THIRD SECTION

CASE OF KORNEYEVA v. RUSSIA

( Application no. 72051/17 )

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

8 October 2019

FINAL

24/02/2020

This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.

In the cas e of Korneyeva v. Russia ,

The European Court of Human Rights ( Third Section ), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

Vincent A. De Gaetano, President, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque, Dmitry Dedov , Branko Lubarda , Alena Poláčková , María Elósegui , Gilberto Felici , judges, and Stephen Phillips , Section Registrar ,

Having deliberated in private on 10 September 2019 ,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1 . The case originated in an application (no. 72051/17) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Russian n ational, Ms Katerina Olegovna Korneyeva (“t he applicant”), on 2 1 September 2017 .

2 . The applicant was represented by Mr A leksandr Dmitriyevich Peredruk , a lawyer practising in St Petersburg, Russia . The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr M. Galperin , Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights.

3 . The applicant alleged, in particular, that her administrative escorting and arrest had been unlawful , that she had not been given a fair hearing by an impartial tribunal and that there had been a violation of the ne bis in idem principle.

4 . On 23 February 2018 the Government were given notice of the complaints under Article 5 § 1 and Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention and Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 § 3 of the Rules of Court .

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

5 . The applicant was born in 1996 and lives in St Petersburg, Russia .

6 . On 12 June 2017 a protest rally (involving some 1,000 people) was held at the Marsovo Pole in St Petersburg. The app licant was present at the venue with a friend but, according to her, did not take part in the rally (see paragraph 12 below) .

A. The applicant ’ s arrest and pre-trial proceedings

7 . According to the applicant, she was deprived of her liberty at 2.10 p.m., when the police and the National Guard surrounded the people gathered at the Marsovo Pole by way of a “ ke ttling technique”. The applicant was “trapped” within the circle and could not leave.

8 . The applicant was then apprehended and placed in a bus. At 2.50 p.m . she was escorted to the police station by police officer K. , who then compiled an escort record. It indicated that the applicant had been escorted to the police station “ in order to compile an offence record”. The escort record also stated as follows :

“[The applicant] was voluntarily present among some 1,000 people, with the aim of publicly expressing her opinion and influencing others in relation to acute political issues of public interest concerning ‘ total intolerance toward corruption ’ ... She was a participant in a public event which had not be en approved by the authorities ... Together with other participants standing less than ten metr e s from her, she uttered the slogans ‘ Putin is a thief ’ or ‘ We are fed up with Putin ’ , thereby taking part in a non ‑ notified rally ... Officer S. repeatedly informed the participants, including the applicant, via loudspeaker that [the y ] were violating section 6 ( 3 ) of the Public Events Act and ordered them to stop the rally and disperse ... Being afforded no less than five minutes, [the applicant] did not c omply with those lawful orders ... ”

9 . Officer K. also compiled a report ( рапорт ) to his superior officer . This report was worded in a way that was s imilar to the wording used by Officer K. Nearly identical reports were submitted by Officers A. and S . All three officers were interviewed by another official; the written record of their interviews was worded in terms that were similar or identical to those in the above -mentioned reports.

10 . A r ecord of offences under Articles 19.3 § 1 (failure to comply with a lawful order of an official in connection with the exercise of his duties) and 20.2 § 5 (violation by a participant of the procedure for a public event) of the F ederal Code of Administrative Offences ( “the CAO ” ) was compiled and the applicant had access to it at 9.55 p.m. Before or after that, a record of administrative arrest was compiled in relation to the offence under Article 19.3 of the CAO, indicating that the arrest had been necessary in order to ensure “the correct and exp edient examination of the case ” .

11 . The applicant spent the night in the police station. It appears that at around 6 p.m. the next day she was taken to the Vasileostrovskiy District Court of St Petersburg. However, a judge adjourned the case . According to a note in the arrest record, the applicant was released at 7.54 p.m. on 13 June 2017.

