JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)

10 June 2015 ( *1 )

‛Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 49 TFEU — Freedom of establishment — Tax legislation — Corporation tax — Holdings for business purposes — Legislation of a Member State exempting capital gains and, by the same token, excluding deduction of capital losses — Transfer by a resident company of shares in a non-resident subsidiary — Capital loss resulting from a currency loss’

In Case C‑686/13,

Request for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen (Supreme Administrative Court, Sweden), made by decision of 18 December 2013, received at the Court on 27 December 2013, in the proceedings

X AB

v

Skatteverket,

THE COURT (Second Chamber),

composed of R. Silva de Lapuerta, President of the Chamber, J.-C. Bonichot (Rapporteur), A. Arabadjiev, J.L. da Cruz Vilaça and C. Lycourgos, Judges,

Advocate General: J. Kokott,

Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,

having regard to the written procedure,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

—

X AB, by R. Persson Österman, advokat,

—

Skatteverket, by A. Berg, acting as Agent,

—

the Swedish Government, by A. Falk, C. Meyer-Seitz, U. Persson and K. Sparrman and by E. Karlsson, L. Swedenborg and C. Hagerman, acting as Agents,

—

the Danish Government, by C. Thorning and M. Wolff, acting as Agents,

—

the German Government, by T. Henze and J. Möller, acting as Agents,

—

the Spanish Government, by L. Banciella Rodríguez-Miñón, acting as Agent,

—

the French Government, by D. Colas and J.-S. Pilczer, acting as Agents,

—

the Italian Government, by G. Palmieri, acting as Agent, and by P. Gentili, avvocato dello Stato,

—

the Netherlands Government, by M. Bulterman and M. Gijzen, acting as Agents,

—

the Portuguese Government, by L. Inez Fernandes and J. Martins da Silva and by M. Rebelo, acting as Agents,

—

the Finnish Government, by J. Heliskoski, acting as Agent,

—

the United Kingdom Government, by L. Christie, acting as Agent, and R. Hill, Barrister,

—

European Commission, by W. Roels and J. Enegren, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the hearing on 22 January 2015,

gives the following

Judgment

1The request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Articles 49 TFEU and 63 TFEU.

2That request has been presented in proceedings between X AB, a company incorporated under Swedish law, and the Skattverket (Tax Authority) concerning the refusal of the latter to grant X AB a deduction in respect of a currency loss resulting from the disposal of holdings for business purposes in a subsidiary based in the United Kingdom.

Swedish law

3Paragraph 13 of Chapter 24 of Law (1229:1999) on income tax (inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229) (‘IL’)) defines the concept of (‘holdings for business purposes’) as follows:

‘A share in a limited company or a cooperative society constitutes a holding for business purposes, if it satisfies the conditions set out in Paragraph 14 and is owned by a legal person (company owning the shares) which is:

1.a Swedish limited company or cooperative society that is not an investment fund,

2.a Swedish non-profit association or foundation not falling within the scope of the provisions on exemptions from tax liability in Chapter 7,

3.a Swedish savings bank,

4.a Swedish mutual insurance undertaking, or

5.a foreign company resident in a State within the European Economic Area analogous to one of the Swedish undertakings referred to in points 1 to 4 above.’

4Paragraph 14 of the same Chapter of the IL provides:

‘the holding for business purposes must be a capital asset and meet one of the following conditions:

1.The holding must not be listed.

2.The total number of voting rights attached to all the shares held by the company owning the shares in the company owned corresponds to at least 10 per cent of the total number of voting rights attached to all the shares in that company.

3.The share is held for the purpose of the activities of the holding company or by an undertaking which, having regard to the conditions of ownership or of organisation, can be regarded as being close to that company.

…’

5Chapter 25a of IL, concerning shares held for business purposes, provides in paragraph 5:

‘A capital gain shall be taxed only in the circumstances set out in paragraph 9.

…

(2) A capital loss may be deducted only if a corresponding capital gain must be taxed.

…’

6Under the combined provisions of Articles 9 and 18 of Chapter 25a, by way of derogation from the general rule established under Article 5 of that Chapter, capital gains on holdings for business purposes are subject to corporation tax when the transfer concerns holdings in a front company or certain types of acquisition.

The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for preliminary ruling

7During the year 2003, X AB, which has its seat in Sweden, formed a subsidiary in the United Kingdom, Y Ltd, whose shares were issued in US dollars.

8Between 2003 and 2009, Y Ltd received capital contributions by means of issues reserved to X AB. The latter then, on two occasions, transferred shares it held in Y Ltd to its own parent company. Following those transfers, X AB held approximately 45% of the shares in Y Ltd in the form of capital and of voting rights.

9It is not disputed that those shares are ‘holdings for business purposes’ within the meaning of paragraph 13 of Chapter 24 of IL.

10X AB, wishing to put an end to Y Ltd’s activities, planned to transfer those shares. This transaction, however, presented a risk of currency loss owing to the fact that, between the years 2003 and 2009, X AB had contributed capital, in cash, to Y Ltd at an exchange rate more favourable than that existing at the time of the transfers. X AB therefore first investigated whether that potential loss was deductible but was confronted with the Swedish tax law, in accordance with which capital losses on ‘holdings for business purposes’ are not, in principle, deductible from the basis of assessment for corporation tax.

