Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance
231/2012 • 32012R0231
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22.3.2012
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 83/1
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012
of 9 March 2012
laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives (1), and in particular Articles 14 and 30(4) thereof, and Regulation (EC) No 1331/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 establishing a common authorisation procedure for food additives, food enzymes and food flavourings (2), and in particular Article 7(5) thereof,
Whereas:
(1)
Specifications relating to origin, purity criteria and any other necessary information should be adopted for food additives listed in the Union lists in Annex II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.
(2)
To that end, specifications previously developed for food additives in Commission Directive 2008/128/EC of 22 December 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs (3), Commission Directive 2008/84/EC of 27 August 2008 laying down specific purity criteria on food additives other than colours and sweeteners (4) and Commission Directive 2008/60/EC of 17 June 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning sweeteners for use in foodstuffs (5) should be updated and taken over to this Regulation. As a consequence, those Directives should be repealed.
(3)
It is necessary to take into account the specifications and analytical techniques as set out in the Codex Alimentarius drafted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (hereafter JECFA).
(4)
The European Food Safety Authority (hereinafter ‘the Authority’) expressed its opinion on the safety of basic methacrylate copolymer (6) as a glazing agent. That food additive has subsequently been authorised on the basis of specific uses and has been allocated the number E 1205. Therefore specifications should be adopted for that food additive.
(5)
Food colours ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (E 160 f), and brown FK (E 154), as well as the aluminium containing carrier bentonite (E 558) are not used any more according to information submitted by food manufacturers. Therefore, current specifications for those food additives should not be taken over to this Regulation.
(6)
On 10 February 2010 the Authority expressed an opinion on the safety of sucrose esters of fatty acids (E 473) prepared from vinyl esters of fatty acids (7). Current specifications should be adapted accordingly in particular by reducing maximum limits for impurities of safety concern.
(7)
Specific purity criteria currently applicable should be adapted by reducing maximum limits for individual heavy metals of interest where feasible and where the JECFA limits are lower than those currently in force. Pursuant to that approach maximum limits for the contaminant 4-methylimidazole in ammonia caramel (E 150 c), sulphated ash in beta-carotene (E 160 a (i)), and magnesium and alkali salts in calcium carbonate (E 170), should be lowered. That approach should be departed from only for additives trisodium citrate (E 331 (iii)) (lead content), carrageenan (E 407) and processed euchema seaweed (E407 a) (cadmium content), as manufacturers have declared that compliance with stricter Union provisions, reflecting JECFA limits, would not be technically feasible. The contribution to the total intake of those two contaminants (lead and cadmium) in those three individual food additives is not considered to be significant. On the contrary for phosphates (E 338-E 341 and E 450-E 452) new significantly lower values, compared to the ones indicated by JECFA, should be established due to new developments of the manufacturing processes, by taking into account the recent recommendations of the Authority on a reduction of the intake of arsenic, especially in the inorganic form (8). In addition, a new provision on arsenic for glutamic acid (E 620) should be introduced for safety reasons. The total balance of those adaptations benefits the consumers as maximum limits for heavy metals are becoming stricter in general and in most of the food additives. Detailed information on the production process and starting materials of a food additive should be included in the specifications to facilitate any future decision pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.
(8)
Specifications should not make reference to organoleptic tests related to the taste as it cannot be expected by the control authorities to take the risk to taste a chemical substance.
(9)
Specifications should not make reference to classes as there is no added value in this reference.
(10)
Specifications should not make reference to the general parameter ‘Heavy metals’ as this parameter does not relate with toxicity, but rather with a generic analytical method. Parameters related to individual heavy metals are toxicity related and are included in the specifications.
(11)
Some food additives are currently listed under various names (carboxy methyl cellulose (E 466), cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (E 468), enzymatically hydrolised carboxymethylcellulose (E 469) and beeswax, white and yellow (E 901)) in various provisions of Directive 95/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (9). Therefore the specifications established by this Regulation should refer to those various names.
(12)
Current provisions on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are too generic and not relevant to safety and should be replaced by maximum limits for individual PAHs of concern for food additives vegetable carbon (E 153) and microcrystalline wax (E 905). Similar maximum limits should be established for formaldehyde in carageenan (E 407) and processed euchema seaweed (E 407 a), for particular microbiological criteria in agar (E 406) and for Salmonella spp. content in mannitol (E 421 (ii)) manufactured by fermentation.
(13)
The use of propan-2-ol (isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol) should be allowed for manufacturing the additives curcumin (E 100) and paprika extract (E 160 c), in line with JECFA specifications, as this particular use has been considered safe by the Authority (10). The use of ethanol in replacement of propan-2-ol in the manufacturing of gellan gum (E 418) should be permitted where the final product still complies with all other specifications and ethanol is considered to be of less safety concern.
(14)
The percentage of the colouring principle in cochineal, carminic acid, carmines (E 120) should be specified, as maximum limits are to apply to quantities of that principle.
(15)
The numbering system for subcategories of carotenes (E 160 a) should be updated in order to bring it in line with the Codex Alimentarius numbering system.
(16)
The solid form of lactic acid (E 270) should also be included in the specifications, as it can now be manufactured in the solid form and there is no safety concern.
(17)
The current temperature value in loss on drying for monosodium citrate (E 331 (i)), anhydrous form should be adjusted as under the currently listed conditions the substance decomposes. Drying conditions for trisodium citrate (E 331 (iii)) should also be adjusted to improve the reproducibility of the method.
(18)
The current specific absorption value for alpha-tocopherol (E 307) should be corrected and the sublimation point for sorbic acid (E 200) should be replaced by a ‘solubility test’ as the former is not relevant. The specification of bacterial sources for the manufacturing of nisin (E 234) and natamycin (E 235) should be updated according to the current taxonomic nomenclature.
(19)
As new innovative manufacturing techniques resulting in less contaminated food additives are now available, the presence of aluminium in food additives should be restricted. In order to enhance legal certainty and non-discrimination it is appropriate to provide the manufacturers of food additives with a transitional period to adapt gradually to those restrictions.
(20)
Maximum limits for aluminium should be established for food additives where relevant, and particularly for calcium phosphates (E 341 (i)-(iii)) intended to be used in food for infants and young children (11), according to the relevant opinion of Scientific Committee on Food expressed on 7 June 1996 (12). In this framework a maximum limit for aluminum in calcium citrate (E 333) should also be established.
(21)
The maximum limits for aluminium in calcium phosphates (E 341 (i)-(iii)), disodium diphosphate (E 450 (i)) and calcium dihydrogen diphosphate (E 450 (vii)) should be in accordance with the opinion of the Authority of 22 May 2008 (13). Current limits should be reduced, where this is technically feasible, and where the contribution to the total aluminium intake is significant. In this framework aluminium lakes of individual food colours should be authorised only if technically needed.
(22)
Provisions on maximum limits for aluminium in dicalcium phosphate (E 341 (ii)), tricalcium phosphate (E 341 (iii)) and calcium dihydrogen diphosphate (E 450 (vii)) should not cause any disruption of the market, due to a possible lack of supplies.
(23)
According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 258/2010 of 25 March 2010 imposing special conditions on the imports of guar gum originating in or consigned from India due to contamination risks by pentachlorophenol and dioxins (14), maximum limits should be set for the contaminant pentachlorophenol in guar gum (E 412).
(24)
According to recital 48 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (15) Member States are requested to examine other foodstuffs than the ones included in that Regulation for the occurrence of contaminant 3-MCPD in order to consider the need to set maximum levels for that substance. French authorities have submitted data on high concentrations of 3-MCPD in the food additive glycerol (E 422) and the average use level of this food additive in various food categories. Maximum limits for 3-MCPD in this particular food additive should be set in order to avoid contamination of the final food at a higher than permissible level, taking into account the dilution factor.
(25)
Due to the development of analytical methods certain current specifications should be updated. The current limit value ‘not detectable’ is linked to the evolution of analytical methodologies and should be replaced by a specific number for additives acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (E 472 a-f), polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E 475) and propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids (E 477).
(26)
Specifications relating to the manufacturing procedure should be updated for citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 472 c), as the use of alkaline bases is replaced today by the use of their milder acting salts.
(27)
The current criterion ‘free fatty acids’ for additives citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 472 c) and mono- and diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 472 e) is not appropriate. It should be replaced by the criterion ‘acid value’ as the latter expresses better the titrimetric estimation of the free acidic groups. This is in accordance with the 71st report on food additives from JECFA (16) where such change was adopted for mono- and diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 472 e).
(28)
The current erroneous description of additive magnesium oxide (E 530) should be corrected according to information submitted by the manufacturers, in order to bring it in line with the Pharmacopoeia Europea (17). The current maximum value for the reducing matter in additive gluconic acid (E 574) should also be updated as this limit is not technically feasible. For the estimation of the water content of xylitol (E 967) the current method based on ‘loss on drying’, should be replaced by a more appropriate method.
(29)
Some current specifications for additive candelilla wax (E 902) should not be taken over to this Regulation since they are erratic. For calcium dihydrogen diphosphate (E 450 (vii)) the current entry concerning P2O5 content should be corrected.
(30)
In the current entry ‘assay’ for thaumatin (E 957) a calculation factor should be corrected. That factor is to be used in the Kjeldahl method for the estimation of the total content of the substance based on the measurement of nitrogen. The calculation factor should be updated according to the relevant published literature for thaumatin (E 957).
(31)
The Authority evaluated the safety of steviol glycosides, as a sweetener and expressed its opinion of 10 March 2010 (18). The use of steviol glycosides, which have been allocated number E 960, has subsequently been permitted on the basis of well defined conditions of use. Therefore specifications should be adopted for this food additive.
(32)
Due to a taxonomic change, current specifications for source materials (yeasts) used in the manufacturing of erythritol (E 968) should be updated.
(33)
For quillaia extract (E 999) the current specification relating to the pH range should be adjusted in order to bring it in line with JECFA.
(34)
The combination of citric acid and phosphoric acid (which are currently both individually authorised for use in the manufacturing of additive polydextrose (E 1200)), should be allowed, where the final product still complies with the purity specifications, as it improves yields and results to more controllable reaction kinetics. There is no safety concern involved in such amendment.
(35)
Unlike for small molecules, the molecular mass of a polymer is not one unique value. A given polymer may have a distribution of molecules with different masses. The distribution may depend on the way the polymer is produced. Polymer physical properties and behaviors are related to the mass and to the distribution of molecules with a certain mass in the mixture. A group of mathematical models describe the mixture in different ways in order to clarify the distribution of molecules in the mixture. Among the different models available, it is recommended in scientific literature to use the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to describe polymers. The specifications for polyvinylpyrrolidone (E 1201) should be adjusted accordingly.
(36)
The criterion ‘Distillation range’ referred to in current specifications for propane-1,2 diol (E 1520) leads to contradictory conclusions compared to results from the assay. That criterion should therefore be corrected and renamed into ‘Distillation test’.
(37)
The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health and neither the European Parliament nor the Council has opposed them,
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Specifications for food additives
Specifications for food additives including colours and sweeteners listed in Annex II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 are laid down in the Annex to this Regulation.
Article 2
Repeals
Directives 2008/60/EC, 2008/84/EC and 2008/128/EC are repealed with effect from 1 December 2012.
Article 3
Transitional measures
Foodstuffs containing food additives that have been lawfully placed on the market before 1 December 2012, but do not comply with this Regulation, may continue to be marketed until stocks are exhausted.
Article 4
Entry into force
This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
It shall apply from 1 December 2012.
However, the specifications laid down in the Annex for additives steviol glycosides (E 960) and basic methacrylate copolymer (E 1205) shall apply from the date of entry into force of this Regulation.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 9 March 2012.
For the Commission
The President
José Manuel BARROSO
(1) OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 16.
(2) OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 1.
(3) OJ L 6, 10.1.2009, p. 20.
(4) OJ L 253, 20.9.2008, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 158, 18.6.2008, p. 17.
(6) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS); Scientific Opinion on the use of Basic Methacrylate Copolymer as a food additive on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1513.
(7) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS); Scientific Opinion on the safety of sucrose esters of fatty acids prepared from vinyl esters of fatty acids and on the extension of use of sucrose esters of fatty acids in flavourings on request from the European Commission. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1512.
(8) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM); Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(10):1351.
(9) OJ L 61, 18.3.1995, p. 1.
(10) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS); Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of curcumin (E 100) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(9):1679.
(11) As defined in Commission Directive 2006/125/EC of 5 December 2006 on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children (codified version), OJ L 339, 6.12.2006, p. 16.
(12) Opinion on Additives in nutrient preparations for use in infant formulae, follow-on formulae and weaning foods. Reports of the Scientific Committee on food (40th Series), p. 13-30, (1997).
(13) Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials on a request from European Commission on Safety of aluminium from dietary intake. EFSA Journal (2008) 754, 1-34.
(14) OJ L 80, 26.3.2010, p. 28.
(15) OJ L 364, 20.12.2006, p. 5.
(16) WHO Technical Report Series, No 956, 2010.
(17) EP 7.0 volume 2, p. 2415-2416.
(18) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS); Scientific Opinion on the safety of steviol glycosides for the proposed uses as a food additive. EFSA Journal (2010); 8(4):1537.
ANNEX
Note: Ethylene oxide may not be used for sterilising purposes in food additives
Aluminium lakes for use in colours only where explicitly stated.
Definition:
Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material made by reacting aluminium sulphate or chloride with sodium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in the finished product.
HCl insoluble matter
Not more than 0,5 %
ΝaΟΗ insoluble matter
Νot more than 0,5 %, for Ε 127 erythrosine only
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)
Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.
E 100 CURCUMIN
Synonyms
CI Natural Yellow 3; Turmeric Yellow; Diferoyl Methane
Definition
Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallization. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occurring in turmeric may be present.
Curcumin is also used as the aluminium lake; the aluminium content is less than 30 %.
Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane, propan-2-ol.
Colour Index No
75300
Einecs
207-280-5
Chemical name
I
1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione
II
1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione
III
1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione
Chemical formula
I
C21H20O6
II
C20H18O5
III
C19H16O4
Molecular weight
I.
368,39
II.
338,39
III.
308,39
Assay
Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters
1 607 at ca. 426 nm in ethanol
Description
Orange-yellow crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in ethanol at ca. 426 nm
Melting range
179 °C-182 °C
Purity
Solvent residues
Ethylacetate
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Acetone
n-butanol
Methanol
Ethanol
Hexane
Propan-2-ol
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN
Synonyms
Lactoflavin;
Definition
Colour Index No
Einecs
201-507-1
Chemical name
7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione; 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine
Chemical formula
C17H20N4O6
Molecular weight
376,37
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
328 at ca. 444 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour
Identification
Spectrometry
The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33
in aqueous solution
The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39
Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Primary aromatic amines
Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium
Definition
These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate.
Colour Index No
Einecs
204-988-6
Chemical name
Monosodium(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate; monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin
Chemical formula
For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P · 2H2O
For the anhydrous form: C17H20N4NaO9P
Molecular weight
514,36
Assay
Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P.2H2O
250 at ca. 375 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour
Identification
Spectrometry
The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34
in aqueous solution
The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40
Maximum in water at ca. 375 nm
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hours in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form
Sulphated ash
Not more than 25 %
Inorganic phosphate
Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)
Subsidiary colouring matters
Riboflavin (free): Not more than 6 %
Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 %
Primary aromatic amines
Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 102 TARTRAZINE
Synonyms
CI Food Yellow 4
Definition
Tartrazine is prepared from 4-amino-benzenesulphonic acid, which is diazotized using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is then coupled with 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4sulphophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid or with the methyl ester, the ethyl ester, or a salt of this carboxylic acid. The resulting dye is purified and isolated as the sodium salt. Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
19140
Einecs
217-699-5
Chemical name
Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
Chemical formula
C16H9N4Na3O9S2
Molecular weight
534,37
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt
530 at ca. 426 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Light orange powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Yellow
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 426 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid
5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid
4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid)
Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW
Synonyms
CI Food Yellow 13
Definition
Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione or a mixture containing about two thirds 2-(2-quinolyl)indane-1,3-dione and one third 2-(2-(6-methylquinolyl))indane-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
47005
Einecs
305-897-5
Chemical name
The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)
Chemical formula
C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)
Molecular weight
477,38 (principal component)
Assay
Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt
Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:
Of the total colouring matters present:
—
not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disulfonates
—
not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-monosulfonates
—
not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisulfonate
865 (principal component) at ca. 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution
Description
Yellow powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Yellow
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca. 411 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 4,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
2-methylquinoline
Total not more than 0,5 %
2-methylquinoline-sulfonic acid
Phthalic acid
2,6-dimethyl quinoline
2,6-dimethyl quinoline sulfonic acid
2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione
Not more than 4 mg/kg
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF
Synonyms
CI Food Yellow 3; Orange Yellow S
Definition
Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Sunset Yellow FCF is manufactured by diazotizing 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite or sulphuric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is coupled with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene-sulphonic acid. The dye is isolated as the sodium salt and dried.
Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
15985
Einecs
220-491-7
Chemical name
Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate
Chemical formula
C16H10N2Na2O7S2
Molecular weight
452,37
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt
555 at ca. 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description
Orange-red powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Orange
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 485 nm at pH 7
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 5,0 %
1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I)
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid
4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid)
6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid)
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 120 COCHINEAL, CARMINIC ACID, CARMINES
Synonyms
CI Natural Red 4
Definition
Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.
The colouring principle is carminic acid.
Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.
In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess.
Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations.
Colour Index No
75470
Einecs
Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4
Chemical name
7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid
Chemical formula
C22H20O13 (carminic acid)
Molecular weight
492,39 (carminic acid)
Assay
Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.
Description
Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red liquid but can also be dried as a powder.
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca. 518 nm
Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca. 494 nm for carminic acid
139 at peak around 494 nm in dilute hydrochloric acid for carminic acid
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE
Synonyms
CI Food Red 3
Definition
Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
14720
Einecs
222-657-4
Chemical name
Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate
Chemical formula
C20H12N2Na2O7S2
Molecular weight
502,44
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt
510 at ca. 516 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Red to maroon powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Red
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 516 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 1 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 123 AMARANTH
Synonyms
CI Food Red 9
Definition
Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Amaranth is manufactured by coupling 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid with 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid.
Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
16185
Einecs
213-022-2
Chemical name
Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate
Chemical formula
C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular weight
604,48
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt
440 at ca. 520 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Reddish-brown powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Red
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 520 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 3,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A
Synonyms
CI Food Red 7; New Coccine
Definition
Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Ponceau 4R is manufactured by coupling diazotized naphthionic acid to G acid (2-naphthol-6,8- disulphonic acid) and converting the coupling product to the trisodium salt.
Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
16255
Einecs
220-036-2
Chemical name
Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate
Chemical formula
C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular weight
604,48
Assay
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.
430 at ca. 505 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Reddish powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Red
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 505 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid
6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 127 ERYTHROSINE
Synonyms
CI Food Red 14
Definition
Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Erythrosine is manufactured by iodination of fluorescein, the condensation product of resorcinol and phthalic anhydride
Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
45430
Einecs
240-474-8
Chemical name
Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate
Chemical formula
C20H6I4Na2O5 H2O
Molecular weight
897,88
Assay
Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt
1 100 at ca. 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description
Red powder or granules.
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Red
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 526 nm at pH 7
Purity
Inorganic iodides
Not more than 0,1 % (calculated as sodium iodide)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein)
Not more than 4,0 %
Fluorescein
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Tri-iodoresorcinol
Not more than 0,2 %
2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoyl) benzoic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Ether extractable matter
From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium Lakes of this colour may be used.
E 129 ALLURA RED AC
Synonyms
CI Food Red 17
Definition
Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Allura Red AC is manufactured by coupling diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulphonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid
Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
16035
Einecs
247-368-0
Chemical name
Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate
Chemical formula
C18H14N2Na2O8S2
Molecular weight
496,42
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt
540 at ca. 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description
Dark red powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Red
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 504 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 3,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt
Not more than 0,3 %
4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt
Not more than 1,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 131 PATENT BLUE V
Synonyms
CI Food Blue 5
Definition
Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
The potassium salt is also permitted.
Colour Index No
42051
Einecs
222-573-8
Chemical name
The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt
Chemical formula
Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca1/2
Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na
Molecular weight
Calcium compound: 579,72
Sodium compound: 582,67
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt
2 000 at ca. 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5
Description
Dark blue powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Blue
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 2,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
3-hydroxy benzaldehyde
Total not more than 0,5 %
3-hydroxy benzoic acid
3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic acid
N,N-diethylamino benzene sulfonic acid
Leuco base
Not more than 4,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE
Synonyms
CI Food Blue 1
Definition
Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Indigo carmine is obtained by sulphonation of indigo. This is accomplished by heating indigo (or indigo paste) in the presence of sulphuric acid. The dye is isolated and subjected to purification procedures.
Colour Index No
73015
Einecs
212-728-8
Chemical name
Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate
Chemical formula
C16H8N2Na2O8S2
Molecular weight
466,36
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;
disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %
480 at ca. 610 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Dark-blue powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Blue
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 610 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Isatin-5-sulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,5 %
5-sulfoanthranilic acid
Anthranilic acid
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF
Synonyms
CI Food Blue 2
Definition
Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
42090
Einecs
223-339-8
Chemical name
Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate
Chemical formula
C37H34N2Na2O9S3
Molecular weight
792,84
Assay
Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt
1 630 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Reddish-blue powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Blue
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 630 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 6,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids
Not more than 1,5 %
3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid
Not more than 0,3 %
Leuco base
Not more than 5,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS
Synonyms
CI Natural Green 3; Magnesium Chlorophyll; Magnesium Phaeophytin
Definition
Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present coordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Colour Index No
75810
Einecs
Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4
Chemical name
The major colouring principles are:
Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Phaeophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a)
Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)
Chemical formula
Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5
Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5
Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6
Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6
Molecular weight
Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51
Chlorophyll a: 871,22
Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49
Chlorophyll b: 885,20
Assay
Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 %
700 at ca. 409 nm in chloroform
Description
Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of coordinated magnesium
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 409 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl Ethyl ketone
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Dichloromethane:
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS
Synonyms
CI Natural Green 5; Sodium Chlorophyllin; Potassium Chlorophyllin
Definition
The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.
Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Colour Index No
75815
Einecs
287-483-3
Chemical name
The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:
—
3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin a)
and
—
3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b)
Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.
Magnesium complexes may also be present.
Chemical formula
Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5
Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6
Molecular weight
Chlorophyllin a: 578,68
Chlorophyllin b: 592,66
Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.
Assay
Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca. 100 °C for 1 hour.
700 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9
140 at ca. 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9
Description
Dark green to blue/black powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca. 405 nm and at ca. 653 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Dichloromethane:
not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS
Synonyms
CI Natural Green 3; Copper Chlorophyll; Copper Phaeophytin
Definition
Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Colour Index No
75810
Einecs
Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5
Chemical name
[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)
[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)
Chemical formula
Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5
Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6
Molecular weight
Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75
Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73
Assay
Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.
540 at ca. 422 nm in chloroform
300 at ca. 652 nm in chloroform
Description
Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 422 nm and at ca. 652 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Dichloromethane:
not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Copper ions
Not more than 200 mg/kg
Total copper
Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS
Synonyms
Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin; Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin; CI Natural Green 5
Definition
The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.
Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Colour Index No
75815
Einecs
Chemical name
The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)
Chemical formula
Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5
Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6
Molecular weight
Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20
Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18
Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.
Assay
Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h.
565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5
145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5
Description
Dark green to blue/black powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Dichloromethane:
not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Copper ions
Not more than 200 mg/kg
Total copper
Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 142 GREEN S
Synonyms
CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS
Definition
Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.
Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
44090
Einecs
221-409-2
Chemical name
Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).
Chemical formula
C27H25N2NaO7S2
Molecular weight
576,63
Assay
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt
1 720 at ca. 632 nm in aqueous solution
Description
Dark blue or dark green powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Blue or green
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 632 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol
Not more than 0,1 %
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone
Not more than 0,1 %
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Leuco base
Not more than 5,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL
Synonyms
Caustic caramel
Definition
Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelisation, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.