B. Trials on 16 June 2017

12 . On 16 June 2017 judge K. of the Vasil eostrovskiy District Court of S t Petersburg examined, in turn, two cases against the applicant. T he applicant and her lawyer were present at the trial hearing s and made oral submissions to the court s . The applicant pleaded not guilty. According to her, on 12 June 2017 (which was Russia Day, an official holiday) she had been having a walk with a friend at the Marsovo Pole; she had not been in possession of any banners, flags or the like, and had not uttered any slogans; she had see n some people with flags, at a distance from her; she had not heard any order to disperse.

13 . The trial court dismissed an application lodged by the defence to have a public prosecutor summoned to the hearing in order to support the charge against the applicant.

14 . By two separate judgments of 16 June 2017 judge K. found the applicant guilty of the offences under Articles 19.3 § 1 , and fined her 500 Russian roubles (RUB), and 20.2 § 5 of the CAO and fine d her RUB 10,000 (EUR 7 and 140 at the time when the fines were due (29 June 2017)) .

C . Appeal hearings on 29 June 2017

15 . The applicant appealed to the St Petersburg City Court . She argued, inter alia , that the alleged disobedience to the order to stop her participation in the rally might be an aggravating circumstance to weigh within the offence under Article 20.2 of the CAO. However, it could not amount to a separate offence, without violating the principle of ne bis in idem . In her appeal relating to Article 20.2 of the CAO, the applicant argued that the overall set of facts held against her in both cases was identical; the offence record for both offences was worded in identical terms, too.

16 . The applicant also argued that the trial proceedings had been unfair in that her conviction had been based on the pre-trial statements given by the police officers , whereas the defence had been afforded no opportunity to examine them; the trial court had adduced no reasons confirm ing that the reliance on the written testimony without providing the defence with a possibility of contest ing it in open court had been a measure of last resort.

17 . Both cases were assigned to J udge L. of the City Court. On 29 June 2017 that judge examined the case s in turn. It is, however, unclear in which order the two cases were examined . The appeal court upheld the judgments of 16 June 2017.

18 . The appeal decision in the case relating to Article 20.2 of the CAO dismissed the ne bis in idem argument, indicating that that Article concerned liability for violating regulations on public events , whereas Article 19.3 of the CAO concerned liability for disobedience to lawful orders from a public official. As to the arguments relating to the refusal to summon the police officers, the appeal court held as follows:

“ The trial court took cognisance of the evidence adduced by the defence, namely a photograph and a video recording. Having assessed them, the court rightly concluded that they did not rebut the other evidence and did not plead in favour of the defendant ’ s innocence because they disclosed that the defendant had been present in the group of other people and had been apprehended by the police ...

The defence argued that the trial court had relied on the documentary evidence while refusing to summon a nd examine the police officers ... Those arguments do not disclose a violation of the defendant ’ s right to a fair judgment. It was within the trial judge ’ s competence to determine the scope of evidence that was needed for determining the charge. The trial judge examined all the available evidence; there were no reasons for seeking additional evidence, the available evidence being sufficient for establishing all the relevant circumstances of the case.”

19 . The appeal decision relating to Article 19.3 of the CAO reads as follows:

“There are no grounds to consider that the defendant was tried twice, under Article 20.2 and Article 19.3 of the CAO, for the same actions. Article 20.2 provides for liability in relation to breaching the regulations relating to public events, whereas Article 19.3 of the CAO concerns liability for disobedience to lawful orders from a public official ...

As to the arguments relating to the non-compliance with the European Convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms in relation to recourse to the arrest procedure, it is noted that Article 27.1 of the CAO provides for certain measures that could be applied to put a n end to an offence, identifying a perpetrator, compiling an offence record, ensuring timely and correct examination of a case, or ensuring execution of a decision taken in that case. Administrative arrest is listed as one such measure ... It follows from the meaning of Article 27.3 § 1 of the CAO that it is possible to use administrative arrest, inter alia , for the purpose of ensuring the correct and expedient examination of a case. Thus, the defendant ’ s administrative arrest was in compliance with the CAO and international law ... ”

II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE

A. Provisions relating to public event s

20 . Section 6(3) of the Public Events Act provides that during the public event its participants must comply with lawful orders of the organisers of the public event, representatives of the competent regional or municipal authorities, and law ‑ enforcement officials; maintain public order and follow the schedule of the public event.

