for the interested parties to lodge any written observations.

55On 19 March 2019, a first hearing was held before the Court. On 14 May 2019, a second hearing was organised by the Court following, inter alia, a request from the KRS, which had not lodged any written observations before the Court, had not been represented at the first hearing and wished to be heard, and in order to allow the interested parties to make submissions on any implications for the present cases which may have resulted from a judgment delivered on 25 March 2019, in which the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court, Poland) declared Article 9a of the Law on the KRS to be compatible with Article 187(1)(2) and (4) of the Constitution.

56Furthermore, at that second hearing, the KRS provided a copy of Resolution No 6 adopted by the General Assembly of the judges of the Disciplinary Chamber on 13 May 2019, which sets out the position of that chamber on the procedure followed in the present joined cases. The copy of that resolution was circulated among the interested parties present and added to the case file.

57By documents lodged at the Registry of the Court on 3 and 29 July 2019, on 16 September 2019 and on 7 November 2019 by the Polish Government, on 4 July 2019 by the KRS and on 29 October 2019 by the Prokurator Generalny (Public Prosecutor, Poland), a reopening of the oral part of the procedure was requested.

58In support of its request, the KRS states, in essence, that it does not share the Opinion of the Advocate General, which it considers to be based on false premisses and which takes insufficient account, in its view, of the line of argument which it set out at the hearing of 14 May 2019. Consequently, it contends, in addition, that the Court should re-examine the possibility of taking into consideration the written observations previously submitted by the KRS which were rejected on account of being lodged out of time.

59In its request of 3 July 2019 and in the further submissions which it addressed to the Court on 29 July and 16 September 2019, the Polish Government also states that it does not share the Opinion of the Advocate General, which, it claims, contain certain contradictions and are based, as is clear from certain points thereof and from corresponding points in the Opinion of the Advocate General made on 11 April 2019 in Commission v Poland (Independence of the Supreme Court) ( C‑619/18 , EU:C:2019:325 ), on an erroneous interpretation of the past case-law of the Court, in particular of the judgment of 27 February 2018, Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses ( C‑64/16 , EU:C:2018:117 ). Furthermore, the Polish Government submits that the Advocate General’s Opinion contains a number of new arguments and positions, which have not been sufficiently aired. However, in the light of their supreme importance and fundamental implications for the various legal models applicable in the Member States as regards the composition of the national councils of the judiciary and the processes for judicial appointments, it claims that those factors justify a reopening of the oral part of the procedure in order to allow all the Member States to make submissions on the matter. In its request of 7 November 2019, in support of which it provided the minutes of a hearing of the Sąd Okręgowy w Krakowie (District Court, Kraków, Poland) of 6 September 2019, the Polish Government submits that that document raises the prospect that the judgment to be delivered by the Court in the present cases could give rise to legal uncertainty in Poland and that it thus discloses a new fact which is of such a nature as to be a decisive factor for the decision of the Court.

60Lastly, the Public Prosecutor, who essentially points to factors previously relied on and arguments already set out by the Polish Government and the KRS in their respective abovementioned requests to reopen the oral part of the procedure of 3, 4 and 29 July 2019 and of 16 September 2019, maintains, first, that sufficient information is lacking on the facts of the cases in the main proceedings, as is clear from the Advocate General’s Opinion, second, that that Opinion adopts a position on important factors which were not debated between the parties and, third, that that Opinion is based on an erroneous interpretation of the past case-law of the Court which allegedly constitutes a new fact which is of such a nature as to be a decisive factor for the decision of the Court.

63However, the Court may at any time, after hearing the Advocate General, order the reopening of the oral part of the procedure, in accordance with Article 83 of its Rules of Procedure, in particular if it considers that it lacks sufficient information or where a party has, after the close of that part of the procedure, submitted a new fact which is of such a nature as to be a decisive factor for the decision of the Court, or where the case must be decided on the basis of an argument which has not been debated between the interested persons.

