Case C-48/07

État belge – Service public fédéral Finances

v

Les Vergers du Vieux Tauves SA

(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour d’appel de Liège)

(Corporation taxes – Directive 90/435/EEC – Status of parent company – Capital holding – Holding of shares in usufruct)

Summary of the Judgment

1. Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court – Limits – Interpretation sought owing to the applicability, to purely internal situations, of provisions of a directive transposed into national law

(Art. 234 EC)

2. Approximation of laws – Common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States – Directive 90/435 – Scope – Parent company – Definition

(EC Treaty; Council Directive 90/435, Art. 3)

1. The Court’s jurisdiction extends, in principle, to questions concerning Community provisions in situations where the facts of the main proceedings are outside the scope of Community law but where those provisions have been rendered applicable by domestic law.

In that respect, even if, in the context of the preliminary ruling proceedings, the referring court does not explicitly state whether and to what extent the judgment of the Court would bind it with regard to the outcome of the main proceedings, the fact that that court has referred a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling and that it establishes, in that question, a connection between the national legislation at issue and Community legislation leads to the conclusion that that judgment will bind the national court. Since the explanations supplied in that respect to the Court do not contain objective information demonstrating clearly that that would not be the case, the argument that the interpretation of Community law requested is only one of the factors to be taken into consideration for the purpose of construing domestic law and that, therefore, the judgment of the Court would not bind the referring court, cannot bring into question the Court’s jurisdiction.

Furthermore, the mere fact that the interpretation to be given by the referring court to a provision of national law transposing a directive does not derive exclusively from the judgment that the Court will be required to deliver does not preclude its jurisdiction to rule on the question referred. In the context of the allocation of judicial functions between national courts and the Court of Justice under Article 234 EC, the latter cannot, in its reply to the national court, take account of the general scheme of the provisions of domestic law which, while referring to Community law, define the extent of that reference. Therefore, consideration of the limits which the national legislature may have placed on the application of Community law to purely internal situations is a matter for domestic law and consequently falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Member State. On the other hand, with regard to Community law, the referring court may not diverge, within the limits of the reference of domestic law back to Community law, from the interpretation provided by the Court.

(see paras 21, 23, 25-27)

2. The concept of a holding in the capital of a company of another Member State within the meaning of Article 3 of Directive 90/435 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States does not include the holding of shares in usufruct. Article 3(1)(a) of Directive 90/435 requires, for the status of parent company to be attributed to a company, that it has a holding in the capital of another company. According to Article 3(1)(b) of that directive, ‘subsidiary’ is to mean the company the capital of which includes that holding. From this it follows that the concept of a ‘holding in the capital’ within the meaning of Article 3 refers back to the legal relationship between the parent company and the subsidiary. It thus follows from the wording of Article 3 that the latter does not provide for the situation in which the parent company transfers to a third party, in this case to a usufructuary, a legal relationship with the subsidiary under which that third party might also be regarded as a parent company.

However, in compliance with the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the Treaty, applicable to cross-border situations, when a Member State, in order to avoid double taxation of dividends received, exempts from tax both the dividends which a resident company receives from another resident company in which it holds shares with full title and those which a resident company receives from another resident company in which it holds shares in usufruct, that Member State must apply, for the purpose of exempting dividends received, the same treatment to dividends received from a company established in another Member State by a resident company holding shares with full title as that which it applies to such dividends received by a resident company which holds shares in usufruct.