Colour Index No
Einecs
232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose
Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose
Not more than 50 %
Colour intensity (1)
0,01-0,12
Total nitrogen
Not more than 0,1 %
Total sulphur
Not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition
Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.
Colour Index No
Einecs
232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose
More than 50 %
Colour intensity (2)
0,05-0,13
Total nitrogen
Not more than 0,3 % (3)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 0,2 % (3)
Total sulphur
0,3-3,5 % (3)
Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose
More than 40 %
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose
19-34
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)
Greater than 50
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition
Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.
Colour Index No
Einecs
232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose
Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose
More than 50 %
Colour intensity (4)
0,08-0,36
Ammoniacal nitrogen
Not more than 0,3 % (5)
4-methylimidazole
Not more than 200 mg/kg (5)
2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole
Not more than 10 mg/kg (5)
Total sulphur
Not more than 0,2 % (5)
Total nitrogen
0,7-3,3 % (5)
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose
13-35
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL
Synonyms
Definition
Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).
Colour Index No
Einecs
232-435-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Identification
Purity
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose
More than 50 %
Colour intensity (6)
0,10-0,60
Ammoniacal nitrogen
Not more than 0,6 % (7)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 0,2 % (7)
4-methylimidazole
Not more than 250 mg/kg (7)
Total nitrogen
0,3-1,7 % (7)
Total sulphur
0,8-2,5 % (7)
Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate
0,7-2,7
Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate (8)
8-14
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)
Not more than 50
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK BN, BLACK PN
Synonyms
CI Food Black 1
Definition
Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
28440
Einecs
219-746-5
Chemical name
Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate
Chemical formula
C28H17N5Na4O14S4
Molecular weight
867,69
Assay
Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt
530 at ca. 570 nm in solution
Description
Black powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Black-bluish
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water at ca. 570 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 4 % (expressed on the dye content)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid
Total not more than 0,8 %
4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid
8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid
4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid)
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON
Synonyms
Vegetable black
Definition
Vegetable activated carbon is produced by the carbonisation of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The activated carbon thus produced is milled by a roller mill and the resulting highly activated powdered carbon is treated by a cyclone. The fine fractio40800n from the cyclone is purified by hydrochloric acid washing, neutralised and then dried. The resulting product is what is known traditionally as vegetable black. Products with a higher colouring power are produced from the fine fraction by a further cyclone treatment or by extra milling, followed by acid washing, neutralising and drying. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.
Colour Index No
77266
Einecs
231-153-3
Chemical name
Carbon
Chemical formula
C
Atomic weight
12,01
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (120 °C 4 h)
Description
Black, odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and organic solvents
Burning
When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame
Purity
Ash (Total)
Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo(a)pyrene less than 50 μg/kg in the extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction.
Alkali soluble matter
The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless
E 155 BROWN HT
Synonyms
CI Food Brown 3
Definition
Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.
Colour Index No
20285
Einecs
224-924-0
Chemical name
Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)
Chemical formula
C27H18N4Na2O9S2
Molecular weight
652,57
Assay
Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.
403 at ca. 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description
Reddish-brown powder or granules
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Brown
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca. 460 nm
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 10 % (TLC method)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene- 1-sulfonic acid
Not more than 0,7 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 160 a (i) BETA-CAROTENE
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 5
Definition
These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.
Colour Index No
40800
Einecs
230-636-6
Chemical name
Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene
Chemical formula
C40H56
Molecular weight
536,88
Assay
Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)
2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 160 a (ii) PLANT CAROTENES
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 5
Definition
Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.
The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.
Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (9), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.
Colour Index No
75130
Einecs
230-636-6
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Beta-carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight
Beta-carotene: 536,88
Assay
Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats
2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Ethanol
Dichloromethane
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 160 a (iii) BETA-CAROTENE FROM Blakeslea trispora
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 5
Definition
Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.
Colour Index No
40800
Einecs
230-636-6
Chemical name
Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene
Chemical formula
C40H56
Molecular weight
536,88
Assay
Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)
2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Ethyl acetate
Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination
Ethanol
Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %
Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Moulds
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Yeasts
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 160 a (iv) ALGAL CAROTENES
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 5
Definition
Mixed carotenes may also be produced from strains of the algae Dunaliella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29.
The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.
Colour Index No
75130
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Beta-Carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight
Beta-Carotene: 536,88
Assay
Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %
2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm
Purity
Natural tocopherols in edible oil
Not more than 0,3 %
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 160 b ANNATTO, BIXIN, NORBIXIN
(i) SOLVENT-EXTRACTED BIXIN AND NORBIXIN
Synonyms
CI Natural Orange 4
Definition
Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by the removal of the solvent.
Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin.
Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed.
The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.
The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-forms may be present.
Colour Index No
75120
Einecs
Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7
Chemical name
Bixin:
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
Norbixin:
9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
9′-trans-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
Chemical formula
Bixin:
C25H30O4
Norbixin:
C24H28O4
Molecular weight
Bixin:
394,51
Norbixin:
380,48
Assay
Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as bixin.
Content of norbixin powders not less than 25 % total carotenoids calculated as norbixin
Bixin:
2 870 at ca. 502 nm in chloroform
Norbixin:
2 870 at ca. 482 nm in KOH solution
Description
Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution
Identification
Spectrometry
Bixin:
maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm
Norbixin:
maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methanol
Hexane
Dichloromethane:
not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(ii) ALKALI EXTRACTED ANNATTO
Synonyms
CI Natural Orange 4
Definition
Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.)
Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans- forms may be present.
Colour Index No
75120
Einecs
Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7
Chemical name
Bixin:
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
Norbixin:
9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
Chemical formula
Bixin:
C25H30O4
Norbixin:
C24H28O4
Molecular weight
Bixin:
394,51
Norbixin:
380,48
Assay
Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin
Norbixin:
2 870 at ca. 482 nm in KOH solution
Description
Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution
Identification
Spectrometry
Bixin:
maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm
Norbixin:
maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(iii) OIL EXTRACTED ANNATTO
Synonyms
CI Natural Orange 4
Definition
Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans-forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.
Colour Index No
75120
Einecs
Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7
Chemical name
Bixin:
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
Norbixin:
9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
9′-trans-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
Chemical formula
Bixin:
C25H30O4
Norbixin:
C24H28O4
Molecular weight
Bixin:
394,51
Norbixin:
380,48
Assay
Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin
Bixin:
2 870 at ca. 502 nm in chloroform
Description
Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution
Identification
Spectrometry
Bixin:
maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm
Norbixin:
maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 160 c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN
Synonyms
Paprika Oleoresin
Definition
Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present.
Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide.
Colour Index No
Einecs
Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2
Chemical name
Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one
Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione
Chemical formula
Capsanthin:
C40H56O3
Capsorubin:
C40H56O4
Molecular weight
Capsanthin:
584,85
Capsorubin:
600,85
Assay
Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids
Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids
2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone
Description
Dark-red viscous liquid
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm
Colour reaction
A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform
Purity
Solvent residues
Ethyl acetate
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methanol
Ethanol
Acetone
Hexane
Propan-2-ol
Dichloromethane:
not more than 10 mg/kg
Capsaicin
Not more than 250 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 160 d LYCOPENE
(i) SYNTHETIC LYCOPENE
Synonyms
Lycopene from chemical synthesis
Definition
Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.
Colour Index No
75125
Einecs
207-949-1
Chemical name
ψ,ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula
C40H56
Molecular weight
536,85
Assay
Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-trans-lycopene)
at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450
Description
Red crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrophotometry
A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test for carotenoids
The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform
Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Apo-12’-lycopenal
Not more than 0,15 %
Triphenyl phosphine oxide
Not more than 0,01 %
Solvent residues
Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg,
Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each.
Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(ii) LYCOPENE FROM RED TOMATOES
Synonyms
Natural Yellow 27
Definition
Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.
Colour Index No
75125
Einecs
207-949-1
Chemical name
Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula
C40H56
Molecular weight
536,85
Assay
at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450.
Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters
Description
Dark red viscous liquid
Identification
Spectrophotometry
Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Propan-2-ol
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Hexane
Acetone
Ethanol
Methanol
Ethylacetate
Sulphated ash
Not more than 1 %
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
(iii) LYCOPENE FROM BLAKESLEA TRISPORA
Synonyms
Natural Yellow 27
Definition
Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Propan-2-ol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.
Colour Index No
75125
Einecs
207-949-1
Chemical name
Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, ((all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula
C40H56
Molecular weight
536,85
Assay
Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-trans-lycopene of all colouring matters
at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450
Description
Red crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrophotometry
A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test of carotenoids
The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform
Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Other carotenoids
Not more than 5 %
Solvent residues
Propan-2-ol: not more than 0,1 %
Isobutyl acetate: not more than 1,0 %
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,3 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 160 e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 6
Definition
These specifications apply predominantly to the all-trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Colour Index No
40820
Einecs
214-171-6
Chemical name
β-Apo-8′-carotenal; trans-β-Apo-8′carotene-aldehyde
Chemical formula
C30H40O
Molecular weight
416,65
Assay
Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters
2 640 at 460-462 nm in cyclohexane
Description
Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:
not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 161 b LUTEIN
Synonyms
Mixed Carotenoids; Xanthophylls
Definition
Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.
Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide
Colour Index No
Einecs
204-840-0
Chemical name
3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene
Chemical formula
C40H56O2
Molecular weight
568,88
Assay
Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein
2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)
Description
Dark, yellowish brown liquid
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Acetone
Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-2-ol
Hexane
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN
Synonyms
CI Food Orange 8
Definition
These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Colour Index No
40850
Einecs
208-187-2
Chemical name
β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene
Chemical formula
C40H52O2
Molecular weight
564,86
Assay
Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)
2 200
at ca. 485 nm in chloroform
at 468-472 nm in cyclohexane
at 464-467 nm in petroleum ether
Description
Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm
Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm
Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters
Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN
Synonyms
Beet Red
Definition
Beet red is obtained from the roots of strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.
Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.
Colour Index No
Einecs
231-628-5
Chemical name
(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate
Chemical formula
Betanin: C24H26N2O13
Molecular weight
550,48
Assay
Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %
1 120 at ca. 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5
Description
Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca. 535 nm
Purity
Nitrate
Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 163 ANTHOCYANINS
Synonyms
Definition
Anthocyanins are obtained by maceration or extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the strains of vegetables and edible fruits, with subsequent concentration and/or purification if necessary. The resulting product can be transformed into powder by an industrial drying process. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material. Ethanol may naturally be present as a result of the maceration process. The colouring principle is anthocyanin. Products are marketed according to their colour strength as determined by the assay. Colour content is not expressed using quantitative units.
Colour Index No
Einecs
208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin); 215-849-4 (petunidin)
Chemical name
3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)
3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)
3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin)
3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)
Chemical formula
Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl
Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl
Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl
Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl
Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl
Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl
Molecular weight
Cyanidin: 322,6
Peonidin: 336,7
Malvidin: 366,7
Delphinidin: 340,6
Petunidin: 352,7
Pelargonidin: 306,7
Assay
300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0
Description
Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl
Cyanidin: 535 nm
Peonidin: 532 nm
Malvidin: 542 nm
Delphinidin: 546 nm
Petunidin: 543 nm
Pelargonidin: 530 nm
Purity
Solvent residues
Methanol
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Ethanol
Not more than 200 mg/kg
Sulfur dioxide
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms
CI Pigment White 18; Chalk
Definition
Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.
Colour Index No
77220
Einecs
Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9
Limestone: 215-279-6
Chemical name
Calcium carbonate
Chemical formula
CaCO3
Molecular weight
100,1
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder
Identification
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)
Acid-insoluble substances
Not more than 0,2 %
Magnesium and alkali salts
Not more than 1 %
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Antimony (as Sb)
Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Copper (as Cu)
Chromium (as Cr)
Zinc (as Zn)
Barium (as Ba)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Synonyms
CI Pigment White 6
Definition
Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.
The anatase grades of pigmentary titanium dioxide can only be made by the sulphate process which creates a large amount of sulphuric acid as a by-product. The rutile grades of titanium dioxide are typically made by the chloride process.
Certain rutile grades of titanium dioxide are produced using mica (also known as potassium aluminum silicate) as a template to form the basic platelet structure. The surface of the mica is coated with titanium dioxide using a specialised patented process.
Rutile titanium dioxide, platelet form is manufactured by subjecting titanium dioxide (rutile) coated mica nacreous pigment to an extractive dissolution in acid followed by an extractive dissolution in alkali. All of the mica is removed during this process and the resulting product is a platelet form of rutile titanium dioxide.
Colour Index No
77891
Einecs
236-675-5
Chemical name
Titanium dioxide
Chemical formula
TiO2
Molecular weight
79,88
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis
Description
White to slightly coloured powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid.
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)
Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide
Total not more than 2,0 %
Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl
Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold.
Water soluble matter
Not more than 0,5 %
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.
Antimony
Not more than 2 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.
Lead
Not more than 10 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.
E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES
Synonyms
Iron Oxide Yellow: CI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43
Iron Oxide Red: CI Pigment Red 101 and 102
Iron Oxide Black: CI Pigment Black 11
Definition
Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process.
Colour Index No
Iron Oxide Yellow:
77492
Iron Oxide Red:
77491
Iron Oxide Black:
77499
Einecs
Iron Oxide Yellow:
257-098-5
Iron Oxide Red:
215-168-2
Iron Oxide Black:
235-442-5
Chemical name
Iron Oxide Yellow: hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide
Iron Oxide Red: anhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide
Iron Oxide Black: ferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide
Chemical formula
Iron Oxide Yellow:
FeO(OH) · H2O
Iron Oxide Red:
Fe2O3
Iron Oxide Black:
FeO.Fe2O3
Molecular weight
88,85:
FeO(OH)
159,70:
Fe2O3
231,55:
FeO.Fe2O3
Assay
Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron
Description
Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and in organic solvents
Soluble in concentrated mineral acids
Purity
Water soluble matter
Not more than 1,0 %
By total dissolution
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Chromium
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Copper
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Nickel
Not more than 200 mg/kg
Zinc
Not more than 100 mg/kg
E 173 ALUMINIUM
Synonyms
CI Pigment Metal
Definition
Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.
Colour Index No
77000
Einecs
231-072-3
Chemical name
Aluminium
Chemical formula
Al
Atomic weight
26,98
Assay
Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis
Description
A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Test for aluminium
A sample dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 174 SILVER
Synonyms
Argentum
Definition
Colour Index No
77820
Einecs
231-131-3
Chemical name
Silver
Chemical formula
Ag
Atomic weight
107,87
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % Ag
Description
Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets
Identification
Purity
E 175 GOLD
Synonyms
Pigment Metal 3; Aurum
Definition
Colour Index No
77480
Einecs
231-165-9
Chemical name
Gold
Chemical formula
Au
Atomic weight
197,0
Assay
Content not less than 90 % Au
Description
Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets
Identification
Purity
Silver
Not more than 7 %
After complete dissolution
Copper
Not more than 4 %
E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK
Synonyms
CI Pigment Red 57; Rubinpigment; Carmine 6B
Definition
Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.
Colour Index No
15850:1
Einecs
226-109-5
Chemical name
Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate
Chemical formula
C18H12CaN2O6S
Molecular weight
424,45
Assay
Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters
200 at ca. 442 nm in dimethylformamide
Description
Red powder
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca. 442 nm
Purity
Subsidiary colouring matters
Not more than 0,5 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt
Not more than 0,2 %
3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, calcium salt
Not more than 0,4 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines
Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)
Ether extractable matter
From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium lakes of this colour may be used.
E 200 SORBIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
203-768-7
Chemical name
Sorbic acid; trans, trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid
Chemical formula
C6H8O2
Molecular weight
112,12
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless needles or white free flowing powder, having a slight characteristic odour and showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C
Identification
Melting range
Between 133 °C and 135 °C, after vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Spectrometry
A propan-2-ol solution (1 in 4 000 000) shows absorbance maximum at 254 ± 2 nm
Test for double bonds
Passes test
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol.
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 %
Aldehydes
Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 202 POTASSIUM SORBATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
246-376-1
Chemical name
Potassium sorbate; Potassium (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoate; Potassium salt of trans, trans 2,4-hexadienoic acid
Chemical formula
C6H7O2K
Molecular weight
150,22
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the dried basis
Description
White crystalline powder showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C
Identification
Melting range for sorbic acid
Melting range of sorbic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 133 °C to 135 °C after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for double bonds
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,0 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Acidity or alkalinity
Not more than about 1,0 % (as sorbic acid or K2CO3)
Aldehydes
Not more than 0,1 %, calculated as formaldehyde
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 203 CALCIUM SORBATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-321-6
Chemical name
Calcium sorbate; Calcium salts of trans, trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid
Chemical formula
C12H14O4Ca
Molecular weight
262,32
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the dried basis
Description
Fine white crystalline powder not showing any change in colour after heating at 105 °C for 90 minutes
Identification
Melting range for sorbic acid
Melting range of sorbic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 133 °C to 135 °C after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for double bonds
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 %, determined by vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Aldehydes
Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 210 BENZOIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
200-618-2
Chemical name
Benzoic acid; Benzenecarboxylic acid; Phenylcarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C7H6O2
Molecular weight
122,12
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
121,5 °C -123,5 °C
Sublimation test
Passes test
Test for benzoate
Passes test
pH
About 4 (solution in water)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (3 hours, over sulphuric acid)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
Chlorinated organic compounds
Not more than 0,07 % expressed as chloride corresponding to 0,3 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid
Readily oxidisable substances
Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required
Readily carbonisable substances
A cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml of 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC (10), 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC (11), 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC (12) and 4,4 ml of water
Polycyclic acids
On fractional acidification of a neutralised solution of benzoic acid, the first precipitate must not have a different melting point from that of the benzoic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 211 SODIUM BENZOATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
208-534-8
Chemical name
Sodium benzoate; Sodium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid; Sodium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C7H5O2Na
Molecular weight
144,11
Assay
Not less than 99 % of C7H5O2Na, after drying at 105 °C for four hours
Description
A white, almost odourless, crystalline powder or granules
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Melting range for benzoic acid
Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for benzoate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Readily oxidisable substances
Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required
Polycyclic acids
On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of sodium benzoate, the first precipitate must not have a different melting range from that of benzoic acid
Chlorinated organic compounds
Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid
Acidity or alkalinity
Neutralisation of 1 g of sodium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 212 POTASSIUM BENZOATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
209-481-3
Chemical name
Potassium benzoate; Potassium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid; Potassium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C7H5KO2·3H2O
Molecular weight
214,27
Assay
Content not less than 99 % C7H5KO2 after drying at 105 °C to constant weight
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range for benzoic acid
Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for benzoate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 26,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Chlorinated organic compounds
Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid
Readily oxidisable substances
Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required
Readily carbonisable substances
A cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC, 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC, 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC and 4,4 ml of water
Polycyclic acids
On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of potassium benzoate, the first precipitate must not have a different melting range from that of benzoic acid
Acidity or alkalinity
Neutralisation of 1 g of potassium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 213 CALCIUM BENZOATE
Synonyms
Monocalcium benzoate
Definition
Einecs
218-235-4
Chemical name
Calcium benzoate; Calcium dibenzoate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous:
C14H10O4Ca
Monohydrate:
C14H10O4Ca·H2O
Trihydrate:
C14H10O4Ca·3H2O
Molecular weight
Anhydrous:
282,31
Monohydrate:
300,32
Trihydrate:
336,36
Assay
Content not less than 99 % after drying at 105 °C
Description
White or colourless crystals, or white powder
Identification
Melting range for benzoic acid
Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for benzoate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 17,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,3 %
Chlorinated organic compounds
Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid
Readily oxidisable substances
Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required
Readily carbonisable substances
Cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml of 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC, 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC, 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC and 4,4 ml of water
Polycyclic acids
On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of calcium benzoate, the first precipitate must not be a different melting range from that of benzoic acid
Acidity or alkalinity
Neutralisation of 1 g of calcium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 214 ETHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Synonyms
Ethylparaben; Ethyl p-oxybenzoate
Definition
Einecs
204-399-4
Chemical name
Ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate; Ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C9H10O3
Molecular weight
166,8
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % after drying for two hours at 80 °C
Description
Almost odourless, small, colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
115-118 °C
Test for p-hydroxybenzoate
Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised: 213 °C to 217 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for alcohol
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (80 °C, 2 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid
Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 215 SODIUM ETHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
252-487-6
Chemical name
Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium compound of the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C9H9O3Na
Molecular weight
188,8
Assay
Content of ethylester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid not less than 83 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, crystalline hygroscopic powder
Identification
Melting range
115 °C to 118 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator
Test for p-hydroxybenzoate
Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derived from the sample is 213 °C to 217 °C
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
9,9-10,3 (0,1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 5 %, (by vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator)
Sulphated ash
37 to 39 %
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid
Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 218 METHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Synonyms
Methylparaben; Methyl-p-oxybenzoate
Definition
Einecs
243-171-5
Chemical name
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C8H8O3
Molecular weight
152,15
Assay
Content not less than 99 % after drying for two hours at 80 °C
Description
Almost odourless, small colourless crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
125 °C - 128 °C
Test for p-hydroxybenzoate
Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derived from the sample is 213 °C to 217 °C after drying for two hours at 80 °C
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (80 °C, 2 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid
Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 219 SODIUM METHYL p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium compound of the methylester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C8H7O3Na
Molecular weight
174,15
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, hygroscopic powder
Identification
Melting range
The white precipitate formed by acidifying with hydrochloric acid a 10 % (w/v) aqueous solution of the sodium derivative of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (using litmus paper as indicator) shall, when washed with water and dried at 80 °C for two hours, have a melting range of 125 °C to 128 °C
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
9,7-10,3 (0,1 % solution in carbon dioxide free water)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
40 % to 44,5 % on the anhydrous basis
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid
Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 220 SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-195-2
Chemical name
Sulphur dioxide; Sulphurous acid anhydride
Chemical formula
SO2
Molecular weight
64,07
Assay
Content not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, non-flammable gas with strong pungent suffocating odour
Identification
Test for sulphurous substances
Passes test
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 % (Karl Fischer method)
Non-volatile residue
Not more than 0,01 %
Sulphur trioxide
Not more than 0,1 %
Selenium
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Other gases not normally present in the air
No trace
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 221 SODIUM SULPHITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-821-4
Chemical name
Sodium sulphite (anhydrous or heptahydrate)
Chemical formula
Anhydrous:
Na2SO3
Heptahydrate:
Na2SO37H2O
Molecular weight
Anhydrous:
126,04
Heptahydrate:
252,16
Assay
Anhydrous:
Not less than 95 % of Na2SO3 and not less than 48 % of SO2
Heptahydrate:
Not less than 48 % of Na2SO3 and not less than 24 % of SO2
Description
White crystalline powder or colourless crystals
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
8,5-11,5 (anhydrous: 10 % solution; heptahydrate: 20 % solution)
Purity
Thiosulphate
Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 222 SODIUM BISULPHITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-921-4
Chemical name
Sodium bisulphite; Sodium hydrogen sulphite
Chemical formula
NaHSO3 in aqueous solution
Molecular weight
104,06
Assay
Content not less than 32 % w/w NaHSO3
Description
A clear, colourless to yellow solution
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
2,5-5,5 (10 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg of Na2SO3 based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 223 SODIUM METABISULPHITE
Synonyms
Pyrosulphite; Sodium pyrosulphite
Definition
Einecs
231-673-0
Chemical name
Sodium disulphite; Disodium pentaoxodisulphate
Chemical formula
Na2S2O5
Molecular weight
190,11
Assay
Content not less than 95 % Na2S2O5 and not less than 64 % of SO2
Description
White crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
4,0-5,5 (10 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Thiosulphate
Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 224 POTASSIUM METABISULPHITE
Synonyms
Potassium pyrosulphite
Definition
Einecs
240-795-3
Chemical name
Potassium disulphite; Potassium pentaoxo disulphate
Chemical formula
K2S2O5
Molecular weight
222,33
Assay
Content not less than 90 % K2S2O5 and not less than 51,8 % of SO2, the remainder being composed almost entirely of potassium sulphate
Description
Colourless crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Thiosulphate
Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 226 CALCIUM SULPHITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
218-235-4
Chemical name
Calcium sulphite
Chemical formula
CaSO3·2H2O
Molecular weight
156,17
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of CaSO3·2H2O and not less than 39 % of SO2
Description
White crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 227 CALCIUM BISULPHITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
237-423-7
Chemical name
Calcium bisulphite; Calcium hydrogen sulphite
Chemical formula
Ca(HSO3)2
Molecular weight
202,22
Assay
6 to 8 % (w/v) of sulphur dioxide and 2,5 to 3,5 % (w/v) of calcium dioxide corresponding to 10 to 14 % (w/v) of calcium bisulphite [Ca(HSO3)2]
Description
Clear greenish-yellow aqueous solution having a distinct odour of sulphur dioxide
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 228 POTASSIUM BISULPHITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-870-1
Chemical name
Potassium bisulphite; Potassium hydrogen sulphite
Chemical formula
KHSO3 in aqueous solution
Molecular weight
120,17
Assay
Content not less than 280 g KHSO3 per litre (or 150 g SO2 per litre)
Description
Clear colourless aqueous solution
Identification
Test for sulphite
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Selenium
Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 234 NISIN
Synonyms
Definition
Nisin consists of several closely related polypeptides produced by strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Einecs
215-807-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
C143H230N42O37S7
Molecular weight
3 354,12
Assay
Nisin concentrate contains not less than 900 units per mg in a mixture of non-fat milk solids and a minimum sodium chloride content of 50 %
Description
White powder
Identification
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 3 % (102 °C to 103 °C, to constant weight)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 235 NATAMYCIN
Synonyms
Pimaricin
Definition
Natamycin is a fungicide of the polyene macrolide group, and is produced by strains of Streptomyces natalensis and other relevant species
Einecs
231-683-5
Chemical name
A stereoisomer of 22-(3-Amino-3,6-dideoxy-β-D- mannopyranosyloxy)-1,3,26-trihydroxy-12-methyl-10-oxo-6,11,28-trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.05,7]octacosa-8,14,16,18,20-pentaene-25-carboxylic acid.