21 . Section 6(4) of the Act provides that during the public event the participants are not allowed to hide their faces by way of using masks or other means for impeding their identification; to possess firearms or other objects that may be used as weapons; to be intoxicated.

B . Provisions relating to double jeopardy

23 . Where there are several records of administrative offences in respect of the same person, each record is submitted to a court to be examined separately. A court issues a separate judgment in respect of each related offence (Article 4.4 § 1 of the CAO and Ruling No. 5 of 24 March 2005 by the Plenary Supreme Court of Russia (paragraph 4(8) ) . Where one (in )action on the part of the defendant concern s several offences under different Articles of the CAO and which fall within the jurisdiction of the same court, an administrative sentence is imposed with reference to the strict est statutory penalty. Where there are grounds for imposing a sentence in accordance with the rule set out in Article 4.4 § 2, the cases should be joined and examined in one set of proceeding s resulting in a single judgment (paragraph 4(9) of the Ruling).

24 . Article 19.3 § 1 of the CAO provides that the following conduct is punishable with a fine of from RUB 500 to 1,000 or administrative detention for up to fifteen day s : ( i ) non-compliance with a lawful order or request made by a police officer, a military officer, a detention facility officer or a National Guard officer, in connection with the exercise of his or her duties relating to securing public order and public safety; (ii) resistance to those officers in the exercise of their official duties.

“[The defendant] was prosecuted on the ground s that as a participant in a non ‑ notified public event, she had not complied with lawful orders of a police officer requiring her to cease her part icipation in that public event ... In the present case [Article 20.2 § 5 of the CAO] is lex specialis vis-à-vis Article 19.3 § 1 of the CAO ... Thus, the [defendant ’ s] conduct does not constitute corpus delicti under that provision ... At the same time, it is not possible in the present case to reclassify the defendant ’ s actions for the following re asons ... Reclassification from one Article of the CAO to another is possible when the type of object protected by those provisions ( единый родовой объект посягательства ) is the same and where a new senten c e would not worsen the position of the defendant ... Articles 19.3 and 20.2 are contained in different Chapters of the CAO . .. and protect different types of objects ... Article 20.2 § 5 provides for a strict er sentence than Article 19.3 § 1 ... Pursuant to Article 4.1 § 5 of the CAO, no one should be found liable more than once for t he same administrative offence ... ”

C . Administrative arrest

27 . The Constitutional Court of Russia has ruled that a dministrative arrest must be effected in compliance with the goals listed in subparagraph (c) of Article 5 § 1, that is it must be effected for the purpose of bringing an individual before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or if it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent him or her from committing an offence or fleeing after having done so (Ruling N o. 9-P of 16 June 2009) . For an arrest to be lawful, an assessment must be made of the essential features affecting “lawfulness”, which includes assessment of whether the measure was justified ( обоснованной ) in view of the goals pursued and whether it was necessary and reasonable ( разумной ) in the specific circumstances of the situation in which it was carried out . Administrative arrest is lawful if it can be justified on account of the nature of the offence and is necessary for ensuring the execution of a judgment in an administrative ‑ offence case (Decision N o. 1049-O of 2 July 2013 by the Constitutional Court). The assessment of the reasons and grounds listed in the record of administrative arrest ( in so far as it was relevant in the context of a claim for compensation relating to such arrest) includes an assessment of whether arrest was the only possible measure in respect of the defendant (ibid).

28 . For other relevant provisions of domestic law and judicial practice, see Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia , nos. 54381/08 and 5 others , §§ 66-75, 10 April 2018.