64In the present cases, the Court considers, however, having heard the Advocate General, that it has before it, following the written procedure and the two successive hearings which it held, all of the information necessary for it to give a ruling. Furthermore, it notes that these joined cases shall not be decided on the basis of an argument which has not been the subject of exchanges between the parties. Lastly, it considers that the various requests to reopen the oral part of the present procedure do not disclose any new fact which is of such a nature as to be a decisive factor for the decision of the Court in those cases. In those circumstances, it is not necessary to reopen the oral part of the procedure.

65Lastly, as regards the request repeated by the KRS that the Court should take into account its written observations of 4 April 2019, it should be noted that that party to the main proceedings which, like the other interested parties referred to in Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, was asked to submit such observations within the period prescribed for doing so deliberately refrained from lodging observations within that time, as is expressly made clear in the letter of 28 March 2019 which it sent to the Court. In those circumstances, the abovementioned written observations, which were lodged by the KRS out of time and were therefore returned to the KRS, also cannot be taken into consideration by the Court at this stage in the procedure.

Consideration of the questions referred

The first question in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

66By its first question in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 read in conjunction with Article 47 of the Charter must be interpreted as meaning that, where an action is brought before a court of last instance in a Member State alleging infringement of the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of age arising from that directive, such a court must refuse to apply provisions of national law which confer jurisdiction to rule on such an action on a court, such as the Disciplinary Chamber, which has not yet been formed because the judges of that court have not been appointed.

67In the present cases, it is, however, important to take account of the fact that, shortly after the adoption of the orders for reference in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, the President of the Republic appointed the judges of the Disciplinary Chamber, which has now been formed.

68In the light of that fact, it must be found that an answer to the first question in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 is no longer relevant for the purposes of the decisions which the referring court is called on to deliver in those two cases. Only if the Disciplinary Chamber were not sufficiently operational would that question need to be answered.

71It follows, as submitted by the KRS, the Polish Government and the Commission, and as had, moreover, been suggested by the referring court itself, as is clear from paragraph 39 above, that it is no longer necessary for the Court to rule on the first question referred in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18.

The questions in Case C‑585/18 and the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

72By its questions in Case C‑585/18 and its second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, which it is appropriate to consider together, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 2 and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, Article 267 TFEU and Article 47 of the Charter must be interpreted as meaning that a chamber of a supreme court in a Member State, such as the Disciplinary Chamber, which is called on to rule on cases falling within the scope of EU law, satisfies, in the light of the circumstances in which it was formed and its members appointed, the requirements of independence and impartiality required by those provisions of EU law. If that is not the case, the referring court asks whether the principle of the primacy of EU law must be interpreted as meaning that that court is required to disapply the provisions of national law which reserve jurisdiction to rule on such cases to that chamber of that court.

The jurisdiction of the Court

73The Public Prosecutor has submitted, in the first place, that the Court has no jurisdiction to provide rulings on the second and third questions referred in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 on the ground that the provisions of EU law to which those questions refer do not provide a definition of the concept of an ‘independent court’ and do not lay down any rules on the jurisdiction of national courts and national councils of the judiciary, since those questions fall within the exclusive competencies of the Member States and cannot be encroached upon by the European Union.

76In the second place, the Public Prosecutor claims that, as regards the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU and Article 47 of the Charter, the Court also lacks jurisdiction to rule on those two referred questions because the provisions of national law at issue in the main proceedings do not implement EU law or fall within the scope thereof and they cannot therefore be assessed under that law.

79However, in the present cases, as regards, in particular, Article 47 of the Charter, the Court notes that, in the actions in the main proceedings, the applicants rely, inter alia, on infringements to their detriment of the prohibition of discrimination in employment on the ground of age, which is provided for by Directive 2000/78.

Whether it is necessary to give a ruling

87The KRS, the Public Prosecutor and the Polish Government have stated that, on 17 December 2018, the President of the Republic signed the ustawa o zmianie ustawy o Sądzie Nawyższym (Law amending the [New Law on the Supreme Court]) of 21 November 2018 (Dz. U. of 2018, item 2507, ‘the Law of 21 November 2018’), which entered into force on 1 January 2019.