Chemical formula
C33H47O13N
Molecular weight
665,74
Assay
Content not less than 95 % on the dried basis
Description
White to creamy-white crystalline powder
Identification
Colour reactions
On adding a few crystals of natamycin on a spot plate, to a drop of:
concentrated hydrochloric acid, a blue colour develops,
concentrated phosphoric acid, a green colour develops,which changes into pale red after a few minutes
Spectrometry
A 0,0005 % w/v solution in 1 % methanolic acetic acid solution has absorption maxima at about 290 nm, 303 nm and 318 nm, a shoulder at about 280 nm and exhibits minima at about 250 nm, 295,5 nm and 311 nm
pH
5,5-7,5 (1 % w/v solution in previously neutralised mixture of 20 parts dimethylformamide and 80 parts of water)
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 250° to + 295° (a 1 % w/v solution in glacial acetic acid, at 20 °C and calculated with reference to the dried material)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8 % (over P2O5, in vacuum at 60 °C to constant weight)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
E 239 HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE
Synonyms
Hexamine; Methenamine
Definition
Einecs
202-905-8
Chemical name
1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo [3.3.1.13,7]-decane, hexamethylenetetramine
Chemical formula
C6H12N4
Molecular weight
140,19
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for formaldehyde
Passes test
Test for ammonia
Passes test
Sublimation point:
Approximately 260 °C
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (at 105 °C in vacuum over P2O5 for 2 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
Sulphates
Not more than 0,005 % expressed as SO4
Chlorides
Not more than 0,005 % expressed as Cl
Ammonium salts
Not detectable
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 242 DIMETHYL DICARBONATE
Synonyms
DMDC; Dimethyl pyrocarbonate
Definition
Einecs
224-859-8
Chemical name
Dimethyl dicarbonate; Pyrocarbonic acid dimethyl ester
Chemical formula
C4H6O5
Molecular weight
134,09
Assay
Content not less than 99,8 %
Description
Colourless liquid, decomposes in aqueous solution. It is corrosive to skin and eyes and toxic by inhalation and ingestion
Identification
Decomposition
After dilution positive tests for CO2 and methanol
Melting point
17 °C
Boiling point
172 °C with decomposition
Density 20 °C
Approximately 1,25 g/cm3
Infrared absorption spectrum
Maxima at 1 156 and 1 832 cm-1
Purity
Dimethyl carbonate
Not more than 0,2 %
Chlorine, total
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 249 POTASSIUM NITRITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-832-4
Chemical name
Potassium nitrite
Chemical formula
KNO2
Molecular weight
85,11
Assay
Content not less than 95 % on the anhydrous basis (14)
Description
White or slightly yellow, deliquescent granules
Identification
Test for nitrite
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
6,0-9,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 3 % (4 hours, over silica gel)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 250 SODIUM NITRITE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-555-9
Chemical name
Sodium nitrite
Chemical formula
NaNO2
Molecular weight
69,00
Assay
Content not less than 97 % on the anhydrous basis (15)
Description
White crystalline powder or yellowish lumps
Identification
Test for nitrite
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,25 % (4 hours, over silica gel)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 251 SODIUM NITRATE
(i) SOLID SODIUM NITRATE
Synonyms
Chile saltpetre; Cubic or soda nitre
Definition
Einecs
231-554-3
Chemical name
Sodium nitrate
Chemical formula
NaNO3
Molecular weight
85,00
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline, slightly hygroscopic powder
Identification
Test for nitrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
5,5-8,3 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Nitrites
Not more than 30 mg/kg expressed as NaNO2
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(ii)
Synonyms
Definition
Liquid sodium nitrate is an aqueous solution of sodium nitrate as the direct result of the chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid in stoechiometric amounts, without subsequent crystallisation. Standardised forms prepared from liquid sodium nitrate meeting these specifications may contain nitric acid in excessive amounts, if clearly stated or labelled.
Einecs
231-554-3
Chemical name
Sodium nitrate
Chemical formula
NaNO3
Molecular weight
85,00
Assay
Content between 33,5 % and 40,0 % of NaNO3
Description
Clear colourless liquid
Identification
Test for nitrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
1,5-3,5
Purity
Free nitric acid
Not more than 0,01 %
Nitrites
Not more than 10 mg/kg expressed as NaNO2
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 0,3 mg/kg
This specification refers to a 35 % aqueous solution.
E 252 POTASSIUM NITRATE
Synonyms
Chile saltpetre; Cubic or soda nitre
Definition
Einecs
231-818-8
Chemical name
Potassium nitrate
Chemical formula
KNO3
Molecular weight
101,11
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline powder or transparent prisms having a cooling, saline, pungent taste
Identification
Test for nitrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
4,5-8,5 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Nitrites
Not more than 20 mg/kg expressed as KNO2
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 260 ACETIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
200-580-7
Chemical name
Acetic acid; Ethanoic acid
Chemical formula
C2H4O2
Molecular weight
60,05
Assay
Content not less than 99,8 %
Description
Clear, colourless liquid having a pungent, characteristic odour
Identification
Boiling point
118 °C at 760 mm pressure (of mercury)
Specific gravity
About 1,049
Test for acetate
A one in three solution gives positive tests for acetate
Solidification point
Not lower than 14,5 °C
Purity
Non-volatile residue
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Formic acid, formates and other oxidisable substances
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg expressed as formic acid
Readily oxidisable substances
Dilute 2 ml of the sample in a glass-stoppered container with 10 ml of water and add 0,1 ml of 0,1 N potassium permanganate. The pink colour does not change to brown within 30 minutes
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 261 POTASSIUM ACETATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
204-822-2
Chemical name
Potassium acetate
Chemical formula
C2H3O2K
Molecular weight
98,14
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless, deliquescent crystals or a white crystalline powder, odourless or with a faint acetic odour
Identification
pH
7,5-9,0 (5 % aqueous solution)
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8 % (150 °C, 2 hours)
Formic acid, formates and other oxidisable substances
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg expressed as formic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 262 (i) SODIUM ACETATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
204-823-8
Chemical name
Sodium acetate
Chemical formula
C2H3NaO2·nH2O (n = 0 or 3)
Molecular weight
Anhydrous:
82,03
Trihydrate:
136,08
Assay
Content (for both of anhydrous and trihydrate form) not less than 98,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Anhydrous:
White, odourless, granular, hygroscopic powder
Trihydrate:
Colourless, transparent crystals or a granular crystalline powder, odourless or with a faint, acetic odour. Effloresces in warm, dry air
Identification
pH
8,0-9,5 (1 % aqueous solution)
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous:
Not more than 2 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Trihydrate:
Between 36 and 42 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Formic acid, formates and other oxidisable substances
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg expressed as formic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 262 (ii) SODIUM DIACETATE
Synonyms
Definition
Sodium diacetate is a molecular compound of sodium acetate and acetic acid
Einecs
204-814-9
Chemical name
Sodium hydrogen diacetate
Chemical formula
C4H7NaO4·nH2O (n = 0 or 3)
Molecular weight
142,09 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content 39 to 41 % of free acetic acid and 58 to 60 % of sodium acetate
Description
White, hygroscopic crystalline solid with an acetic odour
Identification
pH
4,5-5,0 (10 % aqueous solution)
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Formic acid, formates and other oxidisable substances
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg expressed as formic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 263 CALCIUM ACETATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
200-540-9
Chemical name
Calcium acetate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous:
C4H6O4Ca
Monohydrate:
C4H6O4Ca·H2O
Molecular weight
Anhydrous:
158,17
Monohydrate:
176,18
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Anhydrous calcium acetate is a white, hygroscopic, bulky, crystalline solid with a slightly bitter taste. A slight odour of acetic acid may be present. The monohydrate may be needles, granules or powder
Identification
pH
6,0-9,0 (10 % aqueous solution)
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 11 % (155 °C to constant weight, for the monohydrate)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,3 %
Formic acid, formates and other oxidisable substances
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg expressed as formic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 270 LACTIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Consists of a mixture of lactic acid (C3H6O3) and lactic acid lactate (C6H10O5). It is obtained by the lactic fermentation of sugars or is prepared synthetically.
Lactic acid is hygroscopic and when concentrated by boiling, it condenses to form lactic acid lactate, which on dilution and heating hydrolyses to lactic acid.
Einecs
200-018-0
Chemical name
Lactic acid; 2-Hydroxypropionic acid; 1-Hydroxyethane-1-carboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C3H6O3
Molecular weight
90,08
Assay
Content not less than 76 %
Description
Colourless or yellowish, nearly odourless, syrupy liquid to solid
Identification
Test for lactate
Passes test
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Sulphate
Not more than 0,25 %
Iron
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Note: This specification refers to a 80 % aqueous solution; for weaker aqueous solutions, calculate values corresponding to their lactic acid content
E 280 PROPIONIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
201-176-3
Chemical name
Propionic acid; Propanoic acid
Chemical formula
C3H6O2
Molecular weight
74,08
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 %
Description
Colourless or slightly yellowish, oily liquid with a slightly pungent odour
Identification
Melting point
– 22 °C
Distillation range
138,5 °C to 142,5 °C
Purity
Non-volatile residue
Not more than 0,01 % when dried at 140 °C to constant weight
Aldehydes
Not more than 0,1 % expressed as formaldehyde
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 281 SODIUM PROPIONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
205-290-4
Chemical name
Sodium propionate; Sodium propanoate
Chemical formula
C3H5O2Na
Molecular weight
96,06
Assay
Content not less than 99 % after drying for two hours at 105 °C
Description
White crystalline hygroscopic powder, or a fine white powder
Identification
Test for propionate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
7,5-10,5 (10 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 4 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,1 %
Iron
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 282 CALCIUM PROPIONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
223-795-8
Chemical name
Calcium propionate
Chemical formula
C6H10O4Ca
Molecular weight
186,22
Assay
Content not less than 99 %, after drying for two hours at 105 °C
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Test for propionate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
6,0-9,0 (10 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 4 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,3 %
Iron
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 283 POTASSIUM PROPIONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
206-323-5
Chemical name
Potassium propionate; Potassium propanoate
Chemical formula
C3H5KO2
Molecular weight
112,17
Assay
Content not less than 99 % after drying for two hours at 105 °C
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Test for propionate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 4 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,1 %
Iron
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 284 BORIC ACID
Synonyms
Boracic acid; Orthoboric acid; Borofax
Definition
Einecs
233-139-2
Chemical name
Chemical formula
H3BO3
Molecular weight
61,84
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, transparent crystals or white granules or powder; slightly unctuous to the touch; occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite
Identification
Melting point
At approximately 171 °C
Burning test
Burns with a nice green flame
pH
3,8-4,8 (3,3 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Peroxides
No colour develops with added KI-solution
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 285 SODIUM TETRABORATE (BORAX)
Synonyms
Sodium borate
Definition
Einecs
215-540-4
Chemical name
Sodium tetraborate; Sodium biborate; Sodium pyroborate; Anhydrous tetraborate
Chemical formula
Na2B4O7
Na2B4O7·10H2O
Molecular weight
201,27
Assay
Description
Powder or glass-like plates becoming opaque on exposure to air; slowly soluble in water
Identification
Melting range
Between 171 °C and 175 °C with decomposition
Purity
Peroxides
No colour develops with added KI-solution
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 290 CARBON DIOXIDE
Synonyms
Carbonic acid gas; Dry ice (solid form); Carbonic anhydride
Definition
Einecs
204-696-9
Chemical name
Carbon dioxide
Chemical formula
CO2
Molecular weight
44,01
Assay
Content not less than 99 % v/v on the gaseous basis
Description
A colourless gas under normal environmental conditions with a slight pungent odour. Commercial carbon dioxide is shipped and handled as a liquid in pressurised cylinders or bulk storage systems, or in compressed solid blocks of ‘dry ice’. Solid (dry ice) forms usually contain added substances, such as propylene glycol or mineral oil, as binders
Identification
Precipitate formation
When a stream of the sample is passed through a solution of barium hydroxide, a white precipitate is produced which dissolves with effervescence in dilute acetic acid
Purity
Acidity
915 ml of gas bubbled through 50 ml of freshly boiled water must not render the latter more acid to methylorange than is 50 ml freshly boiled water to which has been added 1 ml of hydrochloric acid (0,01 N)
Reducing substances, hydrogen phosphide and sulphide
915 ml of gas bubbled through 25 ml of ammoniacal silver nitrate reagent to which has been added 3 ml of ammonia must not cause clouding or blackening of this solution
Carbon monoxide
Not more than 10 μl/l
Oil content
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 296 MALIC ACID
Synonyms
Pomalous acid
Definition
Einecs
230-022-8, 210-514-9, 202-601-5
Chemical name
hydroxybutanedioic acid; hydroxysuccinic acid
Chemical formula
C4H6O5
Molecular weight
134,09
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
White or nearly white crystalline powder or granules
Identification
Melting range
127-132 °C
Test for malate
Passes test
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 297 FUMARIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
203-743-0
Chemical name
trans-Butenedioic acid; trans-1,2-Ethylene-dicarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C4H4O4
Molecular weight
116,07
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline powder or granules
Identification
Melting range
286-302 °C (closed capillary, rapid heating)
Test for double bonds
Passes test
Test for 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
pH
3,0-3,2 (0,05 % solution at 25 °C)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 300 ASCORBIC ACID, L-ASCORBIC ACID
Synonyms
L-xylo-Ascorbic acid; L(+)- Ascorbic acid
Definition
Einecs
200-066-2
Chemical name
L-ascorbic acid; Ascorbic acid; 2,3-Didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone; 3-Keto-L-gulofuranolactone
Chemical formula
C6H8O6
Molecular weight
176,13
Assay
contains not less than 99 % of C6H8O6 after drying in a vacuum desiccator over sulphuric acid for 24 hours,
Description
White to pale yellow, odourless crystalline powder
Melting range
Between 189 °C and 193 °C with decomposition
Identification
Test for ascorbic acid
Passes test
pH
Between 2,4 and 2,8 (2 % aqueous solution)
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 20,5° and + 21,5° (10 % w/v aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,4 % (in vacuum over sulphuric acid, 24 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 301 SODIUM ASCORBATE
Synonyms
Sodium L-ascorbate; L-Ascorbic acid monosodium salt
Definition
Einecs
205-126-1
Chemical name
Sodium ascorbate; Sodium L-ascorbate; 2,3-Didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone sodium enolate; 3-Keto-L-gulofurano-lactone sodium enolate
Chemical formula
C6H7O6Na
Molecular weight
198,11
Assay
Sodium ascorbate, after drying in a vacuum desiccator over sulphuric acid for 24 hours, contains not less than 99 % of C6H7O6Na
Description
White or almost white, odourless crystalline powder which darkens on exposure to light
Identification
Test for ascorbate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 6,5 and 8,0 (10 % aqueous solution)
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 103° and + 106° (10 % w/v aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,25 % (in vacuum over sulphuric acid, 24 hours)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 302 CALCIUM ASCORBATE
Synonyms
Calcium ascorbate dihydrate
Definition
Einecs
227-261-5
Chemical name
Calcium ascorbate dihydrate; Calcium salt of 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone dihydrate
Chemical formula
C12H14O12Ca·2H2O
Molecular weight
426,35
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on a volatile matter-free basis
Description
White to slightly pale greyish-yellow odourless crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ascorbate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
Between 6,0 and 7,5 (10 % aqueous solution)
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 95° and + 97° (5 % w/v aqueous solution)
Purity
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Volatile matter
Not more than 0,3 % determined by drying at room temperature for 24 hours in a desiccator containing sulphuric acid or phosphorus pentoxide
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 304 (i) ASCORBYL PALMITATE
Synonyms
L-ascorbyl palmitate
Definition
Einecs
205-305-4
Chemical name
Ascorbyl palmitate; L-ascorbyl palmitate; 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-6-palmitate; 6-palmitoyl-3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone
Chemical formula
C22H38O7
Molecular weight
414,55
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the dried basis
Description
White or yellowish-white powder with a citrus-like odour
Identification
Melting range
Between 107 °C and 117 °C
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 21° and + 24° (5 % w/v in methanol solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (vacuum oven, 56-60 °C, 1 hour)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 304 (ii) ASCORBYL STEARATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
246-944-9
Chemical name
Ascorbyl stearate; L-ascorbyl stearate; 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-6-stearate; 6-stearoyl-3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone
Chemical formula
C24H42O7
Molecular weight
442,6
Assay
Content not less than 98 %
Description
White or yellowish, white powder with a citrus-like odour
Identification
Melting point
About 116 °C
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (vacuum oven, 56-60 °C, 1 hour)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 306 TOCOPHEROL-RICH EXTRACT
Synonyms
Definition
Product obtained by the vacuum steam distillation of edible vegetable oil products, comprising concentrated tocopherols and tocotrienols
Contains tocopherols such as d-α-, d-β-, d-γ- and d-δ-tocopherols
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
430,71 (d-α-tocopherol)
Assay
Content not less than 34 % of total tocopherols
Description
Brownish red to red, clear, viscous oil having a mild, characteristic odour and taste. May show a slight separation of wax-like constituents in microcrystalline form
Identification
By suitable gas liquid chromatographic method
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 not less than + 20°
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in ethanol. Miscible in ether
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 307 ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL
Synonyms
dl-α-Tocopherol; (all rac)-α-Tocopherol
Definition
Einecs
233-466-0
Chemical name
DL-5,7,8-Trimethyltocol; DL-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4′,8′,12′-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol
Chemical formula
C29H50O2
Molecular weight
430,71
Assay
Content not less than 96 %
Description
Slightly yellow to amber, nearly odourless, clear, viscous oil which oxidises and darkens on exposure to air or light
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, miscible in ether
Spectrophotometry
In absolute ethanol the maximum absorption is about 292 nm
Specific rotation
[α]D 25 0° ± 0,05° (1 in 10 solution in chloroform)
Purity
Refractive index
[n]D 20 1,503-1,507
Specific absorption in ethanol
(292 nm) 71-76
(0,01 g in 200 ml of absolute ethanol)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 308 GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL
Synonyms
dl-γ-Tocopherol
Definition
Einecs
231-523-4
Chemical name
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4′,8′,12′-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol
Chemical formula
C28H48O2
Molecular weight
416,69
Assay
Content not less than 97 %
Description
Clear, viscous, pale yellow oil which oxidises and darkens on exposure to air or light
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum absorptions in absolute ethanol at about 298 nm and 257 nm
Purity
Specific absorption in ethanol
(298 nm) between 91 and 97
(257 nm) between 5,0 and 8,0
Refractive index
[n]D 20 1,503-1,507
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 309 DELTA-TOCOPHEROL
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
204-299-0
Chemical name
2,8-dimethyl-2-(4′,8′,12′-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol
Chemical formula
C27H46O2
Molecular weight
402,7
Assay
Content not less than 97 %
Description
Clear, viscous, pale yellowish or orange oil which oxidises and darkens on exposure to air or light
Identification
Spectrometry
Maximum absorptions in absolute ethanol at about 298 nm and 257 nm
Purity
in ethanol
(298 nm) between 89 and 95
(257 nm) between 3,0 and 6,0
Refractive index
[n]D 20 1,500-1,504
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 310 PROPYL GALLATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
204-498-2
Chemical name
Propyl gallate; Propyl ester of gallic acid; n-propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C10H12O5
Molecular weight
212,20
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White to creamy-white, crystalline, odourless solid
Identification
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, ether and propane-1,2-diol
Melting range
Between 146 °C and 150 °C after drying at 110 °C for four hours
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5% (110 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Free acid
Not more than 0,5 % (as gallic acid)
Chlorinated organic compound
Not more than 100 mg/kg (as C1)
Specific absorption in ethanol
(275 nm) not less than 485 and not more than 520
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 311 OCTYL GALLATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
213-853-0
Chemical name
Octyl gallate; Octyl ester of gallic acid; n-octyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical formula
C15H22O5
Molecular weight
282,34
Assay
Content not less than 98 % after drying at 90 °C for six hours
Description
White to creamy-white odourless solid
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, ether and propane-1,2-diol
Melting range
Between 99 °C and 102 °C after drying at 90 °C for six hours
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (90 °C, 6 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
Free acid
Not more than 0,5 % (as gallic acid)
Chlorinated organic compound
Not more than 100 mg/kg (as C1)
Specific absorption in ethanol
(275 nm) not less than 375 and not more than 390
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 312 DODECYL GALLATE
Synonyms
Lauryl gallate
Definition
Einecs
214-620-6
Chemical name
Dodecyl gallate; n-dodecyl (or lauryl) ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid; Dodecyl ester of gallic acid
Chemical formula
C19H30O5
Molecular weight
338,45
Assay
Content not less than 98 % after drying at 90 °C for six hours
Description
White or creamy-white odourless solid
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol and ether
Melting range
Between 95 °C and 98 °C after drying at 90 °C for six hours
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (90 °C, 6 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 %
Free acid
Not more than 0,5 % (as gallic acid)
Chlorinated organic compound
Not more than 100 mg/kg (as Cl)
Specific absorption in ethanol
(275 nm) not less than 300 and not more than 325
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 315 ERYTHORBIC ACID
Synonyms
Isoascorbic acid; D-Araboascorbic acid
Definition
Einecs
201-928-0
Chemical name
D-Erythro-hex-2-enoic acid γ-lactone; Isoascorbic acid; D-Isoascorbic acid
Chemical formula
C6H8O6
Molecular weight
176,13
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White to slightly yellow crystalline solid which darkens gradually on exposure to light
Identification
Melting range
About 164 °C to 172 °C with decomposition
Test for ascorbic acid/colour reaction
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 25 10 % (w/v) aqueous solution between – 16,5° to – 18,0°
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,4 % after drying under (reduced pressure on silica gel, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,3 %
Oxalate
To a solution of 1 g in 10 ml of water add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid and 5 ml of 10 % calcium acetate solution. The solution should remain clear
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 316 SODIUM ERYTHORBATE
Synonyms
Sodium isoascorbate
Definition
Einecs
228-973-9
Chemical name
Sodium isoascorbate; Sodium D-isoascorbic acid; Sodium salt of 2,3-didehydro-D-erythro-hexono-1,4-lactone; 3-keto-D-gulofurano-lactone sodium enolate monohydrate
Chemical formula
C6H7O6Na·H2O
Molecular weight
216,13
Assay
Content not less than 98 % after drying in a vacuum desiccator over sulphuric acid for 24 hours expressed on the monohydrate basis
Description
White crystalline solid
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol
Test for ascorbic acid/colour reaction
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
5,5 to 8,0 (10 % aqueous solution)
Specific rotation
[α]D 25 10 % (w/v) aqueous solution between + 95° and + 98°
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,25 % after drying (in vacuum over sulphuric acid, 24 hours)
Oxalate
To a solution of 1 g in 10 ml of water add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid and 5 ml of 10 % calcium acetate solution. The solution should remain clear.