11X AB therefore requested a ruling from the Skatterättsnämnden (Revenue Law Commission) on whether such an exclusion was compatible with EU Law when it applied to a capital loss resulting from a currency loss on a ‘holding for business purposes’ in a company resident in another Member State of the European Union.

12In a ruling on 18 March 2013, the Skatterättsnämnden replied in the negative, on the grounds that, in Swedish tax law, neither capital gains nor capital losses on the shares constituting ‘holdings for business purposes’ are, in principle, taken into account in the calculation of the basis of assessment for corporation tax.

13X AB contested that decision before the Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen (Supreme Administrative Court).

14In support of its request before the national court, X AB in essence contended that, on account of the Swedish legislation, the investments that it made in Y Ltd were more risky than comparable domestic investments. Its argument is based mainly on the idea that an investment in Swedish Krona made in a Swedish limited company would not be subject to any uncertainty equivalent to the exchange risk to which an investment in another Member State can be subject. The Swedish tax system would, on that account, constitute an impediment to the free movement of capital and to the freedom of establishment, as the Court held in the judgment in Deutsche Shell (C‑293/06, EU:C:2008:129 ) the reasoning in which can be applied to the case in the main proceedings.

15In those circumstances, the Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

‘Do Article 49 TFEU and Article 63 TFEU preclude national legislation under which the Member State in which an undertaking is resident does not permit that undertaking to deduct a currency loss inherent in a capital loss on its holdings for business purposes in a company resident in another Member State, when the Member State of residence of the first undertaking applies a system that does not take into account the capital gains and losses on such holdings in the calculation of the basis of assessment for tax?’

The question referred for a preliminary ruling

Preliminary observations

The existence of a restriction of the freedom of establishment

26By its question the national court asks, in essence, whether Article 49 TFEU is to be interpreted as precluding tax legislation of a Member State that exempts capital gains on holdings from corporation tax and, by the same token, excludes the deduction of capital losses in respect of such holdings, even where such losses result from currency losses.

28It is also settled case-law that all measures which prohibit, impede or render less attractive the exercise of the freedom of establishment must be regarded as such restrictions (see judgments in National Grid Indus , C‑371/10, EU:C:2011:785 , paragraph 36; DI. VI. Finanziaria di Diego della Valle & C ., C‑380/11, EU:C:2012:552 , paragraph 33; and Bouanich , C‑375/12, EU:C:2014:138 , paragraph 58).

29The Court has held that such restrictive effects may arise in particular where, on account of a tax law, a company may be deterred from setting up subsidiary bodies such as permanent establishments in other Member States and from carrying on its activities through such bodies (judgments in Marks & Spencer , C‑446/03, EU:C:2005:763 , paragraphs 32 and 33; Keller Holding , Case C‑471/04, EU:C:2006:143 , paragraph 35; and Deutsche Shell , C‑293/06, EU:C:2008:129 , paragraph 29).

30In that regard it is to be observed that the Swedish tax law at issue in the main proceedings excludes, in principle, from the calculation of corporation tax capital gains realised on the transfer of ‘holdings for business purposes’, for the purposes of the IL. Likewise, that legislation does not provide for any deduction of capital losses incurred in such operations, irrespective of whether the companies whose ‘holdings for business purposes’ are transferred or are not established in Sweden.

31Accordingly, capital losses on the transfer of ‘holdings for business purposes’ having their origin in a currency loss cannot be deducted either in the situation in which, as in the case in the main proceedings, the shares are held in a company established in another Member State or in that in which they are held in a company established in Sweden — whether the capital of the latter be denominated in Swedish Krona or in any other currency permitted by the national legislation.

36That finding cannot be called into question by the statements in the judgment in Deutsche Shell (C‑293/06, EU:C:2008:129 ) which X AB relies upon.

37In that judgment, the Court ruled that the provisions of the FEU Treaty concerning freedom of establishment preclude a Member State from excluding, for the determination of the national basis of assessment, a currency loss incurred by a company, having its registered office in that State, at the time of the repatriation of endowment capital that it had allocated to a permanent establishment belonging to it situated in another Member State.

38However, the Court reached that conclusion in a legal context different from that arising from the application of the national law in the main proceedings. As the referring court observed, the national legislation at issue in the case giving rise to the judgment in Deutsche Shell (C‑293/06, EU:C:2008:129 ) provided that, as a general rule, currency gains were taxed and, at the same time, currency losses were deductible unless a convention to prevent double taxation stipulated otherwise.

39However, that is not the case in the main proceedings, since, as has been stated at paragraph 30 above, the Swedish tax law at issue in the main proceedings is, in principle, indifferent to the results of capital transactions on ‘holdings for business purposes’, in respect of which the Kingdom of Sweden has chosen, as a general rule, not to exercise its powers of taxation.

Costs

42Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:

Article 49 of the TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that it does not preclude the tax legislation of a Member State which, in principle, exempts capital gains on holdings for business purposes from corporation tax and, by the same token, excludes the deduction of capital losses on such holdings, even where those capital losses are due to currency losses.

[Signatures]

( *1 ) Language of the case: Swedish.