THE FACTS

Whereas the facts of the case may be summarised as follows:

1. The Applicant, a farmer, is an Austrian citizen of Sloven origin and

living in the district of Rosegg in Carinthia (Kärnten). He is

represented by Mr. Anton Andorfer, who is acting for him under a power

of attorney dated 20th July 1960.

2. Article 7 of the Austrian State Treaty of 15th May 1955 contains the

following provisions:

"Rights of the Sloven and Croat Minorities

1. Austrian nationals of the Sloven and Croat minorities in Carinthia,

Burgenland and Styria shall enjoy the same rights on equal terms as all

other Austrian nationals, including the right to their own

organisations, meetings and press in their own language.

2. They are entitled to elementary instruction in the Sloven or Croat

language and to a proportional number of their own secondary schools;

in this connection school curricula shall be reviewed and a section of

the Inspectorate of Education shall be established for Sloven and Croat

schools.

3. In the administrative and judicial districts of Carinthia,

Burgenland and Styria, where there are Sloven, Croat or mixed

populations, the Sloven or Croat language shall be accepted as an

official language in addition to German. In such districts

topographical terminology and inscriptions shall be in the Sloven or

Croat language as well as in German.

4. Austrian nationals of the Sloven and Croat minorities in Carinthia,

Burgenland and Styria shall participate in the cultural, administrative

and judicial systems in these territories on equal terms with other

Austrian nationals.

5. The activity of organisations whose aim is to deprive the Sloven or

Croat population of their minority character or rights shall be

prohibited."

3. On 19th March 1959 the Austrian Parliament passed an Act (No.

102/1959) concerning the use of the Sloven language in Court

proceedings in Carinthia. This Act authorised the use of Sloven in

specifically mentioned areas only and Rosegg was not included in any

of these areas.

On 26th May 1959 the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) in a criminal

case from Burgenland where the defendant claimed the right to use the

Croat language in the proceedings rejected this claim on the ground

that Article 7 (3) of the Austrian State Treaty was not a directly

applicable provision of law and that no law as to its application in

Burgenland had been enacted.

4. On 17th November 1959 the Applicant's lawyer introduced, in

accordance with the relevant rules of the Austrian Criminal Code, a

complaint (Privatklage) against a certain Mr. Hafner, by which he

alleged that the latter had used defamatory words against him on the

occasion of a meeting of the municipal council of St. Jacob in

Rosenthal. The Applicant, representing the Sloven minority party on the

council, claimed that Mr. Hafner, who was politically opposed to him,

had accused him of being a "traitor" and a "Tito communist".

At the Applicant's request, the complaint was drafted in the Sloven

language, although his lawyer had drawn his attention to the above Act

and the subsequent decision of the Supreme Court. On the same day, two

other members of the minority party introduced similar complaints

against Mr. Hafner, drafted in German. The Applicant's claim was lodged

three days before the expiry of the time-limit of 42 days laid down for

the introduction of such claims.

5. On 18th November 1959, the complaint introduced by the Applicant was

rejected by the District Court (Bezirksgericht) of Rosegg on the ground

that as it was written in Sloven the Court was not qualified to deal

with it (zur Verhandlung ungeeignet), as the district of Rosegg was not

within the jurisdictional limits covered by the provisions of Act

102/1959 of 19th March 1959 concerning the use of the Sloven language.

On 30th November 1959 the Applicant appealed to the Regional Court

(Landesgericht) of Klagenfurt which on 12th January 1960 upheld the

decision of the District Court. This decision was communicated to the

Applicant's Counsel on 21st January 1960.

6. The defamation cases introduced by the two other members of the

Sloven Christian Party on the Municipal Council were settled on 25th

May 1960 during a session of the Court of Rosegg held in St. Jacob in

Rosenthal. During the hearing the Applicant gave evidence in German.

At the end of the hearing the defendant, Mr. Hainer, agreed to sign a

declaration in which he retracted all accusations made against the two

plaintiffs as well as against the Applicant in the present case.

The allegations made by the Applicant

7. Whereas the Applicant's allegations may be summarised as follows:

- that the courts have denied him a fair hearing within the meaning of

Article 6 of the Convention;

- that, having regard to Article 14 of the Convention, he has been

deprived of these procedural rights by reason of a discrimination

against him on grounds of language and of association with a national

minority;

The arguments of the Parties

8. Whereas the Applicant's submission made orally and in writing may

be summarised as follows:

The Applicant wished to use the Sloven language, his mother tongue, for

the purpose of introducing his complaint against Mr. Hafner, as,

although he understood and spoke German, he did not feel that his

knowledge of the latter language, in particular, in the special form

in which it is used in the courts, was sufficient for a successful

pursuit of his claim.