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE (TBHQ)
Synonyms
TBHQ
Definition
Einecs
217-752-2
Chemical name
Tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol; 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol
Chemical formula
C10H14O2
Molecular weight
166,22
Assay
Content not less than 99 % of C10H14O2
Description
White crystalline solid having a characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol
Melting point
Not less than 126,5 °C
Phenolics
Dissolve about 5 mg of the sample in 10 ml of methanol and add 10,5 ml of dimethylamine solution (1 in 4). A red to pink colour is produced
Purity
Tertiary-Butyl-p-benzoquinone
Not more than 0,2 %
2,5-Di-tertiary-butyl hydroquinone
Not more than 0,2 %
Hydroxyquinone
Not more than 0,1 %
Toluene
Not more than 25 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 320 BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE (BHA)
Synonyms
BHA
Definition
Einecs
246-563-8
Chemical name
3-Tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole; A mixture of 2-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
Chemical formula
C11H16O2
Molecular weight
180,25
Assay
Content not less than 98,5 % of C11H16O2 and not less than 85 % of 3-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole isomer
Description
White or slightly yellow flakes or waxy solid with a slight aromatic smell
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol
Melting range
Between 48 °C and 63 °C
Colour reaction
Passes test for phenol groups
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 % after calcination at 800 ± 25 °C
Phenolic impurities
Not more than 0,5 %
Specific absorption
(290 nm) not less than 190 and not more than 210
(228 nm) not less than 326 and not more than 345
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 321 BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT)
Synonyms
BHT
Definition
Einecs
204-881-4
Chemical name
2,6-Ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol; 4-Methyl-2,6-ditertiarybutylphenol
Chemical formula
C15H24O
Molecular weight
220,36
Assay
Content not less than 99 %
Description
White, crystalline or flaked solid, odourless or having a characteristic faint aromatic odour
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and propane- 1,2-diol
Freely soluble in ethanol
Melting point
At 70 °C
Spectrometry
The absorption in the range 230 to 320 nm of a 2 cm layer of a 1 in 100 000 solution in dehydrated ethanol exhibits a maximum only at 278 nm
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,005 %
Phenolic impurities
Not more than 0,5 %
Specific absorption in ethanol
(278 nm) not less than 81 and not more than 88
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 322 LECITHINS
Synonyms
Phosphatides; Phospholipids
Definition
Lecithins are mixtures or fractions of phosphatides obtained by physical procedures from animal or vegetable foodstuffs; they also include hydrolysed products obtained through the use of harmless and appropriate enzymes. The final product must not show any signs of residual enzyme activity
The lecithins may be slightly bleached in aqueous medium by means of hydrogen peroxide. This oxidation must not chemically modify the lecithin phosphatides
Einecs
232-307-2
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Lecithins: not less than 60,0 % of substances insoluble in acetone
Hydrolysed lecithins: not less than 56,0 % of substances insoluble in acetone
Description
Lecithins: brown liquid or viscous semi-liquid or powder
Hydrolysed lecithins: light brown to brown viscous liquid or paste
Identification
Test for choline
Passes test
Test for phosphorus
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for hydrolysed lecithin
To a 800 ml beaker add 500 ml of water (30-35 °C). Then slowly add 50 ml of the sample with constant stirring. Hydrolysed lecithin will form a homogeneous emulsion. Non-hydrolysed lecithin will form a distinct mass of about 50 g
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Toluene-insoluble matter
Not more than 0,3 %
Acid value
Lecithins: not more than 35 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram
Hydrolysed lecithins: not more than 45 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram
Peroxide value
Equal to or less than 10
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 325 SODIUM LACTATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
200-772-0
Chemical name
Sodium lactate; Sodium 2-hydroxypropanoate
Chemical formula
C3H5NaO3
Molecular weight
112,06 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 57 % and not more than 66 %
Description
Colourless, transparent, liquid. Odourless, or with a slight, characteristic odour
Identification
Test for lactate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
6,5 to 7,5 (20 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Acidity
Not more than 0,5 % after drying expressed as lactic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Reducing substances
No reduction of Fehling's solution
Note: This specification refers to a 60 % aqueous solution
E 326 POTASSIUM LACTATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
213-631-3
Cheminal name
Potassium lactate; Potassium 2-hydroxypropanoate
Chemical formula
C3H5O3K
Molecular weight
128,17 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 57 % and not more than 66 %
Description
Slightly viscous, almost odourless clear liquid. Odourless, or with a slight, characteristic odour
Identification
Ignition
Ignite potassium lactate solution to an ash. The ash is alkaline, and an effervescence occurs when acid is added
Colour reaction
Overlay 2 ml of potassium lactate solution on 5 ml of a 1 in 100 solution of catechol in sulphuric acid. A deep red colour is produced at the zone of contact
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for lactate
Passes test
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Acidity
Dissolve 1 g of potassium lactate solution in 20 ml of water, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein TS and titrate with 0,1 N sodium hydroxide. Not more than 0,2 ml should be required
Reducing substances
No reduction of Fehling's solution
Note: This specification refers to a 60 % aqueous solution
E 327 CALCIUM LACTATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
212-406-7
Chemical name
Calcium dilactate; Calcium dilactate hydrate; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt
Chemical formula
(C3H5O2)2 Ca·nH2O (n = 0 - 5)
Molecular weight
218,22 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Almost odourless, white crystalline powder or granules
Identification
Test for lactate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 6,0 and 8,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
anhydrous: not more than 3,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
with 1 molecule of water: not more than 8,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
with 3 molecules of water: not more than 20,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
with 4,5 molecules of water: not more than 27,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Acidity
Not more than 0,5 % of the dry matter expressed as lactic acid
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Reducing substances
No reduction of Fehling's solution
E 330 CITRIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Citric acid is produced from lemon or pineapple juice, by fermentation of carbohydrate solutions or other suitable media using Candida spp. or non-toxicogenic strains of Aspergillus niger
Einecs
201-069-1
Chemical name
Citric acid; 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; β-Hydroxytricarballylic acid
Chemical formula
(a)
C6H8O7 (anhydrous)
(b)
C6H8O7·H2O (monohydrate)
Molecular weight
(a)
192,13 (anhydrous)
(b)
210,15 (monohydrate)
Assay
Citric acid may be anhydrous or it may contain 1 molecule of water. Citric acid contains not less than 99,5 % of C6H8O7, calculated on the anhydrous basis
Description
Citric acid is a white or colourless, odourless, crystalline solid, having a strongly acid taste. The monohydrate effloresces in dry air
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water; freely soluble in ethanol; soluble in ether
Purity
Water content
Anhydrous citric acid contains not more than 0,5 % water; citric acid monohydrate contains not more than 8,8 % water (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 % after calcination at 800 ± 25 °C
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg, expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
Readily carbonisable substances
Heat 1 g of powdered sample with 10 ml of 98 % minimum sulphuric acid in a water bath at 90 °C in the dark for one hour. Not more than a pale brown colour should be produced (Matching Fluid K)
E 331 (i) MONOSODIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Monobasic sodium citrate
Definition
Einecs
242-734-6
Chemical name
Monosodium citrate; Monosodium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
(a)
C6H7O7Na (anhydrous)
(b)
C6H7O7Na·H2O (monohydrate)
Molecular weight
(a)
214,11 (anhydrous)
(b)
232,23 (monohydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Crystalline white powder or colourless crystals
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 3,5 and 3,8 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
anhydrous: not more than 1,0 % (140 °C, 0,5 hour)
monohydrate: not more than 8,8 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 331 (ii) DISODIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Dibasic sodium citrate
Definition
Einecs
205-623-3
Chemical name
Disodium citrate; Disodium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Disodium salt of citric acid with 1,5 molecules of water
Chemical formula
C6H6O7Na2·1,5H2O
Molecular weight
263,11
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Crystalline white powder or colourless crystals
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 4,9 and 5,2 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 13,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 331 (iii) TRISODIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Tribasic sodium citrate
Definition
Einecs
200-675-3
Chemical name
Trisodium citrate; Trisodium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Trisodium salt of citric acid, in anhydrous, dihydrate or pentahydrate form
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: C6H5O7Na3
Hydrated: C6H5O7Na3·nH2O (n = 2 or 5)
Molecular weight
258,07 (anhydrous)
294,10 (hydrated n = 2)
348,16 (hydrated n = 5)
Assay
Not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Crystalline white powder or colourless crystals
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,5 and 9,0 (5 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss of drying
Anhydrous: not more than 1,0 % (180 °C, 18 hours)
Dihydrate: 10,0 to 13,0 % (180 °C, 18 hours)
Pentahydrate: not more than 30,3 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 332 (i) MONOPOTASSIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Monobasic potassium citrate
Definition
Einecs
212-753-4
Chemical name
Monopotassium citrate; Monopotassium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Anhydrous monopotassium salt of citric acid
Chemical formula
C6H7O7K
Molecular weight
230,21
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, hygroscopic, granular powder or transparent crystals
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Between 3,5 and 3,8 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 332 (ii) TRIPOTASSIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Tribasic potassium citrate
Definition
Einecs
212-755-5
Chemical name
Tripotassium citrate; Tripotassium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Monohydrated tripotassium salt of citric acid
Chemical formula
C6H5O7K3·H2O
Molecular weight
324,42
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, hygroscopic, granular powder or transparent crystals
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,5 and 9,0 (5 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 6,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 333 (i) MONOCALCIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Monobasic calcium citrate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Monocalcium citrate; Monocalcium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Monohydrate monocalcium salt of citric acid
Chemical formula
(C6H7O7)2Ca·H2O
Molecular weight
440,32
Assay
Content not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Fine white powder
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
Between 3,2 and 3,5 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 7,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 200 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children)
Carbonates
Dissolving 1 g of calcium citrate in 10 ml 2 N hydrochloric acid must not liberate more than a few isolated bubbles
E 333 (ii) DICALCIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Dibasic calcium citrate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Dicalcium citrate; Dicalcium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Trihydrated dicalcium salt of citric acid
Chemical formula
(C6H7O7)2Ca2·3H2O
Molecular weight
530,42
Assay
Not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Fine white powder
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 20,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 200 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children)
Carbonates
Dissolving 1 g of calcium citrate in 10 ml 2 N hydrochloric acid must not liberate more than a few isolated bubbles
E 333 (iii) TRICALCIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Tribasic calcium citrate
Definition
Einecs
212-391-7
Chemical name
Tricalcium citrate; Tricalcium salt of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid; Tetrahydrated tricalcium salt of citric acid
Chemical formula
(C6H6O7)2Ca3·4H2O
Molecular weight
570,51
Assay
Not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Fine white powder
Identification
Test for citrate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 14,0 % (180 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 200 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children)
Carbonates
Dissolving 1 g of calcium citrate in 10 ml 2 N hydrochloric acid must not liberate more than a few isolated bubbles
E 334 L(+)-TARTARIC ACID, TARTARIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
201-766-0
Chemical name
L-tartaric acid; L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; d-α,β-dihydroxysuccinic acid
Chemical formula
C4H6O6
Molecular weight
150,09
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless or translucent crystalline solid or white crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
Between 168 °C and 170 °C
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 11,5° and + 13,5° (20 % w/v aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (over P2O5, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 1 000 mg/kg (after calcination at 800 ± 25 °C)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg expressed as oxalic acid, after drying
E 335 (i) MONOSODIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
Monosodium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Monosodium salt of L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; Monohydrated monosodium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid
Chemical formula
C4H5O6Na·H2O
Molecular weight
194,05
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Transparent colourless crystals
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 335 (ii) DISODIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
212-773-3
Chemical name
Disodium L-tartrate; Disodium (+)-tartrate; Disodium salt of (+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; Dihydrated disodium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid
Chemical formula
C4H4O6Na2·2H2O
Molecular weight
230,8
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Transparent, colourless crystals
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Solubility
1 gram is insoluble in 3 ml of water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 7,0 and 7,5 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 17,0 % (150 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 336 (i) MONOPOTASSIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
Monobasic potassium tartrate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Anhydrous monopotassium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid; Monopotassium salt of L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Chemical formula
C4H5O6K
Molecular weight
188,16
Assay
Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline or granulated powder
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Melting point
230 °C
pH
3,4 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 336 (ii) DIPOTASSIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
Dibasic potassium tartrate
Definition
Einecs
213-067-8
Chemical name
Dipotassium salt of L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; Dipotassium salt with half a molecule of water of L-(+)-tartaric acid
Chemical formula
C4H4O6K2·½H2O
Molecular weight
235,2
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline or granulated powder
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 9,0 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 4,0 % (150 °C, 4 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 337 POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
Potassium sodium L-(+)-tartrate; Rochelle salt; Seignette salt
Definition
Einecs
206-156-8
Chemical name
Potassium sodium salt of L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; Potassium sodium L-(+)-tartrate
Chemical formula
C4H4O6KNa·4H2O
Molecular weight
282,23
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Solubility
1 gram is soluble in 1 ml of water, insoluble in ethanol
Melting range
70-80 °C
pH
Between 6,5 and 8,5 (1 % aqueous solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 26,0 % and not less than 21,0 % (150 °C, 3 hours)
Oxalates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed as oxalic acid, after drying)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 338 PHOSPHORIC ACID
Synonyms
Orthophosphoric acid; Monophosphoric acid
Definition
Einecs
231-633-2
Chemical name
Phosphoric acid
Chemical formula
H3PO4
Molecular weight
98,00
Assay
Content not less than 67,0 % and not more than 85,7 %. Phosphoric acid is commercially available as an aqueous solution at variable concentrations.
Description
Clear, colourless, viscous liquid
Identification
Test for acid
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Purity
Volatile acids
Not more than 10 mg/kg (as acetic acid)
Chlorides
Not more than 200 mg/kg (expressed as chlorine)
Nitrates
Not more than 5 mg/kg (as NaNO3)
Sulphates
Not more than 1 500 mg/kg (as CaSO4)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Note: This specification refers to a 75 % aqueous solution
E 339 (i) MONOSODIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Monosodium monophosphate; Acid monosodium monophosphate; Monosodium orthophosphate; Monobasic sodium phosphate; Sodium dihydrogen monophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-449-2
Chemical name
Sodium dihydrogen monophosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: NaH2PO4
Monohydrate: NaH2PO4 · H2O
Dihydrate: NaH2PO4 · 2H2O
Molecular weight
Anhydrous: 119,98
Monohydrate: 138,00
Dihydrate: 156,01
Assay
After drying at 60 °C for one hour and then at 105 °C for four hours, contains not less than 97 % of NaH2PO4
P2O5 content between 58,0 % and 60,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
A white odourless, slightly deliquescent powder, crystals or granules
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol or ether
pH
Between 4,1 and 5,0 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
The anhydrous salt loses not more than 2,0 %, the monohydrate not more than 15,0 %, the dihydrate not more than 25 % (60 °C, 1 hour then 105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % on the anhydrous basis
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 339 (ii) DISODIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Disodium monophosphate; Secondary sodium phosphate; Disodium orthophosphate;
Definition
Einecs
231-448-7
Chemical name
Disodium hydrogen monophosphate; Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous:Na2HPO4
Hydrate: Na2HPO4 · nH2O (n = 2, 7 or 12)
Molecular weight
141,98 (anhydrous)
Assay
After drying at 40 °C for three hours and subsequently at 105 °C for five hours, contains not less than 98 % of Na2HPO4
P2O5 content between 49 % and 51 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate is a white, hygroscopic, odourless powder. Hydrated forms available include the dihydrate: a white crystalline, odourless solid; the heptahydrate: white, odourless, efflorescent crystals or granular powder; and the dodecahydrate: white, efflorescent, odourless powder or crystals
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 8,4 and 9,6 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
The anhydrous salt loses not more than 5,0 %, the dihydrate not more than 22,0 %, the heptahydrate not more than 50,0 %, the dodecahydrate not more than 61,0 % (40 °C, 3 hours then 105 °C, 5 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % on the anhydrous basis
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 339 (iii) TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Sodium phosphate; Tribasic sodium phosphate; Trisodium orthophosphate
Definition
Trisodium phosphate is obtained from aqueous solutions and crystallises in the anhydrous form and with 1/2, 1, 6, 8 or 12 H2O. The dodecahydrate always crystallises from aqueous solutions with an excess of sodium hydroxide. It contains ¼ molecule of NaOH
Einecs
231-509-8
Chemical name
Trisodium monophosphate; Trisodium phosphate; Trisodium orthophosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: Na3PO4
Hydrated: Na3PO4 nH2O (n = 1/2, 1, 6, 8, or 12)
Molecular weight
163,94 (anhydrous)
Assay
Sodium phosphate anhydrous and the hydrated forms, with the exception of the dodecahydrate, contain not less than 97,0 % of Na3PO4 calculated on the dried basis. Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate contains not less than 92,0 % of Na3PO4 calculated on the ignited basis
P2O5 content between 40,5 % and 43,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White odourless crystals, granules or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 11,5 and 12,5 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
When dried at 120 °C for two hours and then ignited at about 800 °C for 30 minutes, the losses in weight are as follows: anhydrous not more than 2,0 %, monohydrate not more than 11,0 %, dodecahydrate: between 45,0 % and 58,0 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % on the anhydrous basis
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 340 (i) MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Monobasic potassium phosphate; Monopotassium monophosphate; Mono potassium orthophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-913-4
Chemical name
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Monopotassium dihydrogen orthophosphate; Monopotassium dihydrogen monophosphate
Chemical formula
KH2PO4
Molecular weight
136,09
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % after drying at 105 °C for four hours
P2O5 content between 51,0 % and 53,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Odourless, colourless crystals or white granular or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 4,2 and 4,8 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % on the anhydrous basis
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 340 (ii) DIPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Dipotassium monophosphate; Secondary potassium phosphate; Dipotassium orthophosphate; Dibasic potassium phosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-834-5
Chemical name
Dipotassium hydrogen monophosphate; Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate; Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate
Chemical formula
K2HPO4
Molecular weight
174,18
Assay
Content not less than 98 % after drying at 105 °C for four hours
P2O5 content between 40,3 % and 41,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless or white granular powder, crystals or masses; deliquescent substance, hygroscopic
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 8,7 and 9,4 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % (on the anhydrous basis)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 340 (iii) TRIPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Tribasic potassium phosphate; Tripotassium orthophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-907-1
Chemical name
Tripotassium monophosphate; Tripotassium phosphate; Tripotassium orthophosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: K3PO4
Hydrated: K3PO4 · nH2O (n = 1 or 3)
Molecular weight
212,27 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 97 % calculated on the ignited basis
P2O5 content between 30,5 % and 34,0 % on the ignited basis
Description
Colourless or white, odourless hygroscopic crystals or granules. Hydrated forms available include the monohydrate and trihydrate
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 11,5 and 12,3 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Anhydrous: not more than 3,0 %; hydrated: not more than 23,0 % (determined by drying at 105 °C for one hour and then ignite at about 800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 % (on the anhydrous basis)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 341 (i) MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Monobasic calcium phosphate; Monocalcium orthophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-837-1
Chemical name
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: Ca(H2PO4)2
Monohydrate: Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O
Molecular weight
234,05 (anhydrous)
252,08 (monohydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 95 % on the dried basis
P2O5 content between 55,5 % and 61,1 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Granular powder or white, deliquescent crystals or granules
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
CaO content
Between 23,0 % and 27,5 % (anhydrous)
Between 19,0 % and 24,8 % (monohydrate)
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous: not more than 14 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Monohydrate: not more than 17,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Loss on ignition
Anhydrous: not more than 17,5 % (after ignition at 800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes)
Monohydrate: not more than 25,0 % (determined by drying at 105 °C for one hour, then ignite at 800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 70 mg/kg (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 200 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children)
E 341 (ii) DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Dibasic calcium phosphate; Dicalcium orthophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-826-1
Chemical name
Calcium monohydrogen phosphate; Calcium hydrogen orthophosphate; Secondary calcium phosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: CaHPO4
Dihydrate: CaHPO4 · 2H2O
Molecular weight
136,06 (anhydrous)
172,09 (dihydrate)
Assay
Dicalcium phosphate, after drying at 200 °C for three hours, contains not less than 98 % and not more than the equivalent of 102 % of CaHPO4
P2O5 content between 50,0 % and 52,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or granules, granular powder or powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 8,5 % (anhydrous), or 26,5 % (dihydrate) after ignition at 800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 100 mg/kg for the anhydrous form and not more than 80 mg/kg for the dihydrated form (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 600 mg/kg for the anhydrous form and not more than 500 mg/kg for the dihydrated form (for all uses except food for infants and young children). This applies until 31 March 2015.
Not more than 200 mg/kg for the anhydrous form and the dihydrated form (for all uses except food for infants and young children). This applies from 1 April 2015.
E 341 (iii) TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Calcium phosphate, tribasic; Calcium orthophosphate; Pentacalcium hydroxy monophosphate; Calcium hydroxyapatite
Definition
Tricalcium phosphate consists of a variable mixture of calcium phosphates obtained from neutralisation of phosphoric acid with calcium hydroxide and having the approximate composition of 10CaO·3P2O5 ·H2O
Einecs
235-330-6 (Pentacalcium hydroxy monophosphate)
231-840-8 (Calcium orthophosphate)
Chemical name
Pentacalcium hydroxy monophosphate; Tricalcium monophosphate
Chemical formula
Ca5(PO4)3 ·OH or Ca3(PO4)2
Molecular weight
502 or 310
Assay
Content not less than 90 % calculated on the ignited basis
P2O5 content between 38,5 % and 48,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
A white, odourless powder which is stable in air
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water; insoluble in ethanol, soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acid
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 8 % after ignition at 800 °C ± 25 °C for 0,5 hour
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 150 mg/kg (only if added to food for infants and young children)
Not more than 500 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children). This applies until 31 March 2015
Not more than 200 mg/kg (for all uses except food for infants and young children). This applies from 1 April 2015.