(see paras 38, 49, operative part)

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)

22 December 2008 ( * )

(Corporation taxes – Directive 90/435/EEC – Status of parent company – Capital holding – Holding of shares in usufruct)

In Case C‑48/07,

REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC by the Cour d’appel de Liège (Belgium), made by decision of 31 January 2007, received at the Court on 5 February 2007, in the proceedings

État belge – Service public fédéral Finances

v

Les Vergers du Vieux Tauves SA,

THE COURT (Fourth Chamber),

composed of K. Lenaerts, President of the Chamber, T. von Danwitz (Rapporteur), E. Juhász, G. Arestis and J. Malenovský, Judges,

Advocate General: E. Sharpston,

Registrar: K. Sztranc-Sławiczek, Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 14 February 2008,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

– Les Vergers du Vieux Tauves SA, by L. Herve and O. Robijns, avocats,

– the Belgian Government, by L. Van den Broeck, acting as Agent, assisted by G. Vandersanden, avocat,

– the German Government, by M. Lumma and C. Blaschke, acting as Agents,

– the Greek Government, by K. Georgiadis, I. Pouli, Z. Chatzipavlou and S. Alexandridou, acting as Agents,

– the Spanish Government, by M. Muñoz Pérez, acting as Agent,

– the French Government, by G. de Bergues and J.-Ch. Gracia, acting as Agents,

– the Italian Government, by I.M. Braguglia, acting as Agent, assisted by P. Gentili, avvocato dello Stato,

– the Netherlands Government, by H.G. Sevenster and D.J.M. de Grave, acting as Agents,

– the United Kingdom Government, by V. Jackson, acting as Agent, assisted by K. Bacon, Barrister,

– the Commission of the European Communities, by R. Lyal and J.‑P. Keppenne, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 3 July 2008,

gives the following

Judgment

1 The reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 3 of Council Directive 90/435/EEC of 23 July 1990 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States (OJ 1990 L 225, p. 6).

2 The reference has been made in the context of proceedings between Les Vergers du Vieux Tauves SA (‘VVT’) and État belge – Service public fédéral Finances (Belgian State – Public Federal Finance Authority) with regard to the tax treatment by the authorities of the Kingdom of Belgium of dividends received by VVT from NARDA SA (‘NARDA’).

Legal context

Directive 90/435

3 The third recital in the preamble to Directive 90/435 states:

‘… the existing tax provisions which govern the relations between parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States vary appreciably from one Member State to another and are generally less advantageous than those applicable to parent companies and subsidiaries of the same Member State; … cooperation between companies of different Member States is thereby disadvantaged in comparison with cooperation between companies of the same Member State; … it is necessary to eliminate this disadvantage by the introduction of a common system in order to facilitate the grouping together of companies’.

4 Articles 3 and 4 of that directive provide:

‘ Article 3

1. For the purposes of applying this Directive:

(a) the status of parent company shall be attributed at least to any company of a Member State which fulfils the conditions set out in Article 2 and has a minimum holding of 25% in the capital of a company of another Member State fulfilling the same conditions;

(b) “subsidiary” shall mean that company the capital of which includes the holding referred to in (a).

2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States shall have the option of:

– replacing, by means of bilateral agreement, the criterion of a holding in the capital by that of a holding of voting rights,

– not applying this Directive to companies of that Member State which do not maintain for an uninterrupted period of at least two years holdings qualifying them as parent companies or to those of their companies in which a company of another Member State does not maintain such a holding for an uninterrupted period of at least two years.

Article 4

1. Where a parent company, by virtue of its association with its subsidiary, receives distributed profits, the State of the parent company shall, except when the latter is liquidated, either:

– refrain from taxing such profits, or

…

2. However, each Member State shall retain the option of providing that any charges relating to the holding and any losses resulting from the distribution of the profits of the subsidiary may not be deducted from the taxable profits of the parent company. Where the management costs relating to the holding in such a case are fixed as a flat rate, the fixed amount may not exceed 5% of the profits distributed by the subsidiary.

…’

Belgian law

5 Article 578 of the Belgian Civil Code provides:

‘Usufruct is the right to enjoy things owned by another, as the owner himself, but conditional on preserving the substance.’

6 On 23 October 1991, a Law was adopted which transposed into Belgian law the Directive of the Council of the European Communities of 23 July 1990 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries ( Moniteur belge of 15 November 1991, p. 25619).

7 That Law abolished the condition, which featured in the version then in force of the Income Tax Code of 26 February 1964 ( Moniteur belge of 10 April 1964, p. 3810), under which, in order for a company receiving dividends to be able to deduct those dividends from its taxable profits, the holding in the company declaring those dividends had to be held with full title.