THE LAW

I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION

29 . The applicant complained that the administrative escorting and administrative arrest procedures against her had breached Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant parts of which read as follows:

“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:

...

(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; ... ”

A . The parties ’ submissions

1. The Government

30 . T he Government argued that the applicant had not exhausted domestic remedies by way of instituting “ separate proceedings ” , since the matter of administrative arrest was not inseparably linked to the main court decision in proceedings on the administrative charge. As to the legality of her deprivation of liberty, the Government stated that section 13 of the Police Act of 2011 contained the statutory basis on which the police drew up reports relating to administrative offences under Articles 19.3 and 20.2 of the CAO . Article 27.1 of the CAO was the legal provision empowering the police to take a person to a police station in circumstances where it was necessary in order to put an end to an offence. Article 27.2 of the CAO allowed the police to escort a person to a police station where i t was not possible to compile an offence record at the place where the offence had been discovered . The police had had no opportunity to compile a report on the spot because “the place had been full of other participants of the rally”. Moreover, in view of the applicant ’ s active conduct during the rally, the compiling of an offence record on the spot would not have resulted in suppressing the offence. Under Article 27.5 § 3 of the CAO a defendant could be kept for up to forty-eight hours in relation to an offence punishable by detention, such as the offence under Article 19.3 § 1 of the CAO.

2. The applicant

31 . The applicant submitted that the public event had been peaceful and that it participants had behaved in a peaceful manner. She argued that since the police had chosen to place arrestees in buses parked at the rally venue , it had been feasible for them to proceed with the compiling of an offence record on the spot, without waiting until the buses had depart ed , being full or at the end of the rally. As to the aim of putting an end to an offence, the escort record only referred to the statutory aim of compiling an offence record (see paragraph 8 above). The examination of the case in a correct and expedient manner was indicated as the statutory aim of the applicant ’ s administrative arrest (see paragraph 10 above). However, n either any domestic authority nor the Government before th e Court put forward any justification as to why the case had been considered “exceptional” within the meaning of Article 27.3 of the CAO, in order to justify the arrest procedure, in particular after the offence record had been compiled at around 8 p.m. on 12 June 2017 . Notably, by that time the rally had been fully dispersed. Overall, the Government ’ s new arguments , first put forward before the Court , could not make up for the lack of reasoning that the domestic authorities should have provided.

B . The Court ’ s assessment

1. Admissibility

32 . As to the exhaustion of remedies, the Government have not specified what specific course of action the applicant ought to have taken in 2017 following her conviction and the CAO courts ’ findings relating to the legality of her administrative arrest (see paragraph 19 above) and whether it offered any p r ospect of success. Thus the Government ’ s argument is dismissed as unsubstantiated.

33 . The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

2 . Merits

II. ALLEGED VIOLATION S OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION

37 . The applicant complained of violation s of Article 6 of the Convention in both cases against her, on account of the lack of a prosecuting party at the trial hearings and the restrictions on the defence ’ s ability to contest the adverse written evidence, in particular by way of examining three police officer s .

38 . The relevant parts of Article 6 of the Convention read as follows:

“1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitle d to a fair and public hearing ...

3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:

...

(d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same condit ions as witnesses against him; ... ”

39 . The Government submitted that t he defence had been afforded an opportunity to contest the adverse evidence , as well as to study the case file, lodge applications and put forward a defence.

40 . The applicant maintained her complaints.

A . Admissibility

41 . The Court notes that th e complaint s are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. Th ey must therefore be declared admissible.

