THIRD SECTION

CASE OF KAVKAZSKIY AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA

(Applications nos. 76201/17 and 6 others –

see appended list)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

13 January 2022

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Kavkazskiy and Others v. Russia,

The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:

Peeter Roosma, President, Dmitry Dedov, Andreas Zünd, judges, and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 9 December 2021,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

2. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.

THE FACTS

4. The applicants complained of the unlawful detention (deprivation of liberty). Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.

THE LAW

5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.

6. The applicants complained principally of the unlawful detention (deprivation of liberty). They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

Article 5 § 1

“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:

...

(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; ...”

7. In the leading cases of Fortalnov and Others v. Russia, nos. 7077/06 and 12 others, 26 June 2018, Rozhkov v. Russia (no. 2), no. 38898/04, §§ 91-96, 31 January 2017, Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, § 67, 13 February 2018, Kuptsov and Kuptsova v. Russia, no. 6110/03, § 81, 3 March 2011 and Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 121-22, 10 April 2018, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.

8. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the Government have not put forward any fact or argument capable of persuading the Court to reach a different conclusion in the present case, where the police arrested the applicants and detained them pending the preparation of the administrative offence file, while no evidence that it was impracticable to compile the offence record on the spot was provided. The Court finds that the escorting of the applicants to the police station and their ensuing detention did not comply with Russian law and were therefore not “lawful” within the meaning of Article 5 § 1.

9. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

10. In some applications the applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in Karelin v. Russia (no. 926/08, §§ 60-84, 20 September 2016) and Frumkin v. Russia (no. 74568/12, § 168, 5 January 2016).

11. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

12. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Biryuchenko and Others v. Russia, [Committee], nos. 1253/04 and 2 others, § 96, 11 December 2014), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. It therefore dismisses the remainder of the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction.

13. The Court further considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

Done in English, and notified in writing on 13 January 2022, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Viktoriya Maradudina Peeter Roosma

Acting Deputy Registrar President

APPENDIX

List of applications raising complaints under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention

(unlawful detention (deprivation of liberty))

No.

Application no.

Date of introduction

Applicant’s name

Year of birth

Representative’s name and location

Start date of unauthorised detention

End date of unauthorised detention

Specific defects

Other complaints under

well-established case-law

Amount awarded for pecuniary and

non-pecuniary damage per applicant

(in euros) [1]

76201/17

06/09/2017

Nikolay Yuryevich KAVKAZSKIY

1986Glushkova Tatyana Sergeyevna

Moscow

17/05/2015, 17:30

17/05/2015, 19:45

Detention as an administrative suspect: no evidence/assessment of “exceptional circumstances” under Art. 27.3 § 1 CAO (see Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-64, 13 February 2018; Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others,

§§ 121-22, 10 April 2018)

3,000

2397/18

29/12/2017

Yevgeniy Dmitriyevich MIRONOV

1991MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre

Moscow

26/03/2017, 15:15

26/03/2017, 19:30

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect: no evidence/assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record (Art. 27.2 § 1 CAO) and achieve the objectives set out in Art. 27.1 CAO, e.g. to establish the suspect’s identity (see Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, § 34, 8 October 2019; Ryabinina and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 50271/06 and 8 other applications, § 35, 2 July 2019)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent (Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08,

20 September 2016)

Art. 6 (1) and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses – Domestic court denied the applicant’s motion to examine the witness in his case, a police officer, on whose written statements his conviction was based. The applicant unsuccessfully challenged this decision on appeal

3,900

3075/18

08/12/2017

Mikhail Aleksandrovich SMIRNOV

1996Peredruk Aleksandr Dmitriyevich

St Petersburg

12/06/2017, 15:30

13/06/2017, evening

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect: no evidence/assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record (Art. 27.2 § 1 CAO) and achieve the objectives set out in Art. 27.1 CAO, e.g. to establish the suspect’s identity (see Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, § 34, 8 October 2019; Ryabinina and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 50271/06 and 8 other applications, § 35, 2 July 2019)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent ( Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08,

20 September 2016)

3,900

37542/18

02/08/2018

Sergey Mikhaylovich YAKOVLEV

1986MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre

Moscow

12/06/2017, 15:00

13/06/2017, 03:00

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect for the purpose of drawing up an offence record: no written record of the administrative escorting was drawn up (Art. 27.2 § 3 CAO) (see Timishev v. Russia [Committee], no. 47598/08, § 21,

28 November 2017)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent ( Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08,

20 September 2016)

3,900

37545/18

02/08/2018

Maksim Igorevich CHUMAKOV

1981MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre

Moscow

12/06/2017, 15:15

12/06/2017, 20:30

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect for the purpose of drawing up an offence record: no written record of the administrative escorting was drawn up (Art. 27.2 § 3 CAO) (see Timishev v. Russia [Committee], no. 47598/08, § 21,

28 November 2017)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent ( Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08,

20 September 2016)

Art. 6 (1) and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses – Domestic court denied the applicant’s motion to examine the witness in his case, a police officer, on whose written statements his conviction was based. The applicant unsuccessfully challenged this decision on appeal

3,900

43664/18

03/09/2018

Arsenijs LISTOVS

1990MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre

Moscow

12/06/2017, 16:42

12/06/2017, 23:20

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect for the purpose of drawing up an offence record: no written record of the administrative escorting was drawn up (Art. 27.2 § 3 CAO) (see Timishev v. Russia [Committee], no. 47598/08, § 21,

28 November 2017)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent ( Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08,

20 September 2016)

Art. 6 (1) and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses – Domestic court denied the applicant’s motion to examine the witness in his case, a police officer, on whose written statements his conviction was based. The applicant unsuccessfully challenged this decision on appeal

3,900

43669/18

03/09/2018

Timur Marsovich ALMAYEV

1994MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre

Moscow

12/06/2017, 15:10

12/06/2017, 20:00

Applicant taken to the police station as an administrative suspect for the purpose of drawing up an offence record: no written record of the administrative escorting was drawn up (Art. 27.2 § 3 CAO) (see Timishev v. Russia [Committee], no. 47598/08, § 21,

28 November 2017)

Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings – Domestic courts denied the applicant’s motion to ensure the participation of the prosecutor in the administrative proceedings, the prosecutor was absent ( Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08,

20 September 2016).

Art. 6 (1) and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses – Domestic court denied the applicant’s motion to examine the witness in his case, a police officer, on whose written statements his conviction was based. The applicant unsuccessfully challenged this decision on appeal

3,900

[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.