8 Article 202 of the 1992 Income Tax Code, as enacted by Royal Decree of 10 April 1992 ( Moniteur belge of 30 July 1992, p. 17120), in its version applicable to the facts of the main proceedings (‘the ITC 1992’), is worded as follows:

‘1. From the profits from the tax period are also to be deducted, to the extent that they are included:

1 Dividends, with the exception of income which is received on the transfer to a company of its own listed or unlisted shares or during the complete or partial distribution of the assets of a company;

…

2. Income referred to in paragraphs 1(1) and … is deductible only to the extent that, at the date of declaration or payment, the recipient company has a holding in the capital of the company making the distribution of not less than 5% or of a value of at least BFR 50 million.

… .’

The main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling

9 VVT, a company established in Belgium, purchased during 1999, for a period of ten years, usufructuary rights over shares in NARDA. The latter also has its registered office in Belgium, as is apparent from the written observations of VVT and the Belgian Government submitted in the course of the proceedings before the Court. The legal ownership of those shares was acquired by BEPA SA (‘BEPA’).

10 The Belgian Government states, with reference to Article 578 of the Belgian Civil Code, that rights of usufruct confer on the holder the right to enjoy things owned by another. It points out that the usufructuary has a right only to distributed profits, the profits placed in reserve reverting to the legal owner.

11 For the fiscal years 2000 to 2002, VVT, which, in its corporation tax declaration, had deducted the dividends received from NARDA as definitively taxed income, had that deduction refused by the authorities responsible for direct taxation, which demanded payment of the tax corresponding to those dividends.

12 VVT lodged an objection to the additional charges in question on the ground that the contested dividends were to be treated as definitively taxed income, even though VVT had only a right of usufruct over the shares in question at the time when those dividends were distributed.

13 That objection was dismissed, the authorities responsible for direct taxation contending that the fact of holding rights of usufruct over the shares in question did not create entitlement to the deduction provided for under Article 202 of the CTI 1992, inasmuch as this could be granted only to the holder of the shares with full title. VVT challenged that decision before the Tribunal de première instance de Namur (Court of First Instance, Namur), which, by decision delivered on 23 November 2005, upheld its claims.

14 The Cour d’appel de Liège (Court of Appeal, Liège), before which an appeal was brought by État belge – Service public fédéral Finances against that decision, decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

‘Is the Law of 28 December 1992, which amended the wording of Article 202 of [the 1992 ITC] by referring to Directive [90/435] and required that the beneficial owner of dividends have a holding of capital in the company which distributed such dividends, inasmuch as that Law does not explicitly specify that the holding must be as full owner and therefore implicitly permits the interpretation made by the respondent, that the mere holding of a right of usufruct of shareholdings in the capital of the company carries the right to tax exemption on such dividends, compatible with the provisions of that directive concerning holdings in capital, and in particular with Articles 3, 4 and 5?’

The Court’s jurisdiction and the admissibility of the question referred for a preliminary ruling

15 Whereas VVT, the Greek Government and the Commission of the European Communities contend that the reference for a preliminary ruling is admissible, the Italian Government considers it to be inadmissible and the German, French, Netherlands and United Kingdom Governments raise doubts as to its admissibility. The Belgian Government, having raised no formal objections to the Court’s jurisdiction in its written observations, did so during the hearing.

18 That is not, however, the situation in the present case.

19 From the outset, it must be noted that the present reference for a preliminary ruling is not liable to be rendered inadmissible by reason of the paucity of information provided in the decision making the reference. That decision, notwithstanding its lack of detail with regard to the factual and national-law contexts, allows the scope of the question referred to be established, as is demonstrated by the content of the observations presented by the interested parties, other than the main parties, which have presented such observations to the Court. Furthermore, the written observations submitted by VVT and the Belgian Government have provided the Court with sufficient information to enable it to interpret the rules of Community law in relation to the situation which is the subject of the main proceedings and to provide a useful answer to the question referred.