88It is clear that Article 1 of that law repeals Article 37(1a) to (4) and Article 111(1) of the New Law on the Supreme Court and amends Article 37(1) thereof to the effect that ‘the judges of the Sąd Najwyższy [(Supreme Court)] shall retire at the age of 65’. It is, however, specified that that provision applies only to judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) who entered into service in that court after 1 January 2019. The previous wording of Article 30 of the Law on the Supreme Court of 23 November 2002, which provided for retirement at the age of 70, applies to judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) who entered into service before that date.

89Article 2(1) of the Law of 21 November 2018 provides that, ‘from the date of the entry into force of the present law, any judge of the Sąd Najwyższy [(Supreme Court)] or of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny [(Supreme Administrative Court)] who has been retired pursuant to Article 37(1) to (4) or Article 111(1) or (1a) of the [New Law on the Supreme Court] shall re-enter active service in the post he or she held on the date of the entry into force of [that law]. Service as judge of the Sąd Najwyższy [(Supreme Court)] or of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny [(Supreme Administrative Court)] shall be regarded as having continued without interruption’.

90Article 4(1) of the Law of 21 November 2018 provides that ‘procedures commenced pursuant to Article 37(1) and to Article 111(1) to (1b) of the [New Law on the Supreme Court] and appeal procedures pending in those cases on the date of the entry into force of the present law shall be discontinued’, and Article 4(2) thereof provides that ‘procedures commenced and pending at the date of the entry into force of the present law, for the purposes of establishing the existence of an employment relationship as a judge in active service of the Sąd Najwyższy [(Supreme Court)] or of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny [(Supreme Administrative Court)], in respect of the judged referred to in Article 2(1), shall be discontinued’.

91According to the KRS, the Public Prosecutor and the Polish Government, it follows from Article 1 and Article 2(1) of the Law of 21 November 2018 that the judges who are applicants in the main proceedings and were retired pursuant to provisions of the New Law on the Supreme Court, now repealed, have been returned to their previous posts in those courts by operation of law, until they reach the age of 70, in accordance with the provisions of national law previously in force, but that any possibility of extension, by the President of the Republic, of their term in office beyond the ordinary retirement age has also been repealed.

92In those circumstances, and in accordance with Article 4 of that law providing for cases such as those in the main proceedings to be discontinued, it is said that those cases have become devoid of purpose, so that it is no longer be necessary for the Court to rule on the present references for a preliminary ruling.

93In the light of the foregoing, on 23 January 2019, the Court asked the referring court whether, following the entry into force of the Law of 21 November 2018, that court considered that an answer to the questions referred was still necessary to enable it to deliver judgment in the cases pending before it.

94In its reply of 25 January 2019, the referring court confirmed that request, adding that, by orders of 23 January 2019, it had ordered a stay in the proceedings on the requests that there is no need to proceed to judgment lodged before it by the Public Prosecutor, under Article 4(1) and (2) of the Law of 21 November 2018, until the Court has ruled on the present cases.

95In that reply, the referring court explains that an answer to the questions referred in those cases is still necessary for it to be able to dispose of the preliminary procedural problems with which it is faced prior to it being able to deliver judgment in those cases.