9. In order to justify his use of the Sloven language he relied on the

following legal sources:

Article 19 of the Imperial Constitution of 1867, which, according to

Article 149 of the present Federal Constitution, still remains in

force, establishes equality of languages for all public purposes in all

bilingual regions.

Article 8 of the Austrian Constitution of 1920 implicitly retains

rights for the Sloven minority insofar as recognition of Sloven as an

official language is concerned: "Without prejudice to the rights

conceded by federal law to linguistic minorities, the German language

is the official language of the Republic".

The Peace Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye of 10th September 1919, Article

66, paragraph 1 and Article 62, guaranteed to national minorities

facilities for the use of their own languages throughout the entire

country.

The State Treaty of 1955, as quoted above, explicitly guaranteed to the

Applicant and other Sloven-speaking persons the right to avail

themselves of their mother tongue in mixed areas in the three provinces

of Carinthia, Styria and Burgenland.

10. Act 102/1959 of 19th March 1959 concerning the use of the Sloven

language in Court restricts, however, the use of Sloven to three

specifically mentioned areas and makes no provision for the use of that

language in other areas, although as far as concerns schools and public

administration, they have been recognised as bilingual areas (such as

Rosegg). The Act thus violates the provisions of the State Treaty and

its application by the Austrian courts in the present case constituted

a breach of the Applicant's rights as set forth in Article 7 of the

Treaty.

According to the State Treaty, Article 7, paragraph (3) and

notwithstanding Act 102/1959, the Court of Rosegg was under the

obligation to accept the Applicant's use of Sloven for the purpose of

introducing a complaint against a private person. The State Treaty is

a "self-executing" Treaty and Act 102/1959 is an unnecessary

interpretation and an unwarranted restriction of the rights directly

guaranteed to the Slovens by the Treaty.

The Applicant has referred to an article written by Mr. Ermacora "Der

Staatsvertrag und die österreichische Bundesverfassung" (Juristische

Blätter 13/1955, page 319), in which it is said that the Treaty

introduced Sloven as an official language and that this is ipso jure

effective, and to Adamaovich-Spanner;  "Handbuch des österreichischen

Verfassungsrechts" 1957, page 469 et seq.

The reasoning of the two courts of Rosegg and Klagenfurt based on Act

102/1959 and on the theory that the State Treaty is not self-executing

is contrary to the views expressed in Parliament at the time of the

ratification of the Treaty. It was stated at that time that no

implementing legislation was necessary in order to put into effect the

protection measures introduced on behalf of national minorities.

11. In a decision of 5th December 1956 the Supreme Court (Oberster

Gerichtshof) had held that the State Treaty was self-executing and that

a Croat had thereby a guaranteed right to address a judge in his own

language.

The Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht) of Vienna, in 1957, implicitly

acknowledged the right of a Croat to use his own language and found the

State Treaty to be self-executing.

In a decision of 1st October 1959 the Court of Appeal of Graz reversed

a decision of the Regional Court of Klagenfurt which had dismissed a

similar case. The Court of Appeal held:

"in view of the rights granted to the Sloven and Croat minorities, a

submission in the Sloven language cannot be rejected on the ground that

it is not submitted in German or accompanied by a translation into

German".

It is thus established that the provisions of the State Treaty, in

particular of Article 7, are directly and immediately applicable to all

mixed areas.

12. The region of Rosegg is a mixed area as shown by the census of

1951, according to which 61 % of the population was German and 39 %

Sloven.

Under Act 101/1959 of 19th March 1959 concerning schools in Carinthia,

the district is bilingual and Sloven schools have been established (see

the State Treaty, Article 7, paragraph 2).

According to the Bill of 23rd September 1960 concerning the languages

to be employed in Carinthia for administrative purposes, the District

is bilingual and Sloven shall be placed on an equal footing with the

German language for all administrative purposes (see the State Treaty,

Article 7, paragraph 3).

13. In view of Austria's treaty obligations and according to its

established jurisprudence, and in spite of Act 102/1959, the judges of

the courts at Rosegg and Klagenfurt were obliged to accept documents

written in a minority language although they might not themselves

understand this language. Article 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure

provides in such circumstances for the interpretation and translation

into a language intelligible to the court.

14. The proceedings relating to the Applicant's right to use Sloven

acted as a bar to the main proceedings brought by him against Mr.

Hafner as, even if he had subsequently filed his complaint in German,

the time-limit prescribed by law would have expired, the complaint in

Sloven having been introduced just before the expiry of the time-limit.