23 Secondly, the Belgian Government’s argument that, as the interpretation of Community law requested is only one of the factors to be taken into consideration for the purpose of construing domestic law, the judgment of the Court would not bind the referring court, cannot bring into question the Court’s jurisdiction.

25 It is true that, in the context of the present proceedings, the referring court does not explicitly state whether and to what extent the judgment of the Court would bind it with regard to the outcome of the main proceedings. However, the fact that that court has referred a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling and that it establishes, in that question, a connection between the national legislation and Directive 90/435 leads to the conclusion that that judgment will bind the national court. The explanations supplied in that respect by the Belgian Government during the hearing do not contain objective information demonstrating clearly that such would not be the case.

26 Third, as is clear from paragraphs 21 and 33 of Leur-Bloem , the mere fact that the interpretation to be given to Article 202(2) of the ITC 1992 does not derive exclusively from the judgment that the Court will be required to deliver does not preclude its jurisdiction to rule on the question referred.

27 In the context of the allocation of judicial functions between national courts and the Court of Justice under Article 234 EC, the latter cannot, in its reply to the national court, take account of the general scheme of the provisions of domestic law which, while referring to Community law, define the extent of that reference (Joined Cases C‑297/88 and C‑197/89 Dzodzi [1990] ECR I‑3763, paragraph 42). Therefore, consideration of the limits which the national legislature may have placed on the application of Community law to purely internal situations is a matter for domestic law and consequently falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Member State ( Dzodzi , paragraph 42; Case C‑73/89 Fournier [1992] ECR I‑5621, paragraph 23; and Leur-Bloem , paragraph 33). On the other hand, with regard to Community law, the referring court may not diverge, within the limits of the reference of domestic law back to Community law, from the interpretation provided by the Court.

28 The arguments put forward by the Belgian Government for the purpose of challenging the Court’s jurisdiction must therefore be rejected.

29 It follows from all of the foregoing that an answer must be given to the question referred for a preliminary ruling.

The question referred for a preliminary ruling

30 By its question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether the concept of a holding in the capital of a company of another Member State, within the meaning of Article 3 of Directive 90/435, includes the holding of shares in usufruct.

31 In order to answer that question, it is appropriate, first, to compare the legal status of the owner of shares in a company with that of a holder of a right of usufruct in respect of such shares.

32 It is apparent from the observations of the Belgian Government that, in accordance with Article 578 of the Belgian Civil Code, rights of usufruct confer on the holder the right to enjoy things owned by another. It follows that usufruct constitutes, to that extent, a legal relationship between the usufructuary and the owner whose property is affected by the right of usufruct.

33 Thus, in the main proceedings, as VVT is not the owner of the shares in NARDA, its legal relationship which NARDA is not derived from any status as a shareholder, but is inferred from the right of usufruct held by VVT. That right of usufruct enables VVT to exercise certain rights normally belonging to BEPA in its capacity as owner of those shares.

34 By contrast, the legal relationship which BEPA has with NARDA is that of a shareholder, due solely to the fact that BEPA holds, as legal owner, shares in the capital of NARDA. That holding owned by BEPA clearly fulfils the criterion of a ‘holding in the capital’ within the terms of Article 3 of Directive 90/435 and BEPA, on condition that it also fulfils the other criteria set by that directive, must be regarded as a ‘parent company’ within the meaning of that Article 3.

35 It is thus necessary to examine whether the usufructuary of the shares of a company, although a different company to that which owns those shares, can also be regarded as being a parent company, that is to say, as having a holding in the capital of a company within the meaning of Article 3 of Directive 90/435.