E 343 (i) MONOMAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Magnesiumdihydrogenphosphate; Magnesiumphosphate, monobasic; Monomagnesium orthophosphate
Definition
Einecs
236-004-6
Chemical name
Monomagnesiumdihydrogenmonophosphate
Chemical formula
Mg(H2PO4)2 nH2O (where n = 0 to 4)
Molecular weight
218,30 (anhydrous)
Assay
Not less than 51,0 % after ignition calculated as P2O5 at the ignited basis (800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes)
Description
White, odourless, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
MgO content
Not less than 21,5 % after ignition or at an anhydrous basis (105 °C, 4 hours)
Purity
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 343 (ii) DIMAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Magnesiumhydrogenphosphate; Magnesiumphosphate, dibasic; Dimagnesium orthophosphate; Secondary magnesiumphosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-823-5
Chemical name
Dimagnesiummonohydrogenmonophosphate
Chemical formula
MgHPO4 · nH2O (where n = 0-3)
Molecular weight
120,30 (anhydrous)
Assay
Not less than 96 % after ignition (800 °C ± 25 °C for 30 minutes)
Description
White, odourless, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
MgO content
Not less than 33,0 % calculated on the anhydrous basis (105 °C, 4 hours)
Purity
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 350 (i) SODIUM MALATE
Synonyms
Sodium salt of malic acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Disodium DL-malate; disodium salt of hydroxybutanedioic acid
Chemical formula
Hemihydrate: C4H4Na2O5 ½ H2O
Trihydrate: C4H4Na2O5 3H2O
Molecular weight
Hemihydrate: 187,05
Trihydrate: 232,10
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline powder or lumps
Identification
Test for 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Azo dye formation
Positive
Solubility
Freely soluble in water
Purity
Loss on drying
Hemihydrate: Not more than 7,0 % (130 °C, 4 hours)
Trihydrate: 20,5-23,5 % (130 °C, 4 hours)
Alkalinity
Not more than 0,2 % as Na2CO3
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 350 (ii) SODIUM HYDROGEN MALATE
Synonyms
Monosodium salt of DL-malic acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Monosodium DL-malate; monosodium 2-DL-hydroxy succinate
Chemical formula
C4H5NaO5
Molecular weight
156,07
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White powder
Identification
Test for 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Azo dye formation
Positive
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (110 °C, 3 hours)
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 351 POTASSIUM MALATE
Synonyms
Potassium salt of malic acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Dipotassium DL-malate; dipotassium salt of hydroxybutanedioic acid
Chemical formula
C4H4K2O5
Molecular weight
210,27
Assay
Content not less than 59,5 %
Description
Colourless or almost colourless aqueous solution
Identification
Test for 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Azo dye formation
Positive
Purity
Alkalinity
Not more than 0,2 % as K2CO3
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 352 (i) CALCIUM MALATE
Synonyms
Calcium salt of malic acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium DL-malate; calcium-α-hydroxysuccinate; calcium salt of hydroxybutanedioic acid
Chemical formula
C4H5CaO5
Molecular weight
172,14
Assay
Content not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White powder
Identification
Test for malate
Passes test
Test 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Azo dye formation
Positive
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2 % (100 °C, 3 hours)
Alkalinity
Not more than 0,2 % as CaCO3
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 352 (ii) CALCIUM HYDROGEN MALATE
Synonyms
Monocalcium salt of DL-malic acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Monocalcium DL-malate; monocalcium 2-DL-hydroxysuccinate
Chemical formula
(C4H5O5)2Ca
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White powder
Identification
Test for 1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Azo dye formation
Positive
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (110 °C, 3 hours)
Maleic acid
Not more than 0,05 %
Fumaric acid
Not more than 1,0 %
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 353 METATARTARIC ACID
Synonyms
Ditartaric acid
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Metatartaric acid
Chemical formula
C4H6O6
Molecular weight
Assay
Not less than 99,5 %
Description
Crystalline or powder form with a white or yellowish colour. Very deliquescent with a faint odour of caramel
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water and ethanol
Identification test
Place a sample of 1 to 10 mg of this substance in a test tube with 2 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid and 2 drops of sulpho-resorcinol reagent. When heated to 150 °C, an intense violet coloration appears
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 354 CALCIUM TARTRATE
Synonyms
L-Calcium tartrate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium L(+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate di-hydrate
Chemical formula
C4H4CaO6 · 2H2O
Molecular weight
224,18
Assay
Not less than 98,0 %
Description
Fine crystalline powder with a white or off-white colour
Identification
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water. Solubility approximately 0,01 g/100 ml water (20 °C). Sparingly soluble in ethanol. Slightly soluble in diethyl ether. Soluble in acids
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 7,0° to + 7,4° (0,1 % in a 1N HCl solution)
pH
Between 6,0 and 9,0 (5 % slurry)
Purity
Sulphates
Not more than 1 g/kg (as H2SO4)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 355 ADIPIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
204-673-3
Chemical name
Hexanedioic acid; 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C6H10O4
Molecular weight
146,14
Assay
Content not less than 99,6 %
Description
White odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
151,5-154,0 °C
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol
Purity
Water
Not more than 0,2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 356 SODIUM ADIPATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-293-5
Chemical name
Sodium adipate
Chemical formula
C6H8Na2O4
Molecular weight
190,11
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % (on anhydrous basis)
Description
White odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
151-152 °C (for adipic acid)
Solubility
Approximately 50 g/100 ml water (20 °C)
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 357 POTASSIUM ADIPATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
242-838-1
Chemical name
Potassium adipate
Chemical formula
C6H8K2O4
Molecular weight
222,32
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % (on anhydrous basis)
Description
White odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Melting range
151-152 °C (for adipic acid)
Solubility
Approximately 60 g/100 ml water (20 °C)
Test for potassium
Passes test
Purity
Water
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 363 SUCCINIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
203-740-4
Chemical name
Butanedioic acid
Chemical formula
C4H6O4
Molecular weight
118,09
Assay
Content no less than 99,0 %
Description
Colourless or white, odourless crystals
Identification
Melting range
185,0-190,0 °C
Purity
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,025 % (800 °C, 15 min)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 380 TRIAMMONIUM CITRATE
Synonyms
Tribasic ammonium citrate
Definition
Einecs
222-394-5
Chemical name
Triammonium salt of 2-hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Chemical formula
C6H17N3O7
Molecular weight
243,22
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 %
Description
White to off-white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for citrate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water
Purity
Oxalate
Not more than 0,04 % (as oxalic acid)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 385 CALCIUM DISODIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE
Synonyms
Calcium disodium EDTA; Calcium disodium edetate
Definition
Einecs
200-529-9
Chemical name
N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbis [N-(carboxymethyl)-glycinate] [(4-)-O,O′,ON,ON]calciate(2)-disodium; Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetra acetate; Calcium disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetra acetate
Chemical formula
C10H12O8CaN2Na2·2H2O
Molecular weight
410,31
Assay
Content not less than 97 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, odourless crystalline granules or white to nearly white powder, slightly hygroscopic
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Chelating activity to metal ions
Positive
pH
Between 6,5 and 7,5 (1 % solution)
Purity
Water content
5 to 13 % (Karl Fischer method)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 392 EXTRACTS OF ROSEMARY
Synonyms
Extract of rosemary leaf (antioxidant)
Definition
Extracts of rosemary contain several components, which have been proven to exert antioxidative functions. These components belong mainly to the classes of phenolic acids, flavonoids, diterpenoids. Besides the antioxidant compounds, the extracts can also contain triterpenes and organic solvent extractable material specifically defined in the following specification.
Einecs
283-291-9
Chemical name
Rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Description
Rosemary leaf extract antioxidant is prepared by extraction of the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis using a food approved solvent system. Extracts may then be deodorised and decolourised. Extracts may be standardised.
Identification
Reference antioxidative compounds: phenolic diterpenes
Carnosic acid (C20H28O4) and Carnosol (C20H26O4)
(which comprise not less than 90 % of the total phenolic diterpenes)
Reference key volatiles
Borneol, Bornyl Acetate, Camphor, 1,8-Cineol, Verbenone
Density
> 0,25 g/ml
Solubility
Insoluble in water
Purity
Loss of drying
< 5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
1 — Extracts of rosemary produced from dried rosemary leaves by acetone extraction.
Description
Extracts of rosemary are produced from dried rosemary leaves by acetone extraction, filtration, purification and solvent evaporation, followed by drying and sieving to obtain a fine powder or a liquid.
Identification
Content of reference antioxidative compounds
≥ 10 % w/w, expressed as the total of carnosic acid and carnosol
Antioxidant/Volatiles — Ratio
(Total % w/w of carnosic acid and carnosol) ≥ 15
(% w/w of reference key volatiles)*
(* as a percentage of total volatiles in the extract, measured by Gas Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry Detection, ‘GC-MSD’)
Purity
Residual solvents
Acetone: Not more than 500 mg/kg
2 — Extracts of rosemary prepared by extraction of dried rosemary leaves by means of supercritical carbon dioxide.
Description
Extracts of rosemary produced from dried rosemary leaves extracted by means of supercritical carbon dioxide with a small amount of ethanol as entrainer.
Identification
Content of reference antioxidative compounds
≥ 13 % w/w, expressed as the total of carnosic acid and carnosol
Antioxidant/Volatiles – Ratio
(Total % w/w of carnosic acid and carnosol) ≥ 15
(% w/w of reference key volatiles)*
(* as a percentage of total volatiles in the extract, measured by Gas Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry Detection, ‘GC-MSD’)
Purity
Residual solvents
Ethanol: not more than 2 %
3 — Extracts of rosemary prepared from a deodorised ethanolic extract of rosemary.
Description
Extracts of rosemary which are prepared from a deodorised ethanolic extract of rosemary. The extracts may be further purified, for example by treatment with active carbon and/or molecular distillation. The extracts may be suspended in suitable and approved carriers or spray dried.
Identification
Content of reference antioxidative compounds
≥ 5 % w/w, expressed as the total of carnosic acid and carnosol
Antioxidant/Volatiles – Ratio
(Total % w/w of carnosic acid and carnosol) ≥ 15
(% w/w of reference key volatiles)*
(* as a percentage of total volatiles in the extract, measured by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Detection, ‘GC-MSD’)
Purity
Residual solvents
Ethanol: not more than 500 mg/kg
4 — Extracts of rosemary decolourised and deodorised, obtained by a two-step extraction using hexane and ethanol.
Description
Extracts of rosemary which are prepared from a deodorised ethanolic extract of rosemary, undergone a hexane extraction. The extract may be further purified, for example by treatment with active carbon and/or molecular distillation. They may be suspended in suitable and approved carriers or spray dried.
Identification
Content of reference antioxidative compounds
≥ 5 % w/w, expressed as the total of carnosic acid and carnosol
Antioxidant/Volatiles – Ratio
(Total % w/w of carnosic acid and carnosol) ≥ 15
(% w/w of reference key volatiles)*
(* as a percentage of total volatiles in the extract, measured by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Detection, ‘GC-MSD’)
Purity
Residual solvents
Hexane: not more than 25 mg/kg
Ethanol: not more than 500 mg/kg
E 400 ALGINIC ACID
Synonyms
Definition
Linear glycuronoglycan consisting mainly of β-(1-4) linked D-mannuronic and α-(1-4) linked L-guluronic acid units in pyranose ring form. Hydrophilic colloidal carbohydrate extracted by the use of dilute alkali from strains of various species of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae)
Einecs
232-680-1
Chemical name
Chemical formula
(C6H8O6)n
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Alginic acid yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 20 % and not more than 23 % of carbon dioxide (CO2), equivalent to not less than 91 % and not more than 104,5 % of alginic acid (C6H8O6)n (calculted on equivalent weight basis of 200)
Description
Alginic acid occurs in filamentous, grainy, granular and powdered forms. It is a white to yellowish brown and nearly odourless
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and organic solvents, slowly soluble in solutions of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and trisodium phosphate
Calcium chloride precipitation test
To a 0,5 % solution of the sample in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution add one fifth of its volume of a 2,5 % solution of calcium chloride. A voluminous, gelatinous precipitate is formed. This test distinguishes alginic acid from acacia gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl starch, carrageenan, gelatin, gum ghatti, karaya gum, locust bean gum, methyl cellulose and tragacanth gum.
Ammonium sulphate precipitation test
To a 0,5 % solution of the sample in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution add one half of its volume of a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate. No precipitate is formed. This test distinguishes alginic acid from agar, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan, de-esterified pectin, gelatin, locust bean gum, methyl cellulose and starch.
Colour reaction
Dissolve as completely as possible 0,01 g of the sample by shaking with 0,15 ml of 0,1 N sodium hydroxide and add 1 ml of acid ferric sulphate solution. Within 5 minutes a cherry-red colour develops that finally becomes deep purple.
pH
Between 2,0 and 3,5 (3 % suspension)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 8 % on the anhydrous basis
Sodium hydroxide (1 M solution) insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the anhydrous basis
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 401 SODIUM ALGINATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium salt of alginic acid
Chemical formula
(C6H7NaO6)n
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 18 % and not more than 21 % of carbon dioxide corresponding to not less than 90,8 % and not more than 106,0 % of sodium alginate (calculated on equivalent weight basis of 222)
Description
Nearly odourless, white to yellowish fibrous or granular powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for alginic acid
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the anhydrous basis
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 402 POTASSIUM ALGINATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Potassium salt of alginic acid
Chemical formula
(C6H7KO6)n
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 16,5 % and not more than 19,5 % of carbon dioxide corresponding to not less than 89,2 % and not more than 105,5 % of potassium alginate (calculated on an equivalent weight basis of 238)
Description
Nearly odourless, white to yellowish fibrous or granular powder
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for alginic acid
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the anhydrous basis
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 403 AMMONIUM ALGINATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Ammonium salt of alginic acid
Chemical formula
(C6H11NO6)n
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 18 % and not more than 21 % of carbon dioxide corresponding to not less than 88,7 % and not more than 103,6 % ammonium alginate (calculated on an equivalent weight basis of 217)
Description
White to yellowish fibrous or granular powder
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for alginic acid
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 7 % on the dried basis
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the anhydrous basis
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 404 CALCIUM ALGINATE
Synonyms
Calcium salt of alginate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium salt of alginic acid
Chemical formula
(C6H7Ca1/2O6)n
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 18 % and not more than 21 % carbon dioxide corresponding to not less than 89,6 % and not more than 104,5 % of calcium alginate (calculated on an equivalent weight basis of 219)
Description
Nearly odourless, white to yellowish fibrous or granular powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for alginic acid
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 405 PROPANE-1,2-DIOL ALGINATE
Synonyms
Hydroxypropyl alginate; 1,2-Propanediol ester of alginic acid; Propylene glycol alginate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
1,2-Propanediol ester of alginic acid; varies in composition according to its degree of esterification and the percentage of free and neutralised carboxyl groups in the molecule
Chemical formula
(C9H14O7)n (esterified)
Molecular weight
10 000-600 000 (typical average)
Assay
Yields, on the anhydrous basis, not less than 16 % and not more than 20 % of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Description
Nearly odourless, white to yellowish brown fibrous or granular powder
Identification
Test for 1,2-propanediol
Passes test (after hydrolysis)
Test for alginic acid
Passes test (after hydrolysis)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 20 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Total propane-1,2-diol content
Not less than 15 % and not more than 45 %
Free propane-1,2-diol content
Not more than 15 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the anhydrous basis
Formaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 500 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 406 AGAR
Synonyms
Gelose; Kanten, Bengal, Ceylon, Chinese or Japanese isinglass; Layor Carang
Definition
Agar is a hydrophilic colloidal polysaccharide consisting mainly of galactose units with a regular alternation of L and D isomeric forms. These hexoses are alternately linked with alpha-1,3 and beta-1,4 bonds in the copolymer. On about every tenth D-galactopyranose unit one of the hydroxyl groups is esterified with sulphuric acid which is neutralised by calcium, magnesium, potassium or sodium. It is extracted from certain strains of marine algae of the families Gelidiaceae and Gracilariaceae and relevant red algae of the class Rhodophyceae
Einecs
232-658-1
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
The threshold gel concentration should not be higher than 0,25 %
Description
Agar is odourless or has a slight characteristic odour. Unground agar usually occurs in bundles consisting of thin, membranous, agglutinated strips, or in cut, flaked or granulated forms. It may be light yellowish-orange, yellowish-grey to pale yellow, or colourless. It is tough when damp, brittle when dry. Powdered agar is white to yellowish-white or pale yellow. When examined in water under a microscope, agar powder appears more transparent. In chloral hydrate solution, the powdered agar appears more transparent than in water, more or less granular, striated, angular and occasionally contains frustules of diatoms. Gel strength may be standardised by the addition of dextrose and maltodextrines or sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in cold water; soluble in boiling water
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 22 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Ash
Not more than 6,5 % on the anhydrous basis determined at 550 °C
Acid-insoluble ash (insoluble in approximately 3N Hydrochloric acid)
Not more than 0,5 % determined at 550 °C on the anhydrous basis
Insoluble matter (after stirring for 10 minutes in hot water)
Not more than 1,0 %
Starch
Not detectable by the following method: to a 1 in 10 solution of the sample add a few drops of iodine solution. No blue colour is produced
Gelatin and other proteins
Dissolve about 1 g of agar in 100 ml of boiling water and allow to cool of about 50 °C. To 5 ml of the solution add 5 ml of trinitrophenol solution (1 g of anhydrous trinitrophenol/100 ml of hot water). No turbidity appears within 10 minutes
Water absorption
Place 5 g to agar in a 100 ml graduated cylinder, fill to the mark with water, mix and allow to stand at about 25 °C for 24 hours. Pour the contents of the cylinder through moistened glass wool, allowing the water to drain into a second 100 ml graduated cylinder. Not more than 75 ml of water is obtained
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 300 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 5 g
E 407 CARRAGEENAN
Synonyms
Products of commerce are sold under different names such as:
Irish moss gelose; Eucheuman (from Eucheuma spp.); Iridophycan (from Iridaea spp.); Hypnean (from Hypnea spp.); Furcellaran or Danish agar (from Furcellaria fastigiata); Carrageenan (from Chondrus and Gigartina spp.)
Definition
Carrageenan is obtained by extraction with water or dilute aqueous alkali of strains of seaweeds of Gigartinaceae, Solieriaceae, Hypneaceae and Furcellariaceae, families of the class Rhodophyceae (red seaweeds).
Carrageenan consists chiefly of the potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium sulphate esters of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose polysacharide. These hexoses are alternately linked α-1,3 and β-1,4 in the copolymer.
The prevalent polysaccharides in carrageenan are designated as kappa, iota, lambda depending on the number of sulphate by repeating unit (i.e. 1,2,3 sulphate). Between kappa and iota there is a continuum of intermediate compositions differing in number of sulphates per repeat units between 1 and 2.
During the process, no organic precipitant shall be used other than methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol.
The wording carrageenan is reserved for the non hydrolysed or otherwise chemically degraded polymer.
Formaldehyde may be present as an adventitious impurity up to a maximum of 5 mg/kg.
Einecs
232-524-2
Chemical name
Sulphate esters of polygalactose
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Yellowish to colourless, coarse to fine powder which is practically odourless
Identification
Test for galactose
Passes test
Test for anhydrogalactose
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol for a 1,5 % dilution
Purity
Solvent residues
Not more than 0,1 % of methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, singly or in combination
Viscosity
Not less than 5 mPa.s (1,5 % solution at 75 °C)
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphates
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 % on the dried basis (as SO4)
Ash
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 % determined on the dried basis at 550 °C
Acid-insoluble ash
Not more than 1 % on the dried basis (insoluble in 10 % hydrochloric acid)
Acid-insoluble matter
Not more than 2 % on the dried basis (insoluble in 1 % v/v sulphuric acid)
Low molecular weight carrageenan (Molecular weight fraction below 50 kDa)
Not more than 5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 300 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 407a PROCESSED EUCHEUMA SEAWEED
Synonyms
PES (acronym for processed eucheuma seaweed). The PES obtained from Euchema cottonii is generally called kappa PES and the PES from Euchema spinosum iota PES.
Definition
Processed eucheuma seaweed is obtained by aqueous alkaline (KOH) treatment at high temperature of the strains of seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, of the class Rhodophyceae (red seaweeds) followed by fresh water washing to remove impurities and drying to obtain the product. Further purification may be achieved by washing with an alcohol. The alcohols authorised are restricted to methanol, ethanol or propan-2-ol. The product consists chiefly of the potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium sulphate esters of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose polysaccharide. Up to 15 % algal cellulose is also present in the product. The wording processed eucheuma seaweed is reserved to the non hydrolysed or otherwise chemically degraded polymer. Formaldehyde may be present up to a maximum of 5 mg/kg.
Description
Tan to yellowish, coarse to fine powder which is practically odourless
Identification
Test for galactose
Passes test
Test for anhydrogalactose
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Forms cloudy viscous suspensions in water. Insoluble in ethanol for a 1,5 % solution.
Purity
Solvent residues
Not more than 0,1 % of methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, singly or in combination
Viscosity
Not less than 5 mPa.s (1,5 % solution at 75 °C)
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphate
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 % on the dried basis (as SO4)
Ash
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 % determined on the dried basis at 550 °C
Acid-insoluble ash
Not more than 1 % on the dried basis (insoluble in 10 % hydrochloric acid)
Acid-insoluble matter
Not less than 8 % and not more than 15 % on the dried basis (insoluble in 1 % v/v sulphuric acid)
Low molecular weight carrageenan (Molecular weight fraction below 50 kDa)
Not more than 5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 300 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
E 410 LOCUST BEAN GUM
Synonyms
Carob bean gum; Algaroba gum
Definition
Locust bean gum is the ground endosperm of the seeds of the strains of carob tree, Cerationia siliqua (L.) Taub. (family Leguminosae). Consists mainly of a high molecular weight hydrocolloidal polysaccharide, composed of galactopyranose and mannopyranose units combined through glycosidic linkages, which may be described chemically as galactomannan
Einecs
232-541-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
50 000-3 000 000
Assay
Galactomannan content not less than 75 %
Description
White to yellowish-white, nearly odourless powder
Identification
Test for galactose
Passes test
Test for mannose
Passes test
Microscopic examination
Place some ground sample in an aqueous solution containing 0,5 % iodine and 1 % potassium iodide on a glass slide and examine under microscope. Locust bean gum contains long stretched tubiform cells, separated or slightly interspaced. Their brown contents are much less regularly formed than in guar gum. Guar gum shows close groups of round to pear shaped cells. Their contents are yellow to brown
Solubility
Soluble in hot water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Ash
Not more than 1,2 % determined at 800 °C
Protein (N × 6,25)
Not more than 7 %
Acid-insoluble matter
Not more than 4 %
Starch
Not detectable by the following method: to a 1 in 10 solution of the sample add a few drops of iodine solution. No blue colour is produced
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Ethanol and propan-2-ol
Not more than 1 %, single or in combination
E 412 GUAR GUM
Synonyms
Gum cyamopsis; Guar flour
Definition
Guar gum is the ground endosperm of the seeds of strains of the guar plant, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taub. (family Leguminosae). Consists mainly of a high molecular weight hydrocolloidal polysaccharide composed of galactopyranose and mannopyranose units combined through glycosidic linkages, which may be described chemically as galactomannan. The gum may be partially hydrolysed by either heat treatment, mild acid or alcaline oxidative treatment for viscosity adjustment.
Einecs
232-536-0
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
50 000-8 000 000
Assay
Galactomannan content not less than 75 %
Description
A white to yellowish-white, nearly odourless powder
Identification
Test for galactose
Passes test
Test for mannose
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in cold water
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Ash
Not more than 5,5 % determined at 800 °C
Acid-insoluble matter
Not more than 7 %
Protein
Not more than 10 % (factor N x 6,25)
Starch
Not detectable by the following method: to a 1 in 10 solution of the sample add a few drops of iodine solution. (No blue colour is produced)
Organic peroxides
Not more than 0,7 meq active oxygen/kg sample
Furfural
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Pentachlorophenol
Not more than 0,01 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 413 TRAGACANTH
Synonyms
Tragacanth gum; Tragant
Definition
Tragacanth is a dried exudation obtained from the stems and branches of strains of Astragalus gummifer Labillardiere and other Asiatic species of Astragalus (family Leguminosae). It consists mainly of high molecular weight polysaccharides (galactoarabans and acidic polysaccharides) which, on hydrolysis, yield galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, xylose and fucose. Small amounts of rhamnose and of glucose (derived from traces of starch and/or cellulose) may also be present
Einecs
232-252-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Approximately 800 000
Assay
Description
Unground Tragacanth gum occurs as flattened, lamellated, straight or curved fragments or as spirally twisted pieces 0,5-2,5 mm thick and up to 3 cm in length. It is white to pale yellow in colour but some pieces may have a red tinge. The pieces are horny in texture, with a short fracture. It is odourless and solutions have an insipid mucilaginous taste. Powdered tragacanth is white to pale yellow or pinkish brown (pale tan) in colour
Identification
Solubility
1 g of the sample in 50 ml of water swells to form a smooth, stiff, opalescent mucilage; insoluble in ethanol and does not swell in 60 % (w/v) aqueous ethanol
Purity
Test for Karaya gum
Negative. Boil 1 g with 20 ml of water until a mucilage is formed. Add 5 ml of hydrochloric acid and again boil the mixture for five minutes. No permanent pink or red colour develops
Loss on drying
Not more than 16 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Total ash
Not more than 4 %
Acid insoluble ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 414 ACACIA GUM
Synonyms
Gum arabic
Definition
Acacia gum is a dried exudation obtained from the stems and branches of strains of Acacia senegal (L) Willdenow or closely related species of Acacia (family Leguminosae). It consists mainly of high molecular weight polysaccharides and their calcium, magnesium and potassium salts, which on hydrolysis yield arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid
Einecs
232-519-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Approximately 350 000
Assay
Description
Unground acacia gum occurs as white or yellowish-white spheroidal tears of varying sizes or as angular fragments and is sometimes mixed with darker fragments. It is also available in the form of white to yellowish-white flakes, granules, powder or spray-dried material.