15. As to the Convention, the Applicant submitted that Article 6 is

clearly applicable to the proceedings initiated by him as the words

"determination of civil rights" in paragraph (1) cannot be interpreted

so as to exclude proceedings in which a person seeks to defend his

honour or to obtain compensation for the damage done to his reputation

by injurious remarks. It cannot be relevant that according to Austrian

law such proceedings took place before a criminal court. By the refusal

on the part of the judge to accept the complaint he was denied a "fair

trial" such as this term is to be understood in the said Article.

16. Whereas the submissions of the Respondent Government may be

summarised as follows:

The Applicant had failed to exhaust the domestic remedies at his

disposal as he had not invoked in domestic proceedings the rights

guaranteed by the Convention. Nevertheless the Government did not wish

to rely on Article 26 of the Convention. It found, however, that the

proceedings before the District Court of Rosegg and the Regional Court

of Klagenfurt did not violate Article 6 of the Convention. Article 6,

paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Convention are concerned solely with

defendants' rights and thus do not apply to the present case where the

Applicant was not the defendant but the plaintiff. Article 6, paragraph

(1), on the other hand, relates to any person contesting or upholding

his civil rights or obligations or against whom a criminal charge is

brought. It cannot apply, therefore, to a person who filed a suit

against another in a criminal court, in particular, as the suit did not

concern "a civil right or obligation".

17. Even if Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Convention were applicable

to the present case, the Applicant could not complain that he was

refused a fair hearing within the meaning of this Article, since the

right recognised in Article 6, paragraph (1) is not a right to be heard

in one's own language but simply the legal right of a person to be able

to put his own case in a court of law. It may be seen from Article 6,

paragraph (3) (e) that the hearing need not necessarily be in that

person's own language, as that Article simply provides that a person

charged with a criminal offence shall be provided with an interpreter

if he does not understand or speak the language used in court;  the

Applicant, however, had not claimed that he was ignorant of the German

language;  and during the hearing of the two cases introduced against

Mr. Hafner by the two other members of the Sloven Christian Party on

the Town Council of St. Jacob in Rosenthal, the Applicant chose to

speak German. He was, furthermore, assisted by a German-speaking lawyer

in preparing his initial complaint.

18. The Applicant had been warned by his lawyer that, in view of the

Supreme Court's decision of 26th May 1959, he ran the risk of not being

allowed to present his complaint in Sloven. The two other plaintiffs,

of whom one had the same lawyer as the Applicant, introduced their

complaints in German. The Applicant could not therefore have expected

that his complaint would be received and had deliberately taken the

risk of not being able to introduce a complaint in German within the

applicable legal time-limit.

19. In respect of the allegation that Rosegg was predominantly a Sloven

area, data which had been prepared on the basis of the population

census published by the Central Office of Statistics for the year 1951

and which were to be used for the Federal Act of 19th March 1959 (BGBl.

No. 102) show that the languages spoken in the jurisdictional district

of Rosegg were as follows:

Sloven 656 5.0 %, Sloven-German or Sloven-Vendish (Serbian) 1,278 10.3

%, German-Sloven or Vendish (Serbian)-Sloven 1,717 13,5 %.

The Government had chosen for practical purposes to permit the use in

court of the minority languages only in districts when the linguistic

minorities exceeded 20 %. This was not the case in the district of

Rosegg as shown by the census in 1951 and also that of 1961.

20. The Court proceedings did not violate Article 14 of the Convention.

This Article provides that the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms

defined in the Convention shall be secured to all persons without

discrimination. In order validly to invoke Article 14, the Applicant

would therefore have to show that the Convention gave him the right to

file a criminal suit in the Sloven language and also that this right

was denied him because he belonged to a Sloven minority.

21. The Government also submitted that the Applicant was not a victim

within the meaning of Article 25 of the Convention. At the end of the

hearing on 25th May 1960 Mr. Hafner agreed to signing a declaration in

which he retracted his accusations against the two plaintiffs as well

as the Applicant.

22. Questions concerning the interpretation of the Austrian State

Treaty and whether it should be considered self-executory or not were

not matters for the Commission. The only question before the Commission

was whether the procedure before the Austrian courts in the Applicant's

case fell short of the standards set by Articles 6 and 14 of the

Convention.