B . Merits

42 . A s regards the requirement of objective impartiality, the Court has previously examined this matter and has found a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention on account of the lack of a prosecuting party in the context of oral hearings resulting in the determination of administrative charges (see Karelin v. Russia , no. 926/08 , §§ 69-84 , 20 September 2016 , and Butkevich , §§ 82-84 , cited above ; see also Mikhaylova v. Ukraine , no. 10644/08 , § § 62-67 , 6 March 2018). The Court notes that the essential factual and legal elements of t he present case and the case of Karelin ( cited above, §§ 59-68) are similar. The factual circumstances or the parties ’ submissions in the present case disclose no reason for the Court to depart from its earlier judgment s . There has therefore been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention on account of the requirement of objective impartiality as regards the trial hearings in two cases against the applicant .

43 . I n view of the above finding in respect of both sets of proceedings and the nature and scope of the findings under Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention below in respect of one set of those proceedings , the Court finds it possible , in the particular context of the present case, to dispense with a separate examination of the merits of the remaining complaints relating to the overall fairness of the proceedings.

I II . ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 4 OF PROTOCOL N o . 7 TO THE CONVENTION

44 . The applicant argued that her conviction for two offences disclosed a violation of Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention , the relevant part of which reads as follows:

“1. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again in criminal proceedings under the jurisdiction of the same State for an offence for which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted in accordance with the law an d penal procedure of that State ... ”

A. The parties ’ submissions

45 . The Government argued that the actus reus differed as regards Article 19.3 and Article 20.2 of the CAO: the first one p unish ed disobedience to a lawful order by a public official, the second punished a breach of the established procedure for public events. Moreover, the offences were placed in different chapters of the CAO, the first one under the heading of offences against the rules relating to government , and the second one in relation to preventing disorder and ensuring public safety . In any event, on the facts of the present case the applicant had been charged with different offences: in the first case she had been accused of disobedience to a police order to cease her participation in an unlawful rally, and in the second case she had been charged with participation in th at unlawful rally.

46 . The applicant argued that she had been prosecuted and sentenced twice in relation to the same facts. The wording of the offence record for each case and the adverse reports issued by the police officers and then used in evidence against her had been worded in identical terms . Her position in the present case had been recently confirmed by the Plenary Supreme Court in June 2018 and in at least one follow-up case (see paragraph s 25 and 26 above).

B. The Court ’ s assessment

1. Admissibility

(a) Preliminary consideration s

47 . The applicant was convicted of two offences i n two separate sets of proceedings on the same date. O n a later date , her appeals were examined consecutively in two separate sets of appeal hearings , as required by the CAO (see paragraphs 17 and 23 above).

48 . The Court reiterates that the guarantee enshrined in Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention is activated vis-à-vis a new or another prosecution, where a prior acquittal or conviction ha s already acquired the force of res judicata . Thus, prior to delving into admissibility issues, the Court finds it pertinent to determine the point of such finality, with reference to the applicable Russian law. Judgments “ enter ed into force” within the meaning of the Russian CAO after expiry of the period for an appeal or following delivery of an appeal decision on the merits of the charge. The applicant appealed and the appellate courts issue d decisions on the appeal s . Those decisions had the force of res judicata under the CAO , so the issue under Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 should be determined with reference to them as a starting point in the present case.

49 . The Court observes that the two sets of proceedings were initiated and then pursued, up to the appeal stage, in parallel. The object of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 is to prevent the injustice of a person ’ s being prosecuted or punished twice for the same criminalised conduct. It does not, however, outlaw legal systems which take an “integrated” approach to the social wrongdoing in question, and in particular an approach involving parallel stages of legal response to the wrongdoing by different authorities and for different purposes (see A and B v. Norway [GC], nos. 24130/11 and 29758/11, § 23, 15 November 2016). However, in the present case, the second set of proceeding s continue d after the delivery of the appeal decision in the first set of proceedings on 29 June 2017 , albeit for a relatively short period (see paragraph 17 above).

( b ) Six- month rule

50 . I n so far as it falls within its jurisdiction, the Court will now examine whether the applicant has complied with the six-month rule under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention.