Identification
Solubility
1 g dissolves in 2 ml of cold water forming a solution which flows readily and is acid to litmus, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 17 % (105 °C, 5 hours) for granular and not more than 10 % (105 °C, 4 hours) for spray-dried material
Total ash
Not more than 4 %
Acid insoluble ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 1 %
Starch or dextrin
Boil a 1 in 50 solution of the gum and cool. To 5 ml add 1 drop of iodine solution. No bluish or reddish colours are produced
Tannin
To 10 ml of a 1 in 50 solution add about 0,1 ml of ferric chloride solution (9 g FeCl3.6H2O made up to 100 ml with water). No blackish colouration or blackish precipitate is formed
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Hydrolysis products
Mannose, xylose and galacturonic acid are absent (determined by chromatography)
Microbiological criteria
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 415 XANTHAN GUM
Synonyms
Definition
Xanthan gum is a high molecular weight polysaccharide gum produced by a pure-culture fermentation of a carbohydrate with strains of Xanthomonas campestris, purified by recovery with ethanol or propan-2-ol, dried and milled. It contains D-glucose and D-mannose as the dominant hexose units, along with D-glucuronic acid and pyruvic acid, and is prepared as the sodium, potassium or calcium salt. Its solutions are neutral
Einecs
234-394-2
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Approximately 1 000 000
Assay
Yields, on dried basis, not less than 4,2 % and not more than 5 % of CO2 corresponding to between 91 % and 108 % of xanthan gum
Description
Cream-coloured powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 2,5 hours)
Total ash
Not more than 16 % on the anhydrous basis determined at 650 °C after drying at 105 °C for four hours
Pyruvic acid
Not less than 1,5 %
Nitrogen
Not more than 1,5 %
Ethanol and propan-2-ol
Not more than 500 mg/kg singly or in combination
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 300 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
Xanthomonas campestris
Viable cells absent in 1 g
E 416 KARAYA-GUM
Synonyms
Katilo; Kadaya; Gum sterculia; Sterculia; Karaya, gum karaya; Kullo; Kuterra
Definition
Karaya gum is a dried exudation from the stems and branches of strains of: Sterculia urens Roxburgh and other species of Sterculia (family Sterculiaceae) or from Cochlospermum gossypium A.P. De Candolle or other species of Cochlospermum (family Bixaceae). It consists mainly of high molecular weight acetylated polysaccharides, which on hydrolysis yield galactose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, together with minor amounts of glucuronic acid
Einecs
232-539-4
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Karaya gum occurs in tears of variable size and in broken irregular pieces having a characteristic semi-crystalline appearance. It is pale yellow to pinkish brown in colour, translucent and horny. Powdered karaya gum is a pale grey to pinkish brown. The gum has a distinctive odour of acetic acid
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in ethanol
Swelling in ethanol solution
Karaya gum swells in 60 % ethanol distinguishing it from other gums
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 20 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Total ash
Not more than 8 %
Acid insoluble ash
Not more than 1 %
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 3 %
Volatile acid
Not less than 10 % (as acetic acid)
Starch
Not detectable
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 10 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 417 TARA GUM
Definition
Tara gum is obtained by grinding the endosperm of the seeds of strains of Caesalpinia spinosa (family Leguminosae). It consists chiefly of polysaccharides of high molecular weight composed mainly of galactomannans. The principal component consists of a linear chain of (1-4)-β-D-mannopyranose units with α-D-galactopyranose units attached by (1-6) linkages. The ratio of mannose to galactose in tara gum is 3:1. (In locust bean gum this ratio is 4:1 and in guar gum 2:1)
Einecs
254-409-6
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
A white to white-yellow odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Gel formation
To an aqueous solution of the sample add small amounts of sodium borate. A gel is formed
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 %
Ash
Not more than 1,5 %
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 2 %
Protein
Not more than 3,5 % (factor N x 5,7)
Starch
Not detectable
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 418 GELLAN GUM
Synonyms
Definition
Gellan gum is a high molecular weight polysaccharide gum produced by a pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate by strains of Pseudomonas elodea, purified by recovery with propan-2-ol or ethanol, dried, and milled. The high molecular weight polysaccharide is principally composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of one rhamnose, one glucuronic acid, and two glucoses, and substituted with acyl (glyceryl and acetyl) groups as the O-glycosidically linked esters. The glucuronic acid is neutralised to a mixed potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salt
Einecs
275-117-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Approximately 500 000
Assay
Yields, on the dried basis, not less than 3,3 % and not more than 6,8 % of CO2
Description
An off-white powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, forming a viscous solution.
Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % after drying (105 °C, 2,5 hours)
Nitrogen
Not more than 3 %
Propan-2-ol
Not more than 750 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 10 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 400 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Negative in 5 g
Salmonella spp.
Negative in 10 g
E 420 (i) SORBITOL
Synonyms
D-glucitol; D-sorbitol
Definition
Sorbitol is obtained by hydrogenation of D-glucose. It is mainly composed of D-sorbitol. According to the level of D-glucose, the part of the products which is not D-sorbitol is composed of related substances such as mannitol, iditol, maltitol.
Einecs
200-061-5
Chemical name
D-glucitol
Chemical formula
C6H14O6
Molecular weight
182,2
Assay
Content not less than 97 % of total glycitols and not less than 91 % of D-sorbitol on dry weight basis (glycitols are compounds with the structural formula CH2OH-(CHOH)n-CH2OH, where ‘n’ is an integer).
Description
White hygroscopic powder, crystalline powder, flakes or granules.
Appearance of the aqueous solution:
The solution is clear.
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Melting range
88 to 102 °C
Sorbitol monobenzylidene derivative
To 5 g of the sample add 7 ml of methanol, 1 ml of benzaldehyde and 1 ml of hydrochloric acid. Mix and shake in a mechanical shaker until crystals appear. Filter with the aid of suction, dissolve the crystals in 20 ml of boiling water containing 1 g of sodium bicarbonate, filter while hot, cool the filtrate, filter with suction, wash with 5 ml of methanol-water mixture (1 in 2) and dry in air. The crystals so obtained melt between 173 and 179 °C
Purity
Water content
Not more than 1,5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Total sugars
Not more than 1 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Chlorides
Not more than 50 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Sulphates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 420 (ii) SORBITOL SYRUP
Synonyms
D-glucitol syrup
Definition
Sorbitol syrup formed by hydrogenation of glucose syrup is composed of D-sorbitol, D-mannitol and hydrogenated saccharides.
The part of the product which is not D-sorbitol is composed mainly of hydrogenated oligosaccharides formed by the hydrogenation of glucose syrup used as raw material (in which case the syrup is non-crystallising) or mannitol. Minor quantities of glycitols where n ≤ 4 may be present (glycitols are compounds with the structural formula CH2OH-(CHOH)n-CH2OH, where ‘n’ is an integer)
Einecs
270-337-8
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 69 % total solids and not less than 50 % of D-sorbitol on the anhydrous basis
Description
Clear and colourless aqueous solution
Identification
Solubility
Miscible with water, with glycerol, and with propane-1,2-diol
Sorbitol monobenzylidene derivative
To 5 g of the sample add 7 ml of methanol, 1 ml of benzaldehyde and 1 ml of hydrochloric acid. Mix and shake in a mechanical shaker until crystals appear. Filter with the aid of suction, dissolve the crystals in 20 ml of boiling water containing 1 g of sodium bicarbonate, filter while hot. Cool the filtrate filter with suction, wash with 5 ml of methanol-water mixture (1 in 2) and dry in air. The crystals so obtained melt between 173 and 179 °C
Purity
Water content
Not more than 31 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 % (on dry weight basis)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Chlorides
Not more than 50 mg/kg (on dry weight basis)
Sulphates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (on dry weight basis)
E 421 MANNITOL
(i) MANNITOL
Synonyms
D-mannitol
Definition
The product contains min. 96 % mannitol. The part of the product which is not mannitol is mainly composed of sorbitol (2 % max), maltitol (2 % max) and isomalt (1,1 GPM (1-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dehydrate): 2 % max and 1,6 GPS (6-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-Sorbitol): 2 % max). Unspecified impurities shall not represent more than 0,1 % of each.
Manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of carbohydrate solutions containing glucose and/or fructose
Einecs
200-711-8
Chemical name
D-mannitol
Chemical formula
C6H14O6
Molecular weight
182,2
Assay
Content not less than 96,0 % D-mannitol and not more than 102 % on the dried basis
Description
White, odourless, crystalline powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble in ether
Melting range
Between 164 and 169 °C
Infrared absorption spectrometry
Comparison with a reference standard e.g. EP or USP
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 23° to + 25° (borate solution)
pH
Between 5 and 8. Add 0,5 ml of a saturated solution of potassium chloride to 10 ml of a 10 % w/v solution of the sample, then measure the pH
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (as glucose)
Total sugars
Not more than 1 % (expressed as glucose)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Chlorides
Not more than 70 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(ii) MANNITOL MANUFACTURED BY FERMENTATION
Synonyms
D-mannitol
Definition
Manufactured by discontinuous fermentation under aerobic conditions using a conventional strain of the yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The part of the product which is not mannitol is mainly composed of sorbitol, maltitol and isomalt.
Einecs
200-711-8
Chemical name
D-mannitol
Chemical formula
C6H14O6
Molecular weight
182,2
Assay
Not less than 99 % on the dried basis
Description
White, odourless crystalline powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble in ether
Melting range
Between 164 and 169 °C
Infrared absorption spectrometry
Comparison with a reference standard e.g. EP or USP
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 23° to + 25° (borate solution)
pH
Between 5 and 8
Add 0,5 ml of a saturated solution of potassium chloride to 10 ml of a 10 % w/v solution of the sample, then measure the pH
Purity
Arabitol
Not more than 0,3 %
Water content
Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose)
Total sugars
Not more than 1 % (as glucose)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Chlorides
Not more than 70 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Aerobic mesophilic bacteria
Not more than 1 000 colonies per gram
Coliforms
Absent in 10 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 10 g
Staphylococcus aureus
Absent in 10 g
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Absent in 10 g
Moulds
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Yeasts
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
E 422 GLYCEROL
Synonyms
Glycerin; Glycerine
Definition
Einecs
200-289-5
Chemical name
1,2,3-propanetriol; Glycerol; Trihydroxypropane
Chemical formula
C3H8O3
Molecular weight
92,10
Assay
Content not less than 98 % of glycerol on the anhydrous basis
Description
Clear, colourless hygroscopic syrupy liquid with not more than a slight characteristic odour, which is neither harsh nor disagreeable
Identification
Acrolein formation on heating
Heat a few drops of the sample in a test tube with about 0,5 g of potassium bisulphate. The characteristic pungent vapours of acrolein are evolved
Specific gravity (25 °C/25 °C)
Not less than 1,257
Refractive index
[n]D 20 between 1,471 and 1,474
Purity
Water content
Not more than 5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,01 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Butanetriols
Not more than 0,2 %
Acrolein, glucose and ammonium compounds
Heat a mixture of 5 ml of glycerol and 5 ml of potassium hydroxide solution (1 in 10) at 60 °C for five minutes. It neither becomes yellow nor emits an odour of ammonia
Fatty acids and esters
Not more than 0,1 % calculated as butyric acid
Chlorinated compounds
Not more than 30 mg/kg (as chlorine)
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD)
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 425 (i) KONJAC GUM
Synonyms
Definition
Konjac gum is a water-soluble hydrocolloid obtained from the Konjac flour by aqueous extraction. Konjac flour is the unpurified raw product from the root of the perennial plant Amorphophallus konjac. The main component of Konjac gum is the water-soluble high-molecular-weight polysaccharide glucomannan, which consists of D-mannose and D-glucose units at a molar ratio of 1,6:1,0, connected by β(1-4)-glycosidic bonds. Shorter side chains are attached through β(1-3)-glycosidic bonds, and acetyl groups occur at random at a ratio of about 1 group per 9 to 19 sugar units
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
The main component, glucomannan, has an average molecular weight of 200 000 to 2 000 000
Assay
Not less than 75 % carbohydrate
Description
A white to cream to light tan powder
Identification
Solubility
Dispersible in hot or cold water forming a highly viscous solution with a pH between 4,0 and 7,0
Gel formation
Add 5 ml of a 4 % sodium borate solution to a 1 % solution of the sample in a test tube, and shake vigorously. A gel forms
Formation of heat-stable gel
Prepare a 2 % solution of the sample by heating it in a boiling water bath for 30 min, with continuous agitation and then cooling the solution to room temperature. For each g of the sample used to prepare 30 g of the 2 % solution, add 1 ml of 10 % potassium carbonate solution to the fully hydrated sample at ambient temperature. Heat the mixture in a water bath to 85 °C, and maintain for 2 h without agitation. Under these conditions a thermally stable gel is formed
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C, 5 hours)
Starch
Not more than 3 %
Protein
Not more than 3 % (factor N × 5,7)
Viscosity (1 % solution)
Not less than 3 kgm– 1s– 1 at 25 °C
Ether-soluble material
Not more than 0,1 %
Total ash
Not more than 5,0 % (800 °C, 3 to 4 hours)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 12,5 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 425 (ii) KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN
Synonyms
Definition
Konjac glucomannan is a water-soluble hydrocolloid obtained from Konjac flour by washing with water-containing ethanol. Konjac flour is the unpurified raw product from the tuber of the perennial plant Amorphophallus konjac. The main component is the water-soluble high-molecular-weight polysaccharide glucomannan, which consists of D-mannose and D-glucose units at a molar ratio of 1,6:1,0, connected by β(1-4)-glycosidic bonds with a branch at about each 50th or 60th unit. About each 19th sugar residue is acetylated
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
500 000 to 2 000 000
Assay
Total dietary fibre: not less than 95 % on a dry weight basis
Description
White to slightly brownish fine particle size, free flowing and odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Dispersible in hot or cold water forming a highly viscous solution with a pH between 5,0 and 7,0. Solubility is increased by heat and mechanical agitation
Formation of heat-stable gel
Prepare a 2 % solution of the sample by heating it in a boiling water bath for 30 min, with continuous agitation and then cooling the solution to room temperature. For each g of the sample used to prepare 30 g of the 2 % solution, add 1 ml of 10 % potassium carbonate solution to the fully hydrated sample at ambient temperature. Heat the mixture in a water bath to 85 °C, and maintain for 2 h without agitation. Under these conditions a thermally stable gel is formed
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Starch
Not more than 1 %
Viscosity (1 % solution)
Not less than 20 kgm– 1s– 1 at 25 °C
Protein
Not more than 1,5 % (N × 5,7)
Determine nitrogen by Kjeldahl method. The percentage of nitrogen in the sample multiplied by 5,7 gives the percent of protein in the sample
Ether-soluble material
Not more than 0,5 %
Sulphite (as SO2)
Not more than 4 mg/kg
Chloride
Not more than 0,02 %
50 % Alcohol-soluble material
Not more than 2,0 %
Total ash
Not more than 2,0 % (800 °C, 3 to 4 hours)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 12,5 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 5 g
E 426 SOYBEAN HEMICELLULOSE
Synonyms
Definition
Soybean Hemicellulose is a refined water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from strain soybean fibre by hot water extraction. No organic precipitant shall be used other than ethanol
Einecs
Chemical name
Water soluble soybean polysaccharides; Water soluble soybean fibre
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Not less than 74 % carbohydrate
Description
Free flowing white or yellowish white powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in hot and cold water without gel formation
pH
5,5 ± 1,5 (1% solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 7 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Protein
Not more than 14 %
Viscosity
Not more than 200 mPa.s (10 % solution)
Total ash
Not more than 9,5 % (600 °C, 4 hours)
Arsenic
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Ethanol
Not more than 2%
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 3 000 colonies per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 10 g
E 427 CASSIA GUM
Synonyms
Definition
Cassia gum is the ground purified endosperm of the seeds of Cassia tora and Cassia obtusifoli (Leguminosae) containing less than 0,05 % of Cassia occidentalis. It consists mainly of high molecular weight polysaccharides composed primarily of a linear chain of 1,4-β-D-mannopyranose units linked with 1,6-α-D-galactopyranose units. The ratio of mannose to galactose is about 5:1.
In the manufacture the seeds are dehusked and degermed by thermal mechanical treatment followed by milling and screening of the endosperm. The ground endosperm is further purified by extraction with propan-2-ol.
Assay
Not less than 75 % of Galactomannan
Description
Pale yellow to off-white, odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in ethanol. Disperses well in cold water forming a colloidal solution.
Gel formation with borate
To an aqueous dispersion of the sample add sufficient sodium borate test solution (TS) to raise the pH to above 9; a gel is formed.
Gel formation with xanthan gum
Weigh 1,5 g of the sample and 1,5 g of xanthan gum and blend them. Add this blend (with rapid stirring) into 300 ml water at 80 °C in a 400 ml beaker. Stir until the mixture is dissolved and continue stirring for an extra 30 min after dissolution (maintain the temperature above 60 °C during the stirring process). Discontinue stirring and allow the mixture to cool at room temperature for at least 2 h.
A firm, viscoelastic gel forms after the temperature drops below 40 °C, but no such gel forms in a 1 % control solution of cassia gum or xanthan gum alone prepared in a similar manner.
Viscosity
Less than 500 mPa.s (25 °C, 2h, 1 % solution) corresponding to an average molecular weight of 200 000-300 000 Da
Purity
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 2,0 %
pH
5,5-8 (1 % aqueous solution)
Crude fat
Not more than 1 %
Protein
Not more than 7 %
Total ash
Not more than 1,2 %
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (5h, 105 °C)
Total anthraquinones
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg(detection limit)
Solvent residues
Not more than 750 mg/kg Propan-2-ol
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total plate count
Not more than 5 000 colony forming units per gram
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 100 colony forming units per gram
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 1 g
E 431 POLYOXYETHYLENE (40) STEARATE
Synonyms
Polyoxyl (40) stearate; Polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate
Definition
A mixture of the mono- and diesters of edible commercial stearic acid and mixed polyoxyethylene diols (having an average polymer length of about 40 oxyethylene units) together with free polyol
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 97,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Cream-coloured flakes or waxy solid at 25 °C with a faint odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. Insoluble in mineral oil
Congealing range
39-44 °C
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 1
Saponification value
Not less than 25 and not more than 35
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 27 and not more than 40
1,4-Dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 432 POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN MONOLAURATE (POLYSORBATE 20)
Synonyms
Polysorbate 20; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with edible commercial lauric acid and condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 70 % of oxyethylene groups, equivalent to not less than 97,3 % of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate on the anhydrous basis
Description
A lemon to amber-coloured oily liquid at 25 °C with a faint characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and dioxane. Insoluble in mineral oil and petroleum ether
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 2
Saponification value
Not less than 40 and not more than 50
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 96 and not more than 108
1,4-dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 433 POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN MONOOLEATE (POLYSORBATE 80)
Synonyms
Polysorbate 80; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with edible commercial oleic acid and condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 65 % of oxyethylene groups, equivalent to not less than 96,5 % of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate on the anhydrous basis
Description
A lemon to amber-coloured oily liquid at 25 °C with a faint characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and toluene. Insoluble in mineral oil and petroleum ether
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 2
Saponification value
Not less than 45 and not more than 55
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 65 and not more than 80
1,4-dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 434 POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN MONOPALMITATE (POLYSORBATE 40)
Synonyms
Polysorbate 40; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with edible commercial palmitic acid and condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 66 % of oxyethylene groups, equivalent to not less than 97 % of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate on the anhydrous basis
Description
A lemon to orange-coloured oily liquid or semi-gel at 25 °C with a faint characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone. Insoluble in mineral oil
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 2
Saponification value
Not less than 41 and not more than 52
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 90 and not more than 107
1,4-dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 435 POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN MONOSTEARATE (POLYSORBATE 60)
Synonyms
Polysorbate 60; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with edible commercial stearic acid and condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 65 % of oxyethylene groups, equivalent to not less than 97 % of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate on the anhydrous basis
Description
A lemon to orange-coloured oily liquid or semi-gel at 25 °C with a faint characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethyl acetate and toluene. Insoluble in mineral oil and vegetable oils
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 2
Saponification value
Not less than 45 and not more than 55
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 81 and not more than 96
1,4-dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 436 POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN TRISTEARATE (POLYSORBATE 65)
Synonyms
Polysorbate 65; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with edible commercial stearic acid and condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbitol and its anhydrides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 46 % of oxyethylene groups, equivalent to not less than 96 % of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate on the anhydrous basis
Description
A tan-coloured, waxy solid at 25 °C with a faint characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Dispersible in water. Soluble in mineral oil, vegetal oils, petroleum ether, acetone, ether, dioxane, ethanol and methanol
Congealing range
29-33 °C
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylated polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 3 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 2
Saponification value
Not less than 88 and not more than 98
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 40 and not more than 60
1,4-dioxane
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycols (mono- and di-)
Not more than 0,25 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 440 (i) PECTIN
Synonyms
Definition
Pectin consists mainly of the partial methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid and their ammonium, sodium, potassium and calcium salts. It is obtained by extraction in an aqueous medium of strains of appropriate edible plant material, usually citrus fruits or apples. No organic precipitant shall be used other than methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol
Einecs
232-553-0
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 65 % of galacturonic acid on the ash-free and anhydrous basis after washing with acid and alcohol
Description
White, light yellow, light grey or light brown powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water forming a colloidal, opalescent solution. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Acid insoluble ash
Not more than 1 % (insoluble in approximately 3N hydrochloric acid)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg on the anhydrous basis
Nitrogen content
Not more than 1,0 % after washing with acid and ethanol
Total insolubles
Not more than 3 %
Solvent residues
Not more than 1 % of free methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol, singly or in combination, on the volatile matter-free basis
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 440 (ii) AMIDATED PECTIN
Synonyms
Definition
Amidated pectin consists mainly of the partial methyl esters and amides of polygalacturonic acid and their ammonium, sodium, potassium and calcium salts. It is obtained by extraction in an aqueous medium of appropriate strains of edible plant material, usually citrus fruits or apples and treatment with ammonia under alkaline conditions. No organic precipitant shall be used other than methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 65 % of galacturonic acid on the ash-free and anhydrous basis after washing with acid and alcohol
Description
White, light yellow, light greyish or light brownish powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water forming a colloidal, opalescent solution. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Acid-insoluble ash
Not more than 1 % (insoluble in approximately 3N hydrochloric acid)
Degree of amidation
Not more than 25 % of total carboxyl groups
Sulphur dioxide residue
Not more than 50 mg/kg on the anhydrous basis
Nitrogen content
Not more than 2,5 % after washing with acid and ethanol
Total insolubles:
Not more than 3 %
Solvent residues
Not more than 1 % of methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol, singly or in combination, on a volatile matter-free basis
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 442 AMMONIUM PHOSPHATIDES
Synonyms
Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid; Mixed ammonium salts of phoshorylated glycerides
Definition
A mixture of the ammonium compounds of phosphatidic acids derived from edible fat and oil. One or two or three glyceride moieties may be attached to phosphorus. Moreover, two phosphorus esters may be linked together as phosphatidyl phosphatides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
The phosphorus content is not less than 3 % and not more than 3,4 % by weight; the ammonium content is not less than 1,2 % and not more than 1,5 % (calculated as N)
Description
Unctuous semi-solid to oily solid
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in fats. Insoluble in water. Partially soluble in ethanol and in acetone
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test fatty acids
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Purity
Petroleum ether insoluble matter
Not more than 2,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 444 SUCROSE ACETATE ISOBUTYRATE
Synonyms
SAIB
Definition
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate is a mixture of the reaction products formed by the esterification of food grade sucrose with acetic acid anhydride and isobutyric anhydride, followed by distillation. The mixture contains all possible combinations of esters in which the molar ratio of acetate to butyrate is about 2:6
Einecs
204-771-6
Chemical name
Sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate
Chemical formula
C40H62O19
Molecular weight
832-856 (approximate), C40H62O19: 846,9
Assay
Content not less than 98,8 % and not more than 101,9 % of C40H62O19
Description
A pale straw-coloured liquid, clear and free of sediment and having a bland odour
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in most organic solvents
Refractive index
[n]D 40: 1,4492-1,4504
Specific gravity
[d]25 D: 1,141-1,151
Purity
Triacetin
Not more than 0,1 %
Acid value
Not more than 0,2
Saponification value
Not less than 524 and not more than 540
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 445 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF WOOD ROSIN
Synonyms
Ester gum
Definition
A complex mixture of tri- and diglycerol esters of resin acids from wood rosin. The rosin is obtained by the solvent extraction of aged pine stumps followed by a liquid-liquid solvent refining process. Excluded from these specifications are substances derived from gum rosin, and exudate of living pine trees, and substances derived from tall oil rosin, a by-product of kraft (paper) pulp processing. The final product is composed of approximately 90 % resin acids and 10 % neutrals (non-acidic compounds). The resin acid fraction is a complex mixture of isomeric diterpenoid monocarboxylic acids having the empirical molecular formula of C20H30O2, chiefly abietic acid. The substance is purified by steam stripping or by countercurrent steam distillation
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Hard, yellow to pale amber-coloured solid
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, soluble in acetone
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of the compound
Purity
Specific gravity of solution
[d]20 25 not less than 0,935 when determined in a 50 % solution in d-limonene (97 %, boiling point 175,5-176 °C, d20 4: 0,84)
Ring and ball softening range
Between 82 °C and 90 °C
Acid value
Not less than 3 and not more than 9
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 15 and not more than 45
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Test for absence of tall oil rosin (sulphur test)
When sulphur-containing organic compounds are heated in the presence of sodium formate, the sulphur is converted to hydrogen sulphide which can readily be detected by the use of lead acetate paper. A positive test indicates the use of tall oil rosin instead of wood rosin
E 450 (i) DISODIUM DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate; Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate; Sodium acid pyrophosphate; Disodium pyrophosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-835-0
Chemical name
Disodium dihydrogen diphosphate
Chemical formula
Na2H2P2O7
Molecular weight
221,94
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of disodium diphosphate
P2O5 content not less than 63,0 % and not more than 64,5 %
Description
White powder or grains
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water
pH
Between 3,7 and 5,0 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 1 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 200 mg/kg
E 450 (ii) TRISODIUM DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Trisodium pyrophosphate; Trisodium monohydrogen diphosphate; Trisodium monohydrogen pyrophosphate; Trisodium diphosphate
Definition
Einecs
238-735-6
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Monohydrate: Na3HP2O7 · H2O
Anhydrous: Na3HP2O7
Molecular weight
Monohydrate: 261,95
Anhydrous: 243,93
Assay
Content not less than 95 % on the dried basis
P2O5 content not less than 57 % and not more than 59 %
Description
White powder or grains, occurs anhydrous or as a monohydrate
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water
pH
Between 6,7 and 7,5 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 4,5 % on the anhydrous compound (450-550 °C).