The object of the Application

Whereas the Applicant claims the annulment of the court decisions of

18th November 1959 and of 12th January 1960 by an order to the

Attorney-General to introduce a plea of nullity before the Supreme

Court;

THE LAW

Whereas in its written observations of 13th July 1961, the Respondent

Government submitted that the Applicant had not exhausted the domestic

remedies within the meaning of Article 26 (Art. 26) of the Convention,

as he had failed to show that he had invoked before the Austrian courts

the provisions of the Convention, notably Article 6 and 14

(Art. 6, 14);

Whereas, however, the Government added that in the present case it

chose not to rely on Article 26 (Art. 26) of the Convention;

Whereas, in any case, in its decision of 27th June 1960 (B. 469/59/12,

reported in the Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights,

Volume 3, page 622) the Austrian Constitutional Court expressly held

that "the lack of precision of certain notions contained in Article 6

(Art. 6) which is to be compared with a detailed judicial system of

civil procedure and criminal procedure, leads to the idea that Article

6 (Art. 6) contains only a declaration of principles which the

Legislator certainly must carry out and respect, but which in

themselves do not constitute immediately applicable rights"; whereas,

consequently, it would in no way have been an effective remedy for the

Applicant to invoke Article 6 (Art. 6) in proceedings before the

Austrian courts;  and whereas under Article 26 (Art. 26) of the

Convention he was therefore not so obliged before introducing his

Application before the Commission of Human Rights;

Whereas the Respondent Government has contended that Article 6

(Art. 6) of the Convention does not apply to the present case; whereas

Article 6, paragraph (3) (Art. 6-3) clearly restricts its application

to persons charged with a criminal offence; and whereas it is evident,

as submitted by the Respondent Government, that the Applicant, during

the proceedings before the Court of Rosegg, was not charged with a

criminal offence but on the contrary was attempting to charge his

opponent with a criminal offence; whereas paragraph (3) of Article 6

(Art. 6-3) does not apply;  Whereas paragraph (1) of Article 6 (Art.

6-1) stipulates that in the determination of his civil rights and

obligations, everyone is entitled to a fair hearing; whereas it is true

that the complaint lodged by the Applicant was filed in criminal

proceedings; whereas however, the question whether a right or an

obligation is of a civil nature within Article 6, paragraph (1)

(Art. 6-1) of the Convention does not depend on the particular

procedure prescribed by domestic law for its determination but solely

on an appreciation of the claim itself and of the purpose of the

complaint;

Whereas the Applicant alleged that his opponent had defamed his good

name and reputation by the use of highly injurious words and whereas

he intended by the means given to him by Austrian law to seek the

rehabilitation of his honour; whereas the right to enjoy a good

reputation and the right to have determined before a tribunal the

justification of attacks upon such reputation must be considered to be

civil rights within the meaning of Article 6, paragraph (1) (Art. 6-1)

of the Convention;

Whereas it must be concluded that the Applicant in the present case may

validly invoke this paragraph as applicable to the proceedings before

the court of Rosegg;

Whereas the only question that remains to be considered by the

Commission is whether the decisions of the court of Rosegg of 18th

November 1959 and of the court of Klagenfurt of 12th January 1960

rejecting the Applicant's complaint written in the Sloven language

constitute a violation of the rights guaranteed to him by the

Convention in Article 6, paragraph (1) and 14 (Art. 6-1, 14), namely,

that he was entitled to a fair hearing without any discrimination on

the basis of language or association with a national minority; whereas

the Act 102/1959 of 19th March 1959 does not recognise the Sloven

language as an official language in court in the district of Rosegg;

whereas the question whether, on other legal grounds, the Sloven

language ought to be recognised as an official language for court

purposes might, in view of the decision of the Court of Appeal of Graz

of 1st October 1959, give rise to certain doubts as to the actual legal

situation in Austria;

Whereas, nevertheless, the decision of the Court of Rosegg as upheld

on appeal, was based on the above Act of 19th March 1959 and was in

conformity with the Supreme Court decision of 26th May 1959;

Whereas the Applicant's lawyer drew the Applicant's attention to the

risks which, in view of the above legislation and jurisprudence, he

exposed himself in insisting upon the use of Sloven language;

Whereas the Applicant with the assistance of his lawyer had sufficient

linguistic knowledge to permit him to lodge his complaint in the German

language;

Whereas it follows that the refusals by the Courts of Rosegg and

Klagenfurt to accept his complaint in the Sloven language and the

expiry of the time-limit for introducing a similar complaint in the

German language, which occurred during the proceedings concerning his

right to use the Sloven language, do not constitute a violation of the

Applicant's right under Article 6, paragraph (1) (Art. 6-1) that he

should be given a fair hearing;

Whereas, in regard to the complaint that the said refusal constituted

a violation of Article 14 (Art. 14) of the Convention, it is to be

observed that Article, by its express terms, forbids discrimination

only with regard to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms guaranteed

in the Convention; and whereas the Commission has already held above

that such right is not violated in the present case; whereas it follows

that Article 14 (Art. 14) of the Convention has no application in the

circumstances of the present case;

Whereas, consequently, the Application is manifestly ill-founded and

must be rejected in accordance with Article 27, paragraph (2)

(Art. 27-2) of the Convention;

Now therefore the Commission declares this Application INADMISSIBLE.