38 Article 3(1)(a) of Directive 90/435 requires, for the status of parent company to be attributed to a company, that it has a holding in the capital of another company. According to Article 3(1)(b) of that directive, ‘subsidiary’ is to mean the company the capital of which includes that holding. From this it follows that the concept of a ‘holding in the capital’ within the meaning of Article 3 refers back to the legal relationship between the parent company and the subsidiary. It thus follows from the wording of Article 3 that the latter does not provide for the situation in which the parent company transfers to a third party, in this case to a usufructuary, a legal relationship with the subsidiary under which that third party might also be regarded as a parent company.

39 It therefore follows from the wording of Article 3 of Directive 90/435 that the concept of a holding in the capital of a company, within the terms of that provision, does not cover the right of usufruct held by a company over shares in the capital of another company.

40 That interpretation is confirmed by the purpose of the provisions of Directive 90/435.

41 First, Article 4(1) of Directive 90/435 covers the situation in which ‘a parent company, by virtue of its association with its subsidiary, receives distributed profits’. However, the usufructuary of the shares of a company receives dividends distributed by the latter by virtue of its right of usufruct. Its legal position vis-à-vis the subsidiary is not such as to endow it with the status of shareholder, as that position results solely from the right of usufruct that has been transferred to it by the owner of the shares in the capital of the subsidiary, as has been pointed out by the Advocate General at point 57 of her Opinion.

43 However, as is apparent from the written observations of the Belgian Government, the usufructuary has only a right to distributed profits, whereas the profits placed in reserve revert to the legal owner. Therefore, in the case of a distribution of profits, neither the usufructuary nor the legal owner is able to enjoy a double taxation advantage, as the legal owner does not receive profits and the usufructuary has a right only to distributed profits. Where the distribution of profits results in a loss for the holding, the option available to all Member States of providing that that loss may not be deducted from the taxable profit of the parent company can be applied only in the case where the same company receives the distributed profits and incurs the loss to its holding as a result of that distribution. This confirms that the Community legislature regarded the ‘parent company’, within the meaning of Directive 90/435, as being one single company.

46 Although, for holdings to which Directive 90/435 does not apply, it is for the Member States to determine whether, and to what extent, double taxation of distributed profits is to be avoided and, for that purpose, to establish, either unilaterally or through conventions concluded with other Member States, procedures intended to prevent or mitigate such double taxation, that fact does not, of itself, entitle them to impose measures that contravene the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the EC Treaty (see, to that effect, Case C‑374/04 Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation [2006] ECR I‑11673, paragraph 54, and Case C‑379/05 Amurta [2007] ECR I‑9569, paragraph 24).

47 It is thus clear from the Court’s case-law that, whatever the mechanism adopted for preventing or mitigating the imposition of a series of charges to tax or economic double taxation, the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the Treaty preclude a Member State from treating foreign-sourced dividends less favourably than nationally-sourced dividends, unless such a difference in treatment concerns situations which are not objectively comparable or is justified by overriding reasons in the general interest ( Test Claimants in the FII Group Litigation , paragraph 46 and the case-law cited).

48 Furthermore, the interpretation whereby a Member State which, with a view to exempting received dividends, treats in the same way a recipient company holding shares in usufruct and one holding shares as full owner, must extend that same tax treatment to dividends received from a company established in another Member State, complies with the objectives of Directive 90/435 to eliminate the penalisation of companies grouped together at Community level and to avoid double taxation of dividends distributed within a cross-border group.

Costs

50 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:

The concept of a holding in the capital of a company of another Member State, within the meaning of Article 3 of Council Directive 90/435/EEC of 23 July 1990 on the common system of taxation applicable in the case of parent companies and subsidiaries of different Member States, does not include the holding of shares in usufruct.

However, in compliance with the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the EC Treaty, applicable to cross-border situations, when a Member State, in order to avoid double taxation of received dividends, exempts from tax both the dividends which a resident company receives from another resident company in which it holds shares with full title and those which a resident company receives from another resident company in which it holds shares in usufruct, that Member State must apply, for the purpose of exempting received dividends, the same treatment to dividends received from a company established in another Member State by a resident company holding shares with full title as that which it applies to such dividends received by a resident company which holds shares in usufruct.

[Signatures]

* Language of the case: French.