96Furthermore, as regards the substance of the cases in the main proceedings, the referring court indicated that the Law of 21 November 2018 was not intended to render national law compatible with EU law, but to apply the interim measures ordered by the Vice-President of the Court in her order of 19 October 2018, Commission v Poland ( C‑619/18 R , not published, EU:C:2018:852 ), upheld by order of the Court of 17 December 2018, Commission v Poland ( C‑619/18 R , EU:C:2018:1021 ). That law did not therefore repeal the provisions of national law at issue or their legal effects ex tunc . Whereas that law purports to reinstate those judges who are applicants in the main proceedings to their office after their retirement and to introduce a legal fiction as to the continued nature of their term in office effected by that reinstatement, the actions in the main proceedings seek a declaration that the judges in question never took retirement and remained fully in their posts during that entire period, which can result only from the invalidity of the rules of national law at issue, under the primacy of EU law. That distinction is fundamental in determining the status of the judges in question from the perspective of their capacity to take judicial, organisational and administrative measures and from the perspective of any mutual rights and obligations in respect of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) on the basis of an employment relationship, or even that of disciplinary sanctions. In that latter respect, the referring court notes that, according to the declarations of representatives of the political authorities, those judges were exercising their judicial office illegally until 1 January 2019, the date of the entry into force of the Law of 21 November 2018.

101The Law of 21 November 2018 does not concern aspects relating to jurisdiction to rule on the cases in the main proceedings on which the referring court is thus called to rule and in respect of which it has, in the present cases, requested an interpretation of EU law.

102Next, it should be made clear that the fact that national legislation, such as Article 4(1) and (2) of the Law of 21 November 2018, provides for discontinuance of cases such as those in the main proceedings cannot, in principle and without a decision of the referring court ordering such discontinuance or to the effect that there is no need to rule on the cases in the main proceedings, lead the Court to find that it is no longer necessary for it to answer the questions before it which were referred for a preliminary ruling.

104Provisions of national law such as those referred to in paragraph 102 above cannot therefore preclude a chamber of a court from which there is no appeal, faced with a question on the interpretation of EU law, from confirming questions which it referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling.

105Lastly, it is to be noted that, as regards Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18, which concern the issue whether or not the applicants in the main proceedings continue to be in an employment relationship as judges in active service with the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) as their employer, it is clear from the explanations provided by the referring court, set out in paragraph 96 above, that, in the light of, inter alia, all of the consequences resulting from the existence of such an employment relationship, the mere fact of the entry into force of Article 2(1) of the Law of 21 November 2018 does not mean that it is beyond doubt that a declaration that there is no need to rule on the cases before the referring court is appropriate.

106It follows from all the foregoing that the adoption and entry into force of the Law of 21 November 2018 is not capable of justifying the Court in not ruling on the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18.

107By contrast, as regards Case C‑585/18, it must be borne in mind that the action before the referring court relates to an opinion of the KRS delivered in a procedure capable of leading to a decision extending the exercise of judicial functions of the applicant in the main proceedings beyond the age of retirement now set at 65.

108Indeed, it does not flow from the abovementioned explanations provided by the referring court that that action might still have a purpose, more particularly, that such an opinion might not be invalid, despite the fact that, under the provisions of national law adopted between then and now, both the provisions of national law setting a new retirement age and those setting out the procedure for extending the exercise of judicial functions bringing about the need for such an opinion have been repealed, as a result of which the applicant in the main proceedings may continue in his post as a judge until the age of 70, in accordance with the provisions of national law in force before the adoption of the provisions which were repealed.

109In those circumstances, and in the light of the principles set out in paragraphs 69 and 70 above, it is no longer necessary for the Court to rule on the questions referred in Case C‑585/18.

Admissibility of the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

110The Polish Government claims that the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 are inadmissible. It maintains, in the first place, that those questions are irrelevant because answers to them are unnecessary on account of the fact that the proceedings pending before the Labour and Social Insurance Chamber which referred the questions for a preliminary ruling are invalid, under Article 379(4) of the Civil Procedure Code, because they disregarded the rules relating to the composition and jurisdiction of the courts. There is a three-judge panel sitting in those cases in that chamber, whereas Article 79 of the New Law on the Supreme Court provides that cases such as those in the main proceedings must, at first instance, be decided by a single-judge panel. In the second place, the answers to the questions referred cannot, in any event, enable the referring court to rule on cases which fall within the jurisdiction of another chamber of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) without impinging on the exclusive competency of the Member States to organise their national courts or overstepping the competency of the European Union, nor can those answers therefore be relevant to the outcome of the cases in the main proceedings.