51 . Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention applies when a final judgment in one of two cases was already obtained (for instance, on account of the delivery of an appeal decision in that case upholding the conviction as a whole or in part , or discontinuing the proceedings) , while the proceedings in the second case continue . Thus, a related complaint should be lodged before this Court , at the latest, within six months of the date on which a final judgment has been obtained in the second case or when the applicant first became aware of it.

52 . In the present case, a final judgment in the first case was obtained on 29 June 2017, immediately prior to the appeal hearing in the second case that resulted in an appeal decision on the same date. The applicant then lodged a complaint before the Court on 21 September 2017. Thus, she has complied with the six-month rule.

( c ) Compatibility ratione materiae

( d ) Other admissibility criteria and conclusion

54 . The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

2. Merits

(a) General principles and the applicable approach

55 . Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 is understood as prohibiting the prosecution or trial of a second “offence” in so far as it arose from identical facts or facts which were substantially the same (see Marguš v. Croatia [GC] , no. 4455/10, § 114, ECHR 2014 ( extracts )).

56 . States should be able legitimately to choose complementary legal responses to socially offensive conduct (such as non-compliance with road ‑ traffic regulations or non-payment/evasion of taxes) through different procedures forming a coherent whole so as to address different aspects of the social problem involved, provided that the accumulated legal responses do not represent an excessive burden for the individual concerned (see A and B v. Norway , cited above, § 121). In cases raising an issue under Article 4 of Protocol No. 7, it should be determined whether the specific national measure complained of entails, in substance or in effect, double jeopardy to the detriment of the individual or whether, in contrast, it is the product of an integrated system enabling different aspects of the wrongdoing to be addressed in a foreseeable and proportionate manner forming a coherent whole, so that the individual concerned is not thereby subjected to injustice ( ibid., § 12 2 ) . The object of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 is to prevent the injustice of a person ’ s being prosecuted or punished twice for the same criminalised conduct. It does not, however, outlaw legal systems which take an “integrated” approach to the social wrongdoing in question, in particular an approach involving parallel stages of legal response to the wrongdoing by different authorities and for different purposes ( ibid., § 123).

57 . Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 does not exclude the conduct of dual proceedings, provided that certain conditions are fulfilled. In particular, for the Court to be satisfied that there is no duplication of trial or punishment ( bis ) as proscribed by Article 4 of Protocol No. 7, the respondent State must demonstrate convincingly that the dual proceedings in question were “sufficiently closely connected in substance and in time”. In other words, it must be shown that they were combined in an integrated manner so as to form a coherent whole. This implies not only that the purposes pursued and the means used to achieve them should in essence be complementary and linked in time, but also that the possible consequences of organising the legal treatment of the conduct concerned in such a manner should be proportionate and foreseeable for the persons affected ( ibid., § 130). As regards the conditions to be satisfied in order for dual criminal and administrative proceedings to be regarded as sufficiently connected in substance and in ti me and thus compatible with the bis criterion in Article 4 of Protocol No. 7, the material factors for determining whether there was a sufficiently close connection in substance include:

- whether the different proceedings pursue complementary purposes and thus address ed , not only in abstracto but also in concreto , different aspects of the social misconduct involved;

- whether the duality of proceedings concerned was a foreseeable consequence, both in law and in practice, of the same impugned conduct ( idem );

- whether the relevant sets of proceedings were conducted in such a manner as to avoid as far as possible any duplication in the collection as well as the assessment of the evidence, notably through adequate interaction between the various competent authorities to bring about that the establishment of facts in one set is also used in the other set;

- and, above all, whether the sanction imposed in the proceedings which bec a me final first was taken into account in those which bec a me final last, so as to prevent the individual concerned from being in the end made to bear an excessive burden ; this latter risk is least likely to be present where there is in place an offsetting mechanism designed to ensure that the overall amount of any penalties imposed is proportionate (ibid., §§ 130-31) .