Not more than 11,5 % on the monohydrate basis
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours) for anhydrous
Not more than 1,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours) for monohdyrate
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 450 (iii) TETRASODIUM DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate; Tetrasodium disphosphate; Tetrasodium phosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-767-1
Chemical name
Tetrasodium diphosphate
Chemical formula
Anhydrous: Na4P2O7
Decahydrate: Na4P2O7 · 10H2O
Molecular weight
Anhydrous: 265,94
Decahydrate: 446,09
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of Na4P2O7 on the ignited basis
P2O5 content not less than 52,5 % and not more than 54,0 %
Description
Colourless or white crystals, or a white crystalline or granular powder. The decahydrate effloresces slightly in dry air
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 9,8 and 10,8 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 0,5 % for the anhydrous salt, not less than 38 % and not more than 42 % for the decahydrate (105 °C, 4 hours then 550 °C, 30 minutes)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 450 (v) TETRAPOTASSIUM DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate
Definition
Einecs
230-785-7
Chemical name
Tetrapotassium diphosphate
Chemical formula
K4P2O7
Molecular weight
330,34 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 95 % (800 °C for 0,5 hours)
P2O5 content not less than 42,0 % and not more than 43,7 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless crystals or white, very hygroscopic powder
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 10,0 and 10,8 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 2 % (105 °C, 4 hours then 550 °C, 30 minutes)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 450 (vi) DICALCIUM DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Calcium pyrophosphate
Definition
Einecs
232-221-5
Chemical name
Dicalcium diphosphate
Dicalcium pyrophosphate
Chemical formula
Ca2P2O7
Molecular weight
254,12
Assay
Content not less than 96 %
P2O5 content not less than 55 % and not more than 56 %
Description
A fine, white, odourless powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids
pH
Between 5,5 and 7,0 (10 % suspension in water)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 1,5 % (800 °C ± 25 °C, 30 minutes
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 450 (vii) CALCIUM DIHYDROGEN DIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Acid calcium pyrophosphate; Monocalcium dihydrogen pyrophosphate
Definition
Einecs
238-933-2
Chemical name
Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate
Chemical formula
CaH2P2O7
Molecular weight
215,97
Assay
Content not less than 90 % on the anhydrous basis
P2O5 content not less than 61 % and not more than 66 %
Description
White crystals or powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
Purity
Acid-insoluble matter
Not more than 0,4 %
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 800 mg/kg. This applies until 31 March 2015.
Not more than 200 mg/kg. This applies from 1 April 2015.
E 451 (i) PENTASODIUM TRIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Pentasodium tripolyphosphate; Sodium tripolyphosphate
Definition
Einecs
231-838-7
Chemical name
Pentasodium triphosphate
Chemical formula
Na5O10P3 · nH2O (n = 0 or 6)
Molecular weight
367,86
Assay
Content not less than 85,0 % (anhydrous) or 65,0 % (hexahydrate)
P2O5 content not less than 56 % and not more than 59 % (anhydrous) or not less than 43 % and not more than 45 % (hexahydrate)
Description
White, slightly hygroscopic granules or powder
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
Between 9,1 and 10,2 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous: Not more than 0,7 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Hexahydrate: Not more than 23,5 % (60 °C, 1 hour, then 105 °C, 4 hours)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,1 %
Higher polyphosphates
Not more than 1 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 451 (ii) PENTAPOTASSIUM TRIPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Pentapotassium tripolyphosphate; Potassium triphosphate; Potassium tripolyphosphate
Definition
Einecs
237-574-9
Chemical name
Pentapotassium triphosphate; Pentapotassium tripolyphosphate
Chemical formula
K5O10P3
Molecular weight
448,42
Assay
Content not less than 85 % on the anhydrous basis
P2O5 content not less than 46,5 % and not more than 48 %
Description
White, very hygroscopic powder or granules
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
Between 9,2 and 10,5 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 0,4 % (105 °C, 4 hours, then 550 °C, 30 minutes)
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 2 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 452 (i) SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
I. SOLUBLE POLYPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Sodium hexametaphosphate; Sodium tetrapolyphosphate; Graham's salt; Sodium polyphosphates, glassy; Sodium polymetaphosphate; Sodium metaphosphate
Definition
Soluble sodium polyphosphates are obtained by fusion and subsequent chilling of sodium orthophosphates. These compounds are a class consisting of several amorphous, water-soluble polyphosphates composed of linear chains of metaphosphate units, (NaPO3)x where x ≥ 2, terminated by Na2PO4 groups. These substances are usually identified by their Na2O/P2O5 ratio or their P2O5 content. The Na2O/P2O5 ratios vary from about 1,3 for sodium tetrapolyphosphate, where x = approximately 4; to about 1,1 for Graham's salt, commonly called sodium hexametaphosphate, where x = 13 to 18; and to about 1,0 for the higher molecular weight sodium polyphosphates, where x = 20 to 100 or more. The pH of their solutions varies from 3,0 to 9,0
Einecs
272-808-3
Chemical name
Sodium polyphosphate
Chemical formula
Heterogenous mixtures of sodium salts of linear condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula H(n + 2)PnO(3n + 1) where ‘n’ is not less than 2
Molecular weight
(102)n
Assay
P2O5 content not less than 60 % and not more than 71 % on the ignited basis
Description
Colourless or white, transparent platelets, granules, or powders
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
Between 3,0 and 9,0 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 1 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,1 %
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
II. INSOLUBLE POLYPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Insoluble sodium metaphosphate; Maddrell's salt; Insoluble sodium polyphosphate; IMP
Definition
Insoluble sodium metaphosphate is a high molecular weight sodium polyphosphate composed of two long metaphosphate chains (NaPO3)x that spiral in opposite directions about a common axis. The Na2O/P2O5 ratio is about 1,0. The pH of 1 in 3 suspension in water is about 6,5
Einecs
272-808-3
Chemical name
Sodium polyphosphate
Chemical formula
Heterogenous mixtures of sodium salts of linear condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula H(n + 2)PnO(3n + 1) where ‘n’ is not less than 2
Molecular weight
(102)n
Assay
P2O5 content not less than 68,7 % and not more than 70,0 %
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids and in solutions of potassium and ammonium (but not sodium) chlorides
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
About 6,5 (1 in 3 suspension in water)
Purity
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 452 (ii) POTASSIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Potassium metaphosphate; Potassium polymetaphosphate; Kurrol salt
Definition
Einecs
232-212-6
Chemical name
Potassium polyphosphate
Chemical formula
(KPO3)n
Heterogenous mixtures of potassium salts of linear condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula H(n + 2)PnO(3n + 1) where ‘n’ is not less than 2
Molecular weight
(118)n
Assay
P2O5 content not less than 53,5 % and not more than 61,5 % on the ignited basis
Description
Fine white powder or crystals or colourless glassy platelets
Identification
Solubility
1 g dissolves in 100 ml of a 1 in 25 solution of sodium acetate
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
Not more than 7,8 (1 % suspension)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 2 % (105 °C, 4 hours then 550 °C, 30 minutes)
Cyclic phosphate
Not more than 8 % on P2O5 content
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 452(iii) SODIUM CALCIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Sodium calcium polyphosphate, glassy
Definition
Einecs
233-782-9
Chemical name
Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Chemical formula
(NaPO3)n CaO where n is typically 5
Molecular weight
Assay
P2O5 content not less than 61 % and not more than 69 % on the ignited basis
Description
White glassy crystals, spheres
Identification
pH
Approximately 5 to 7 (1 % m/m slurry)
CaO content
7 % - 15 % m/m
Purity
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 452 (iv) CALCIUM POLYPHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Calcium metaphosphate; Calcium polymetaphosphate
Definition
Einecs
236-769-6
Chemical name
Calcium polyphosphate
Chemical formula
(CaP2O6)n
Heterogenous mixtures of calcium salts of condensed polyphosphoric acids of general formula H(n + 2)PnO(n + 1) where ‘n’ is not less than 2
Molecular weight
(198)n
Assay
P2O5 content not less than 71 % and not more than 73 % on the ignited basis
Description
Odourless, colourless crystals or white powder
Identification
Solubility
Usually sparingly soluble in water. Soluble in acid medium
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
CaO content
27 to 29,5 %
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 2 % (105 °C, 4 hours then 550 °C, 30 minutes)
Cyclic phosphate
Not more than 8 % (on P2O5 content)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as fluorine)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 459 BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN
Synonyms
Definition
Beta-cyclodextrin is a non-reducing cyclic saccharide consisting of seven α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranosyl units. The product is manufactured by the action of the enzyme cycloglycosyltransferase (CGTase) obtained from Bacillus circulans, Paenibacillus macerans or recombinant Bacillus licheniformis strain SJ1608 on partially hydrolysed starch
Einecs
231-493-2
Chemical name
Cycloheptaamylose
Chemical formula
(C6H10O5)7
Molecular weight
1 135
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % of (C6H10O5)7 on an anhydrous basis
Description
Virtually odourless white or almost white crystalline solid
Appearance of the aqueous solution
Clear and colourless
Identification
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water; freely soluble in hot water; slightly soluble in ethanol
Specific rotation
[α]D 25 + 160° to + 164° (1 % solution)
pH value:
5,0-8,0 (1 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 14 % (Karl Fischer method)
Other cyclodextrins
Not more than 2 % on an anhydrous basis
Solvent residues
Not more than 1 mg/kg of each of toluene and trichloroethylene
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 460 (i) MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Cellulose gel
Definition
Microcrystalline cellulose is purified, partially depolymerised cellulose prepared by treating alpha-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from strains of fibrous plant material, with mineral acids. The degree of polymerisation is typically less than 400
Einecs
232-674-9
Chemical name
Cellulose
Chemical formula
(C6H10O5)n
Molecular weight
About 36 000
Assay
Not less than 97 % calculated as cellulose on the anhydrous basis
Particle size
Not less than 5 μm (not more than 10 % of particles of less than 5 μm)
Description
A fine white or almost white odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids. Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution
Colour reaction
To 1 mg of the sample, add 1 ml of phosphoric acid and heat on a water bath for 30 minutes. Add 4 ml of a 1 in 4 solution of pyrocatechol in phosphoric acid and heat for 30 minutes. A red colour is produced
Infrared absorption spectroscopy
To be identified
Suspension test
Mix 30 g of the sample with 270 ml of water in a high-speed (12 000 rpm) power blender for 5 minutes. The resultant mixture will be either a free-following suspension or a heavy, lumpy suspension which flows poorly, if at all, settles only slightly and contains many trapped air bubbles. If a free-flowing suspension is obtained, transfer 100 ml into a 100-ml graduated cylinder and allow to stand for 1 hour. The solids settles and a supernatant liquid appears
pH
The pH of the supernatant liquid is between 5,0 and 7,5 (10 % suspension in water)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 7 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Water soluble matter
Not more than 0,24 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Starch
Not detectable
To 20 ml of the dispersion obtained in Identification, suspension test, add a few drops of iodine solution and mix. No purplish to blue or blue colour should be produced
Carboxyl groups
Not more than 1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 460 (ii) POWDERED CELLULOSE
Definition
Purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose prepared by processing alpha-cellulose obtained as a pulp from strains of fibrous plant materials
Einecs
232-674-9
Chemical name
Cellulose; Linear polymer of 1:4 linked glucose residues
Chemical formula
(C6H10O5)n
Molecular weight
(162)n (n is predominantly 1 000 and greater)
Assay
Content not less than 92 %
Particle size
Not less than 5 μm (not more than 10 % of particles of less than 5 μm)
Description
A white, odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids. Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution
Suspension test
Mix 30 g of the sample with 270 ml of water in a high-speed (12 000 rpm) power blender for 5 minutes. The resultant mixture will be either a free-flowing suspension or a heavy, lumpy suspension which flows poorly, if at all, settles only slightly and contains many trapped air bubbles. If a free-flowing suspension is obtained, transfer 100 ml into a 100-ml graduated cylinder and allow to stand for 1 hour. The solids settles and a supernatant liquid appears
pH
The pH of the supernatant liquid is between 5,0 and 7,5 (10 % suspension in water)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 7 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Water soluble matter
Not more than 1,0 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,3 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Starch
Not detectable
To 20 ml of the dispersion obtained in Identification, suspension test, add a few drops of iodine solution and mix. No purplish to blue or blue colour should be produced
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 461 METHYL CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Cellulose methyl ether
Definition
Methyl cellulose is cellulose obtained directly from strains of fibrous plant material and partially etherified with methyl groups
Einecs
Chemical name
Methyl ether of cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3) where R1, R2, R3 each may be one of the following:
—
H
—
CH3 or
—
CH2CH3
Molecular weight
From about 20 000 to 380 000
Assay
Content not less than 25 % and not more than 33 % of methoxyl groups (-OCH3) and not more than 5 % of hydroxyethoxyl groups (-OCH2CH2OH)
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white or slightly yellowish or greyish odourless and tasteless, granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Swelling in water, producing a clear to opalescent, viscous, colloidal solution.
Insoluble in ethanol, ether and chloroform.
Soluble in glacial acetic acid
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 8,0 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 1,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 462 ETHYL CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Cellulose ethyl ether
Definition
Ethyl cellulose is cellulose obtained directly from fibrous plant material and partially etherified with ethyl groups
Einecs
Chemical name
Ethyl ether of cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2) where R1 and R2 may be any of the following:
—
H
—
CH2CH3
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 44 % and not more than 50 % of ethoxyl groups (-OC2H5) on the dried basis (equivalent to not more than 2,6 ethoxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit)
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white to off-white, odourless and tasteless powder
Identification
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water, in glycerol and in propane-1,2-diol but soluble in varying proportions in certain organic solvents depending upon the ethoxyl content. Ethyl cellulose containing less than 46 to 48 % of ethoxyl groups is freely soluble in tetrahydrofuran, in methyl acetate, in chloroform and in aromatic hydrocarbon ethanol mixtures. Ethyl cellulose containing 46 to 48 % or more of ethoxyl groups is freely soluble in ethanol, in methanol, in toluene, in chloroform and in ethyl acetate
Film forming test
Dissolve 5 g of the sample in 95 g of an 80:20 (w/w) mixture of toluene ethanol. A clear, stable, slightly yellow solution is formed. Pour a few ml of the solution onto a glass plate and allow the solvent to evaporate. A thick, tough, continuous, clear film remains. The film is flammable
pH
Neutral to litmus (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 3 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,4 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 463 HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Cellulose hydroxypropyl ether
Definition
Hydroxypropylcellulose is cellulose obtained directly from strains of fibrous plant material and partially etherified with hydroxypropyl groups
Einecs
Chemical name
Hydroxypropyl ether of cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1, R2, R3 each may be one of the following:
—
H
—
CH2CHOHCH3
—
CH2CHO(CH2CHOHCH3)CH3
—
CH2CHO[CH2CHO(CH2CHOHCH3)CH3]CH3
Molecular weight
From about 30 000 to 1 000 000
Assay
Content not more than 80,5 % of hydroxypropoxyl groups (-OCH2CHOHCH3) equivalent to not more than 4,6 hydroxypropyl groups per anhydroglucose unit on the anhydrous basis
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white or slightly yellowish or greyish odourless and tasteless, granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Swelling in water, producing a clear to opalescent, viscous, colloidal solution. Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in ether
Gas chromatography
Determine the substituents by gas chromotography
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 8,0 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Propylene chlorohydrins
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 464 HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Definition
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is cellulose obtained directly from strains of fibrous plant material and partially etherified with methyl groups and containing a small degree of hydroxypropyl substitution
Einecs
Chemical name
2-Hydroxypropyl ether of methylcellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1, R2, R3 each may be one of the following:
—
H
—
CH3
—
CH2CHOHCH3
—
CH2CHO (CH2CHOHCH3) CH3
—
CH2CHO[CH2CHO (CH2CHOHCH3) CH3]CH3
Molecular weight
From about 13 000 to 200 000
Assay
Content not less than 19 % and not more than 30 % methoxyl groups (-OCH3) and not less than 3 % and not more than 12 % hydroxypropoxyl groups (-OCH2CHOHCH3), on the anhydrous basis
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white or slightly yellowish or greyish odourless and tasteless, granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Swelling in water, producing a clear to opalescent, viscous, colloidal solution. Insoluble in ethanol
Gas chromatography
Determine the substituents by gas chromatography
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 8,0 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 1,5 % for products with viscosities of 50 mPa.s or above
Not more than 3 % for products with viscosities below 50 mPa.s
Propylene chlorohydrins
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 465 ETHYL METHYL CELLULOSE
Synonyms
Methylethylcellulose
Definition
Ethyl methyl cellulose is cellulose obtained directly from strains of fibrous plant material and partially etherified with methyl and ethyl groups
Einecs
Chemical name
Ethyl methyl ether of cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1, R2, R3 each may be one of the following:
—
H
—
CH3
—
CH2CH3
Molecular weight
From about 30 000 to 40 000
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis not less than 3,5 % and not more than 6,5 % of methoxyl groups (-OCH3) and not less than 14,5 % and not more than 19 % of ethoxyl groups (-OCH2CH3), and not less than 13,2 % and not more than 19,6 % of total alkoxyl groups, calculated as methoxyl
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white or slightly yellowish or greyish odourless and tasteless, granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Swelling in water, producing a clear to opalescent, viscous, colloidal solution. Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in ether
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 8,0 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % for the fibrous form, and not more than 10 % for the powdered form (105 °C to constant weight)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,6 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 466 SODIUM CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE, CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE, CELLULOSE GUM
Synonyms
CMC; NaCMC; Sodium CMC;
Definition
Carboxy methyl cellulose is the partial sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of cellulose, the cellulose being obtained directly from strains of fibrous plant material
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium salt of the carboxymethyl ether of cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers contain substituted anhydroglucose units with the following general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1, R2, R3 each may be one of the following:
—
H
—
CH2COONa
—
CH2COOH
Molecular weight
Higher than approximately 17 000 (degree of polymerisation approximately 100)
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis not less than 99,5 %
Description
Slightly hygroscopic white or slightly yellowish or greyish odourless and tasteless, granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Yields a viscous colloidal solution with water. Insoluble in ethanol
Foam test
A 0,1 % solution of the sample is shaken vigorously. No layer of foam appears. (This test permits the distinction of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from other cellulose ethers)
Precipitate formation
To 5 ml of a 0,5 % solution of the sample, add 5 ml of 5 % solution of copper sulphate or of aluminium sulphate. A precipitate appears. (This test permits the distinction of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from other cellulose ethers and from gelatine, locust bean gum and tragacanth)
Colour reaction
Add 0,5 g powdered carboxy methyl cellulose sodium to 50 ml of water, while stirring to produce an uniform dispersion. Continue the stirring until a clear solution is produced, and use the solution for the following test:
To 1 mg of the sample, diluted with an equal volume of water, in a small test tube, add 5 drops of 1-naphthol solution. Incline the test tube, and carefully introduce down the side of the tube 2 ml of sulphuric acid so that it forms a lower layer. A red-purple colour develops at the interface
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 8,5 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Degree of substitution
Not less than 0,2 and not more than 1,5 carboxymethyl groups (-CH2COOH) per anhydroglucose unit
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C to constant weight)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total glycolate
Not more than 0,4 %, calculated as sodium glycolate on the anhydrous basis
Sodium
Not more than 12,4 % on the anhydrous basis
E 468 CROSS-LINKED SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE, CROSS-LINKED CELLULOSE GUM
Synonyms
Cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose; Cross-linked CMC; Cross-linked sodium CMC;
Definition
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is the sodium salt of thermally cross-linked partly O-carboxymethylated cellulose
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium salt of the cross-linked carboxymethyl ether cellulose
Chemical formula
The polymers containing substituted anhydroglucose units with the general formula:
C6H7O2(OR1)(OR2)(OR3) where R1, R2 and R3 may be any of the following:
—
H
—
CH2COONa
—
CH2COOH
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Slightly hygroscopic, white to off white, odourless powder
Identification
Precipitate formation
Shake 1 g with 100 ml of a solution containing 4 mg/kg methylene blue and allow to settle. The substance to be examined absorbs the methylene blue and settles as a blue, fibrous mass
Colour reaction
Shake 1 g with 50 ml of water. Transfer 1 ml of the mixture to a test tube, add 1 ml water and 0,05 ml of freshly prepared 40 g/l solution of alpha-naphthol in methanol. Incline the test tube and add carefully 2 ml of sulphuric acid down the side so that it forms a lower layer. A reddish-violet colour develops at the interface
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Not less than 5,0 and not more than 7,0 (1 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 6 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Water soluble matter
Not more than 10 %
Degree of substitution
Not less than 0,2 and not more than 1,5 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit
Sodium content
Not more than 12,4 % on anhydrous basis
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 469 ENZYMATICALLY HYDROLYSED CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE, ENZYMATICALLY HYDROLISED CELLULOSE GUM
Synonyms
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolysed
Definition
Enzymatically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose is obtained from carboxymethylcellulose by enzymatic digestion with a cellulase produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum (formerly T. reesei)
Einecs
Chemical name
Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium, partially enzymatically hydrolysed
Chemical formula
Sodium salts of polymers containing substituted anhydroglucose units with the general formula:
[C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH2COONa)y]n
where n is the degree of polymerisation
x = 1,50 to 2,80
y = 0,2 to 1,50
x + y = 3,0
(y = degree of substitution)
Molecular weight
178,14 where y = 0,20
282,18 where y = 1,50
Macromolecules: Not less than 800 (n about 4)
Assay
Not less than 99,5 %, including mono- and disaccharides, on the dried basis
Description
White or slightly yellowish or greyish, odourless, slightly hygroscopic granular or fibrous powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Foam test
Vigorously shake a 0,1 % solution of the sample. No layer of foam appears. This test distinguishes sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, whether hydrolysed or not, from other cellulose ethers and from alginates and natural gums
Precipitate formation
To 5 ml of a 0,5 % solution of the sample add 5 ml of a 5 % solution of copper or aluminium sulphate. A precipitate appears. This test distinguishes sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, whether hydrolysed or not, from other cellulose ethers and from gelatine, carob bean gum and tragacanth gum
Colour reaction
Add 0,5 g of the powdered sample to 50 ml of water, while stirring to produce a uniform dispersion. Continue the stirring until a clear solution is produced. Dilute 1 ml of the solution with 1 ml of water in a small test tube. Add 5 drops of 1-naphthol TS. Incline the tube, and carefully introduce down the side of the tube 2 ml of sulphuric acid so that it forms a lower layer. A red-purple colour develops at the interface
Viscosity (60 % solids)
Not less than 2 500 kgm– 1s– 1 at 25 °C corresponding to an average molecule weight of 5 000 Da
pH
Not less than 6,0 and not more than 8,5 (1 % colloidal solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 12 % (105 °C to constant weight)
Degree of substitution
Not less than 0,2 and not more than 1,5 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit on the dried basis
Sodium chloride and sodium glycolate
Not more than 0,5 % singly or in combination
Residual enzyme activity
Passes test. No change in viscosity of test solution occurs, which indicates hydrolysis of the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
E 470a SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Definition
Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats, these salts being obtained either from edible fats and oils or from distilled food fatty acids.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis not less than 95 % (105 °C till a constant weight)
Description
White or creamy white light powders, flakes or semi-solids
Identification
Solubility
Sodium and potassium salts: soluble in water and ethanol. Calcium salts: insoluble in water, ethanol and ether
Test for cations
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Purity
Sodium
Not less than 9 % and not more than 14 % expressed as Na2O
Potassium
Not less than 13 % and not more than 21,5 % expressed as K2O
Calcium
Not less than 8,5 % and not more than 13 % expressed as CaO
Unsaponifiable matter