The substance of the second and third questions in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18

114It should be noted that, as is clear from paragraphs 77 to 81 above, in situations such as those at issue in the main proceedings, in which the applicants rely on infringements to their detriment of the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of age in employment provided by Directive 2000/78, both Article 47 of the Charter, which enshrines the right to effective judicial protection, and Article 9(1) of the directive, which reaffirms it, may apply.

119As regards the substance of the second paragraph of Article 47 of the Charter, it is clear from the very wording of that provision that the fundamental right to an effective remedy enshrined therein means, inter alia, that everyone is entitled to a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal.

126That interpretation of Article 47 of the Charter is borne out by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights on Article 6(1) of the ECHR according to which that provision requires that the courts be independent of the parties and of the executive and legislature (ECtHR, 18 May 1999, Ninn-Hansen v . Denmark , CE:ECHR:1999:0518DEC002897295, p. 19 and the case-law cited).

129As the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly held, the concepts of independence and objective impartiality are closely linked which generally means that they require joint examination (see, inter alia, ECtHR, 6 May 2003, Kleyn and Others v . Netherlands , CE:ECHR:2003:0506JUD003934398, § 192 and the case-law cited, and 6 November 2018, Ramos Nunes de Carvalho e Sá v . Portugal , CE:ECHR:2018:1106JUD005539113, § 150 and the case-law cited). According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, in deciding whether there is reason to fear that the requirements of independence and objective impartiality are not met in a given case, the perspective of a party to the proceedings is relevant but not decisive. What is decisive is whether such fear can be held to be objectively justified (see, inter alia, ECtHR, 6 May 2003, Kleyn and Others v . Netherlands , CE:ECHR:2003:0506JUD003934398, §§ 193 and 194 and the case-law cited, and of 6 November 2018, Ramos Nunes de Carvalho e Sá v . Portugal , CE:ECHR:2018:1106JUD005539113, §§ 147 and 152 and the case-law cited).

147That applies, first, to the fact referred to by the referring court that this court has been granted exclusive jurisdiction, under Article 27(1) of the New Law on the Supreme Court, to rule on cases of the employment, social security and retirement of judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), which previously fell within the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.

148Although that fact is not conclusive per se, it should, however, be borne in mind, as regards, in particular, cases relating to the retiring of judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) such as those in the main proceedings, that the assignment of those cases to the Disciplinary Chamber took place in conjunction with the adoption, which was highly contentious, of the provisions of the New Law on the Supreme Court which lowered the retirement age of the judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), applied that measure to judges currently serving in that court and empowered the President of the Republic with discretion to extend the exercise of active judicial service of the judges of the referring court beyond the new retirement age set by that law.

150Second, in that context, the fact must also be highlighted, as it was by the referring court, that, under Article 131 of the New Law on the Supreme Court, the Disciplinary Chamber must be constituted solely of newly appointed judges, thereby excluding judges already serving in the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court).

151Third, it should be made clear that, although established as a chamber of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), the Disciplinary Chamber appears, by contrast to the other chambers of that court, and as is clear inter alia from Article 20 of the New Law on the Supreme Court, to enjoy a particularly high degree of autonomy within the referring court.

154If the referring court were to conclude that that is the case, it would follow that such a court does not meet the requirements arising from Article 47 of the Charter and from Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 on account of its not being an independent and impartial tribunal, within the meaning of the former provision.

155If that is the case, the referring court also wishes to know whether the principle of the primacy of EU law requires it to disapply those provisions of national law which confer jurisdiction to rule on the cases in the main proceedings on that court.