(b) Application of the principles in the present case

59 . The Court notes in this connection that under the Russian CAO, no one must be found administratively liable twice for the same administrative offence. Proceedings under the CAO should not be initiated or, if initiated, should be discontinued where there is no corpus delicti or where a decision is made to impose a sentence or to discontinue the proceedings on account of the same unlawful acts by the same person, in so far as the offence is proscribed by the same Article(s) of the CAO (see paragraph 22 above). The present case concern s prosecution under two different Articles of the CAO.

60 . T he Court has taken note of the position adopted in June 2018 by the Plenary Supreme Court of Russia in relation to dual charges brought under Articles 20.2 § 5 and 19.3 § 1 of the CAO against a demonstrator on account of participation in a public event and non-compliance with a police order to cease such participation (and disperse). Relying on the lex specialis rule, the Supreme Court stated that in this specific context, only prosecution under Article 20.2 § 5 would be lawful under Russian law (see paragraph 25 above). The Plenary Supreme Court did not rely on the ne bis in idem principle in that connection. However, in at least one subsequent decision, a reviewing court relied on the above ruling and also mentioned, albeit without any further detail, the CAO provision relating to the ban on the duplication of prosecution under the CAO (see paragraph 26 above for an example of a case in which conviction was quashed by way of the review procedure under Article 30.12 of the CAO ).

61 . The Court has taken note of those recent developments in the domestic case-law. It notes, however, that the above legal position was first articulated in June 2018, that is after the appeal decisions in the applicant ’ s cases in June 2017 and after her lodging an application before this Court in September 2017 .

63 . H aving regard to its own case-law under Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention, the Court concludes that the applicant became “liable to be tried or punished again” once a final judgment in one of the two cases had been obtained, in this instance , once the appeal decision in that case had been delivered in relation to the facts that were substantially the same to those at the heart of the first proceedings.

64 . The Court conclude s that the applicant was tried and punished twice for the same “ offence ” .

I V . APPLICATION OF ARTICLE S 41 AND 46 OF THE CONVENTION

A. Article 46 of the Convention

66 . Article 46 of the Convention reads as follows:

“1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties.

2. The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution.”

67 . Under Article 46 of the Convention the Contracting Parties have undertaken to abide by the final judgments of the Court in cases to which they are parties, execution being supervised by the Comm ittee of Ministers. It follows, inter alia , that a judgment in which the Court finds a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto imposes on the respondent State the legal obligation not just to pay those concerned the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction pursuant to Article 41 of the Convention but also to choose, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the general and/or, if necessary, individual measures which it considers appropriate to incorporate into domestic law in order to put an end to the violation found by the Court and to redress as far as possible the effects. It is primarily for the State concerned to choose, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the means to be used under its domestic law to comply with that obligation. However, with a view to helping the respondent State in that task, the Court may seek to indicate the type of individual and/or general measures that might be taken in order to put an end to the situation it has found to exist (see , as a recent authority, Navalnyy , cited above, § 182 ).

68 . As to Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention, the Court notes that there are over one hundred applications pending before it which raise similar issues, mostly, in an identical legal context or in relation to other paragraphs of Articles 19.3 and 20.2 of the CAO or other Articles of the CAO.

69 . In the present case t he Court has found violations of , inter alia , Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention on account of the duplication of prosecution in two sets of proceedings , under Article 20.2 § 5 and Article 19.3 § 1 of the CAO . The Court notes in this connection that unlike the other procedural codes of the Russian Federation, the CAO contains no specific provision setting out grounds and a procedure for re ‑ examining the relevant court decisions (reopening the relevant proceedings) on account of this Court ’ s finding of a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto (see also Bukreyev v. Russia [Committee], no. 60646/13, §§ 38-39 , 1 October 2019 ) . T here is nothing before the Court to confirm , to the requisite degree of certainty, that the procedure under Article 30.12 of the CAO, normally applicable for review of final court decisions issued under that Code, may serve that purpose for such “reopening” or “retrial” within the meaning of Article 46 of the Convention, if the applicant requests it. The Court is therefore not satisfied in the present case that there are clear grounds and procedures, as well as a consistent and established practice of applying them, for any such “reopening” or “retrial” under the CAO .