156For the purposes of answering that question, it should be noted that EU law is characterised by the fact that it stems from an independent source of law, namely the Treaties, by its primacy over the laws of the Member States, and by the direct effect of a whole series of provisions that are applicable to their nationals and to the Member States themselves. Those essential characteristics of EU law have given rise to a structured network of principles, rules and mutually interdependent legal relations binding the European Union and its Member States reciprocally as well as binding the Member States to one another (Opinion 1/17 (EU-Canada CET Agreement) of 30 April 2019, EU:C:2019:341 , paragraph 109 and the case-law cited).

164Consequently, in the situation referred to in paragraph 160 above, the national court is required to ensure within its jurisdiction the judicial protection for individuals flowing from Article 47 of the Charter and from Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78, and to guarantee the full effectiveness of those articles by disapplying if need be any contrary provision of national law (see, to that effect, judgment of 17 April 2018, Egenberger, C‑414/16 , EU:C:2018:257 , paragraph 79 ).

170Lastly, it is also not necessary, in the present cases, for the Court to interpret Article 267 TFEU, to which the referring court also refers in its questions. In the order for reference, that court has provided no reasons as to why an interpretation of that article could be relevant for the purposes of resolving the points which it is called on to address in the actions in the main proceedings. In addition, in any event, it is clear that the interpretation of Article 47 of the Charter and of Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 given in paragraphs 114 to 154 above is sufficient for the purposes of providing a response capable of instructing the referring court in relation to the decisions which it is called on to make in those cases.

–

Article 47 of the Charter and Article 9(1) of Directive 2000/78 must be interpreted as precluding cases concerning the application of EU law from falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of a court which is not an independent and impartial tribunal, within the meaning of the former provision. That is the case where the objective circumstances in which that court was formed, its characteristics and the means by which its members have been appointed are capable of giving rise to legitimate doubts, in the minds of subjects of the law, as to the imperviousness of that court to external factors, in particular, as to the direct or indirect influence of the legislature and the executive and its neutrality with respect to the interests before it and, thus, may lead to that court not being seen to be independent or impartial with the consequence of prejudicing the trust which justice in a democratic society must inspire in subjects of the law. It is for the referring court to determine, in the light of all the relevant factors established before it, whether that applies to a court such as the Disciplinary Chamber of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court).

–

If that is the case, the principle of the primacy of EU law must be interpreted as requiring the referring court to disapply the provision of national law which reserves jurisdiction to hear and rule on the cases in the main proceedings to the abovementioned chamber, so that those cases may be examined by a court which meets the abovementioned requirements of independence and impartiality and which, were it not for that provision, would have jurisdiction in the relevant field.

Costs

172Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:

1.It is no longer necessary to answer questions referred by the Izba Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (Labour and Social Insurance Chamber) of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court, Poland) in Case C‑585/18 or the first question referred by the same court in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18.

2.The answer to the second and third questions referred by the referring court in Cases C‑624/18 and C‑625/18 is as follows:

Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 9(1) of Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation must be interpreted as precluding cases concerning the application of EU law from falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of a court which is not an independent and impartial tribunal, within the meaning of the former provision. That is the case where the objective circumstances in which that court was formed, its characteristics and the means by which its members have been appointed are capable of giving rise to legitimate doubts, in the minds of subjects of the law, as to the imperviousness of that court to external factors, in particular, as to the direct or indirect influence of the legislature and the executive and its neutrality with respect to the interests before it and, thus, may lead to that court not being seen to be independent or impartial with the consequence of prejudicing the trust which justice in a democratic society must inspire in subjects of the law. It is for the referring court to determine, in the light of all the relevant factors established before it, whether that applies to a court such as the Disciplinary Chamber of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court).

If that is the case, the principle of the primacy of EU law must be interpreted as requiring the referring court to disapply the provision of national law which reserves jurisdiction to hear and rule on the cases in the main proceedings to the abovementioned chamber, so that those cases may be examined by a court which meets the abovementioned requirements of independence and impartiality and which, were it not for that provision, would have jurisdiction in the relevant field.

[Signatures]

( *1 ) Language of the case: Polish.

( i ) The wording of paragraph 115 and operative part 2 of this judgment has been amended since it was first put online.