70 . Nevertheless , i t appears that the Plenary Supreme Court ’ s approach in June 2018 about the prosecution to be limited to Article 20.2 § 5 of the CAO is applicable to cases finally decided prior to June 2018 (see paragraph 26 above). I t is noted that in the present case , for instance, no review under Article 30.12 of the CAO has been carried out at a regional level and then before the Supreme Court of Russia (if need be), with reference to the Plenary Supreme Court ’ s approach, so that one of the convictions would be set aside and any persisting consequences of the related prosecution and punishment would be eliminated too (for instance, by way of reimbursement of the fine already paid and/or by way of another adequate redress, in particular as regard other types of penalties already served) (see, mutatis mutandis , Sergey Zolotukhin , cited above, § 83; see also paragraph 26 above).

71 . This being said, as regards cases finally decided domestically prior to June 2018 like the present case, it remains open to the respondent Government to make appropriate use of the available legal avenues which might yield the result mentioned above, namely where it was a conviction under Article 19.3 § 1 of the CAO that gave rise to the ne bis in idem issue.

72 . More generally , i t remains for the respondent Government, together with the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, to consider what measures may be appropriate to facilitate the rapid and effective suppression of a malfunction in the national system of human-rights protection, for instance, by way of further clarifying the scope of the ne bis in idem principle in CAO cases in a manner compatible with the Court ’ s approach in paragraphs 59 , 62 and 63 above and ensuring its practical application within the applicable domestic remedies.

B. Article 41 of the Convention

73 . Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

1 . Damage

74 . The applicant claimed 10,000 euros (EUR) and 1 0 , 5 00 roubles (RUB) in respect of non-pecuniary damage and pecuniary damage (on account of the two fines she had paid ) respectively .

75 . The Government made no specific comment.

77 . T he Court reiterates that its primary role in respect of applications lodged under Article 34 of the Convention is to render justice in individual cases by way of recognising violations of an injured party ’ s rights and freedoms under the Convention and Protocols thereto and, if necessary, by way of affording just satisfaction (see Nagmetov v. Russia [GC], no. 35589/08, § 64, 30 March 2017). A judgment in which the Court finds a breach of the Convention imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation to put an end to the breach and make reparation for its consequences in such a way as to restore as far as possible the situation existing before the breach (ibid . , § 65).

78 . T he Court considers that the finding of a violation is not sufficient to constitute in itself sufficient just satisfaction for any non-pecuniary damage which the applicant may have suffered in relation to Articles 5 § 1 and 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 . Having regard to the nature and scope of the violations found and making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR 3 , 2 5 0 in respect of non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable.

2 . Costs and expenses

80 . The Government have made no specific comment.

81 . According to the Court ’ s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. R egard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria (in particular, the straightforward nature of certain issues raised under the Convention ) and in so far as the expenses are related to the violations found by the Court , the Court considers it reasonable to award EUR 2 , 5 0 0 covering costs under al l heads, to be paid directly to Mr A. D. Peredruk as requested .

3 . Default interest

82 . The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT , UNANIMOUSLY,

1. Declares the complaints under Article 5 § 1 and Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention and Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention admissible;

2 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention;

3 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention on account of the requirement of objective impartiality ;

4. Holds that it is not necessary to examine separately the remaining issues under Article 6 of the Convention;

5 . Holds that there has been a violation of Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention;

6 . Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:

( i ) EUR 3 , 2 5 0 ( three thousand two hundred and fifty euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non - pecuniary damage;

(ii) EUR 2 , 5 00 ( two thousand five hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicant, i n respect of costs and expenses, to be paid to Mr A. D. Peredruk ;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement , simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period , plus three percentage points;

7 . Dismisses the remainder of the applicant ’ s claim for just satisfaction.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 8 October 2019 , pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

             Stephen Phillips Vincent A. De Gaetano Registrar President