Not more than 2 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Free alkali
Not more than 0,1 % expressed as NaOH
Matter insoluble in alcohol
Not more than 0,2 % (sodium and potassium salts only)
E 470b MAGNESIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Definition
Magnesium salts of fatty acids occurring in foods oils and fats, these salts being obtained either from edible fats and oils or from distilled food fatty acids
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis not less than 95 % (105 °C till a constant weight)
Description
White or creamy-white light powders, flakes or semi-solids
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, partially soluble in ethanol and ether
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Purity
Magnesium
Not less than 6,5 % and not more than 11 % expressed as MgO
Free alkali
Not more than 0,1 % expressed as MgO
Unsaponifiable matter
Not more than 2 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 471 MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Glyceryl monostearate; Glyceryl monopalmitate; Glyceryl monooleate, etc.; Monostearin; Monopalmitin; Monoolein, etc.; GMS (for glyceryl monostearate)
Definition
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids consist of mixtures of glycerol mono-, di- and triesters of fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats. They may contain small amounts of free fatty acids and glycerol
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of mono- and diesters: not less than 70 %
Description
The product varies from a pale yellow to pale brown oily liquid to a white or slightly off-white hard waxy solid. The solids may be in the form of flakes, powders or small beads
Identification
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyol
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and toluene at 50 °C
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acid value
Not more than 6
Free glycerol
Not more than 7 %
Polyglycerols
Not more than 4 % diglycerol and not more than 1 % higher polyglycerols both based on total glycerol content
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total glycerol
Not less than 16 % and not more than 33 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 a ACETIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Acetoglycerides; Acetylated mono- and diglycerides; Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol
Definition
Esters of glycerol with acetic and fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free acetic acid and free glycerides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Clear, mobile liquids to solids, from white to pale yellow in colour
Identification
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for acetic acid
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in ethanol
Purity
Acids other than acetic and fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total acetic acid
Not less than 9 % and not more than 32 %
Free fatty acids (and acetic acid)
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Total glycerol
Not less than 14 % and not more than 31 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 b LACTIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Lactoglycerides; Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with lactic acid
Definition
Esters of glycerol with lactic acid and fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free lactic acid and free glycerides
Description
Clear, mobile liquids to waxy solids of variable consistency, from white to pale yellow in colour
Identification
Test for glycerol,
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for lactic acid
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in cold water but dispersible in hot water
Purity
Acids other than lactic and fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total lactic acid
Not less than 13 % and not more than 45 %
Free fatty acids (and lactic acid)
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Total glycerol
Not less than 13 % and not more than 30 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 c CITRIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Citrem; Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Citroglycerides; Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with citric acid
Definition
Esters of glycerol with citric acid and fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free citric acid and free glycerides. They may be partially or wholly neutralised with sodium, potassium or calcium salts suitable for the purpose and authorised as food additives according to this Regulation.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Yellowish or light brown liquids to waxy solids or semi-solids
Identification
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for citric acid
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in cold water, dispersible in hot water, soluble in oils and fats, insoluble in cold ethanol
Purity
Acids other than citric and fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Total glycerol
Not less than 8 % and not more than 33 %
Total citric acid
Not less than 13 % and not more than 50 %
Sulphated ash
Non-neutralised products: not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Partially or wholly neutralised products: not more than 10 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Acid value
Not more than 130
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however, these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 d TARTARIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with tartaric acid
Definition
Esters of glycerol with tartaric acid and fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free tartaric acid and free glycerides
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Sticky viscous yellowish liquids to hard yellow waxes
Identification
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for tartaric acid
Passes test
Purity
Acids other than tartaric and fatty acids
Less than 1,0 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Total glycerol
Not less than 12 % and not more than 29 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total tartaric acid
Not less than 15 % and not more than 50 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 e MONO- AND DIACETYLTARTARIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Mono-and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with mono- and diacetyltartaric acid; Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol
Definition
Mixed esters of glycerol with mono- and diacetyltartaric acids (obtained from tartaric acid) and fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free tartaric and acetic acids and their combinations, and free glycerides. Contains also tartaric and acetic esters of fatty acids
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Sticky viscous liquids through a fat-like consistency to yellow waxes which hydrolyse in moist air to liberate acetic acid
Identification
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for tartaric acid
Passes test
Test for acetic acid
Passes test
Purity
Acids other than acetic, tartaric and fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Total glycerol
Not less than 11 % and not more than 28 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % determined at 800 ± 25 °C
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total tartaric acid
Not less than 10 % and not more than 40 %
Total acetic acid
Not less than 8 % and not more than 32 %
Acid value
Not less than 40 and not more than 130
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 472 f MIXED ACETIC AND TARTARIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with acetic acid and tartaric acid
Definition
Esters of glycerol with acetic and tartaric acids and fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free tartaric and acetic acids, and free glycerides. May contain mono- and diacetyltartaric esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Sticky liquids to solids, from white to pale-yellow in colour
Identification
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for tartaric acid
Passes test
Test for acetic acid
Passes test
Purity
Acids other than acetic, tartaric and fatty acids
Less than 1,0 %
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Total glycerol
Not less than 12 % and not more than 27 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Total acetic acid
Not less than 10 % and not more than 20 %
Total tartaric acid
Not less than 20 % and not more than 40 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 473 SUCROSE ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Sucroesters; Sugar esters
Definition
Essentially the mono-, di- and triesters of sucrose with fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. They may be prepared from sucrose and the methyl, ethyl and vinyl esters of food fatty acids (including lauric acid) or by extraction from sucroglycerides. No organic solvent other than dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, propylene glycol, methyl ethyl ketone and supercritical carbondioxide may be used for their preparation. p-methoxy phenol can be used as a stabiliser during the manufacturing procedure.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 80 %
Description
Stiff gels, soft solids or white to slightly greyish-white powders
Identification
Test for sugar
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 2 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Free sugar
Not more than 5 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % estimated as oleic acid
p-methoxy-phenol
Not more than 100 μg/kg
Acetaldehyde
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Methanol
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Dimethylsulphoxide
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Dimethylformamide
Not more than 1 mg/kg
2-methyl-1-propanol
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Ethyl acetate
Not more than 350 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Propan-2-ol
Propylene glycol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 474 SUCROGLYCERIDES
Synonyms
Sugar glycerides
Definition
Sucroglycerides are produced by reacting sucrose with an edible fat or oil to produce a mixture of essentially mono-, di- and triesters of sucrose and fatty acids (including lauric acid) together with residual mono-, di- and triglycerides from fat or oil. No organic solvents shall be used in their preparation other than cyclohexane, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol and propan-2-ol
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 40 % and not more than 60 % of sucrose fatty acid esters
Description
Soft solid masses, stiff gels or white to off-white powders
Identification
Test for sugar
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in cold water, soluble in ethanol
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 2 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Free sugar
Not more than 5 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 3 % (estimated as oleic acid)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Methanol
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Dimethylformamide
Not more than 1 mg/kg
2-Methyl-1-propanol
Not more than 10 mg/kg, single or in combination
Cyclohexane
Ethyl acetate
Not more than 350 mg/kg, single or in combination
Propan-2-ol
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 475 POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Polyglycerol fatty acid esters; Polyglycerin esters of fatty acid esters
Definition
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids are produced by the esterification of polyglycerol with food fats and oils or with fatty acids occurring in foods fats and oils. The polyglycerol moiety is predominantly di-, tri- and tetraglycerol and contains not more than 10 % of polyglycerols equal to or higher than heptaglycerol
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of total fatty acid ester not less than 90 %
Description
Light yellow to amber, oily to very viscous liquids; light tan to medium brown, plastic or soft solids; and light tan to brown, hard, waxy solids
Identification
Test for glycerol,
Passes test
Test for polyglycerols
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Solubility
The esters range from very hydrophilic to very lipophilic, but as a class tend to be dispersible in water and soluble in organic solvents and oils
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Acids other than fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 6 % estimated as oleic acid
Total glycerol and polyglycerol
Not less than 18 % and not more than 60 %
Free glycerol and polyglycerol
Not more than 7 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 476 POLYGLYCEROL POLYRICINOLEATE
Synonyms
Glycerol esters of condensed castor oil fatty acids; Polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids from castor oil; Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid; PGPR
Definition
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate is prepared by the esterification of polyglycerol with condensed castor oil fatty acids
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Clear, highly viscous liquid
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water and in ethanol; soluble in ether, hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for polyglycerol
Passes test
Test for ricinoleic acid
Passes test
Refractive index
[n]D 65 between 1,4630 and 1,4665
Purity
Polyglycerols
The polyglycerol moiety shall be composed of not less than 75 % of di-, tri- and tetraglycerols and shall contain not more than 10 % of polyglycerols equal to or higher than heptaglycerol
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 80 and not more than 100
Acid value
Not more than 6
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 477 PROPANE-1,2-DIOL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids
Definition
Consists of mixtures of propane-1,2-diol mono- and diesters of fatty acids occurring in food fats and oils. The alcohol moiety is exclusively propane-1,2-diol together with dimer and traces of trimer. Organic acids other than food fatty acids are absent
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of total fatty acid ester not less than 85 %
Description
Clear liquids or waxy white flakes, beads or solids having a bland odour
Identification
Test for propylene glycol
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Acids other than fatty acids
Less than 1 %
Free fatty acids
Not more than 6 % estimated as oleic acid
Total propane-1,2-diol
Not less than 11 % and not more than 31 %
Free propane-1,2-diol
Not more than 5 %
Dimer and trimer of propylene glycol
Not more than 0,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Purity criteria apply to the additive free of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids, however these substances may be present up to a maximum level of 6 % (expressed as sodium oleate)
E 479 b THERMALLY OXIDISED SOYA BEAN OIL INTERACTED WITH MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES OF FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
TOSOM
Definition
Thermally oxidised soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids is a complex mixture of esters of glycerol and fatty acids found in edible fat and fatty acids from thermally oxidised soya bean oil. It is produced by interaction and deodorisation under vacuum at 130 °C of 10 % of thermally oxidised soya bean oil and 90 % mono- and diglycerides of food fatty acids. Soya bean oil is exclusively made from strains of soya beans
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Pale yellow to light brown a waxy or solid consistency
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in hot oil or fat
Purity
Melting range
55-65 °C
Free fatty acids
Not more than 1,5 % estimated as oleic acid
Free glycerol
Not more than 2 %
Total fatty acids
83-90 %
Total glycerol
16-22 %
Fatty acid methyl esters, not forming adduct with urea
Not more than 9 % of total fatty acid methyl esters
Fatty acids, insoluble in petroleum ether
Not more than 2 % of total fatty acids
Peroxide value
Not more than 3
Epoxides
Not more than 0,03 % oxirane oxygen
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 481 SODIUM STEAROYL-2-LACTYLATE
Synonyms
Sodium stearoyl lactylate; Sodium stearoyl lactate
Definition
A mixture of the sodium salts of stearoyl lactylic acids and its polymers and minor amounts of sodium salts of other related acids, manufactured by the reaction of stearic acid and lactic acid. Other food fatty acids may also be present, free or esterified, due to their presence in the stearic acid used
Einecs
246-929-7
Chemical name
Sodium di-2-stearoyl lactate
Sodium di(2-stearoyloxy)propionate
Chemical formula
C21H39O4Na; C19H35O4Na (major components)
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or slightly yellowish powder or brittle solid with a characteristic odour
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for lactic acid
Passes test
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in ethanol
Purity
Sodium
Not less than 2,5 % and not more than 5 %
Ester value
Not less than 90 and not more than 190
Acid value
Not less than 60 and not more than 130
Total lactic acid
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 482 CALCIUM STEAROYL-2-LACTYLATE
Synonyms
Calcium stearoyl lactate
Definition
A mixture of the calcium salts of stearoyl lactylic acids and its polymers and minor amounts of calcium salts of other related acids, manufactured by the reaction of stearic acid and lactic acid. Other food fatty acids may also be present, free or esterified, due to their presence in the stearic acid used
Einecs
227-335-7
Chemical name
Calcium di-2-stearoyl lactate
Calcium di(2-stearoyloxy)propionate
Chemical formula
C42H78O8Ca; C38H70O8Ca, C40H74O8Ca (major components)
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or slightly yellowish powder or brittle solid with a characteristic odour
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for fatty acids
Passes test
Test for lactid acid
Passes test
Solubility
Slightly soluble in hot water
Purity
Calcium
Not less than 1 % and not more than 5,2 %
Ester value
Not less than 125 and not more than 190
Total lactic acid
Not less than 15 % and not more than 40 %
Acid value
Not less than 50 and not more than 130
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 483 STEARYL TARTRATE
Synonyms
Stearyl palmityl tartrate
Definition
Product of the esterification of tartaric acid with commercial stearyl alcohol, which consists essentially of stearyl and palmityl alcohols. It consists mainly of diester, with minor amounts of monoester and of unchanged starting materials
Einecs
Chemical name
Distearyl tartrate
Dipalmityl tartrate
Stearylpalmityl tartrate
Chemical formula
C40H78O6 (Distearyl tartrate)
C36H70O6 (Dipalmityl tartrate)
C38H74O6 (Stearylpalmityl tartrate)
Molecular weight
655 (Distearyl tartrate)
599 (Dipalmityl tartrate)
627 (Stearylpalmityl tartrate)
Assay
Content of total ester not less than 90 % corresponding to an ester value of not less than 163 and not more than 180
Description
Cream-coloured unctuous solid (at 25 °C)
Identification
Test for tartrate
Passes test
Melting range
Between 67 °C and 77 °C. After saponification the saturated long chain fatty alcohols have a melting range of 49 °C to 55 °C
Purity
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 200 and not more than 220
Acid value
Not more than 5,6
Total tartaric acid
Not less than 18 % and not more than 35 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Unsaponifiable matter
Not less than 77 % and not more than 83 %
Iodine value
Not more than 4 (Wijs method)
E 491 SORBITAN MONOSTEARATE
Synonyms
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with edible, commercial stearic acid
Einecs
215-664-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of a mixture of sorbitol, sorbitan, and isosorbide esters
Description
Light, cream- to tan-coloured beads or flakes or a hard, waxy solid with a slight characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble at temperatures above its melting point in toluene, dioxane, carbon tetrachloride, ether, methanol, ethanol and aniline; insoluble in petroleum ether and acetone; insoluble in cold water but dispersible in warm water; soluble with haze at temperatures above 50 °C in mineral oil and ethyl acetate
Congealing range
50-52 °C
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid value
Not more than 10
Saponification value
Not less than 147 and not more than 157
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 235 and not more than 260
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 492 SORBITAN TRISTEARATE
Synonyms
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with edible, commercial stearic acid
Einecs
247-891-4
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of a mixture of sorbitol, sorbitan, and isosorbide esters
Description
Light, cream- to tan-coloured beads or flakes or hard, waxy solid with a slight odour
Identification
Solubility
Slightly soluble in toluene, ether, carbon tetrachloride and ethyl acetate; dispersible in petroleum ether, mineral oil, vegetable oils, acetone and dioxane; insoluble in water, methanol and ethanol
Congealing range
47-50 °C
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid value
Not more than 15
Saponification value
Not less than 176 and not more than 188
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 66 and not more than 80
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 493 SORBITAN MONOLAURATE
Synonyms
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with edible, commercial lauric acid
Einecs
215-663-3
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of a mixture of sorbitol, sorbitan, and isosorbide esters
Description
Amber-coloured oily viscous liquid, light cream to tan-coloured beads or flakes or a hard, waxy solid with a slight odour
Identification
Solubility
Dispersible in hot and cold water
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of a polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid value
Not more than 7
Saponification value
Not less than 155 and not more than 170
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 330 and not more than 358
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 494 SORBITAN MONOOLEATE
Synonyms
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with edible, commercial oleic acid. Major constituent is 1,4-sorbitan monooleate. Other constituents include isosorbide monooleate, sorbitan dioleate and sorbitan trioleate
Einecs
215-665-4
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of a mixture of sorbitol, sorbitan and isosorbide esters
Description
Amber-coloured viscous liquid, light cream to tan-coloured beads or flakes or a hard, waxy solid with a slight characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble at temperatures above its melting point in ethanol, ether, ethyl acetate, aniline, toluene, dioxane, petroleum ether and carbon tetra-chloride. Insoluble in cold water, dispersible in warm water
Iodine value
The residue of oleic acid, obtained from the saponification of the sorbitan monooleate in assay, has a iodine value between 80 and 100
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid value
Not more than 8
Saponification value
Not less than 145 and not more than 160
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 193 and not more than 210
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 495 SORBITAN MONOPALMITATE
Synonyms
Sorbitan palmitate
Definition
A mixture of the partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with edible, commercial palmitic acid
Einecs
247-568-8
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 95 % of a mixture of sorbitol, sorbitan, and isosorbide esters
Description
Light cream to tan-coloured beads or flakes or a hard, waxy solid with a slight characteristic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble at temperatures above its melting point in ethanol, methanol, ether, ethyl acetate, aniline, toluene, dioxane, petroleum ether and carbon tetrachloride. Insoluble in cold water but dispersible in warm water
Congealing range
45-47 °C
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic of a partial fatty acid ester of polyol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphate ash
Not more than 0,5 %
Acid value
Not more than 7,5
Saponification value
Not less than 140 and not more than 150
Hydroxyl value
Not less than 270 and not more than 305
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 500 (i) SODIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms
Soda ash
Definition
Einecs
207-838-8
Chemical name
Sodium carbonate
Chemical formula
Na2CO3 · nH2O (n = 0, 1 or 10)
Molecular weight
106,00 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 99 % of Na2CO3 on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless crystals or white, granular or crystalline powder
The anhydrous form is hygroscopic, the decahydrate efflorescent
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2 % (anhydrous), 15 % (monohydrate) or 55 %-65 % (decahydrate) (70 °C raising gradually to 300 °C, to constant weight)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 500 (ii) SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
Synonyms
Sodium bicarbonate; sodium acid carbonate; Bicarbonate of soda; Baking soda
Definition
Einecs
205-633-8
Chemical name
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula
NaHCO3
Molecular weight
84,01
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless or white crystalline masses or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
pH
Between 8,0 and 8,6 (1 % solution)
Solubility
Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,25 % (over silica gel, 4 hours)
Ammonium salts
No odour of ammonia detectable after heating
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 500 (iii) SODIUM SESQUICARBONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
208-580-9
Chemical name
Sodium monohydrogen dicarbonate
Chemical formula
Na2CO3 · NaHCO3 · 2H2O
Molecular weight
226,03
Assay
Content between 35,0 % and 38,6 % of NaHCO3 and between 46,4 % and 50,0 % of Na2CO3
Description
White flakes, crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water
Purity
Sodium chloride
Not more than 0,5 %
Iron
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 501 (i) POTASSIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
209-529-3
Chemical name
Potassium carbonate
Chemical formula
K2CO3 · nH2O (n = 0 or 1,5)
Molecular weight
138,21 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, very deliquescent powder.
The hydrate occurs as small, white, translucent crystals or granules
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Very soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 5 % (anhydrous) or 18 % (hydrate) (180 °C, 4 hours)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 501 (ii) POTASSIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
Synonyms
Potassium bicarbonate; Acid potassium carbonate
Definition
Einecs
206-059-0
Chemical name
Potassium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula
KHCO3
Molecular weight
100,11
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more than 101,0 % KHCO3 on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless crystals or white powder or granules
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,25 % (over silica gel, 4 hours)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 503 (i) AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Ammonium carbonate consists of ammonium carbamate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate in varying proportions
Einecs
233-786-0
Chemical name
Ammonium carbonate
Chemical formula
CH6N2O2, CH8N2O3 and CH5NO3
Molecular weight
Ammonium carbamate 78,06; ammonium carbonate 98,73; ammonium hydrogen carbonate 79,06
Assay
Content not less than 30,0 % and not more than 34,0 % of NH3
Description
White powder or hard, white or translucent masses or crystals. Becomes opaque on exposure to air and is finally converted into white porous lumps or powder (of ammonium bicarbonate) due to loss of ammonia and carbon dioxide
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
pH
About 8,6 (5 % solution)
Solubility
Soluble in water
Purity
Non-volatile matter
Not more than 500 mg/kg
Chlorides
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 503 (ii) AMMONIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
Synonyms
Ammonium bicarbonate
Definition
Einecs
213-911-5
Chemical name
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula
CH5NO3
Molecular weight
79,06
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
White crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
pH
About 8,0 (5 % solution)
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Non-volatile matter
Not more than 500 mg/kg
Chlorides
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 504 (i) MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms
Hydromagnesite
Definition
Magnesium carbonate is a basic hydrated or a monohydrated magnesium carbonate or a mixture of the two.
Einecs
208-915-9
Chemical name
Magnesium carbonate
Chemical formula
MgCO3 · nH2O
Assay
Not less than 24 % and not more than 26,4 % of Mg
Description
Odourless, light, white friable masses or as a bulky white powder
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Practically insoluble both in water or ethanol
Purity
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 0,05 %
Water soluble matter
Not more than 1,0 %
Calcium
Not more than 0,4 %
Arsenic
Not more than 4 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 504 (ii) MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE CARBONATE
Synonyms
Magnesium hydrogen carbonate; Magnesium subcarbonate (light or heavy); Hydrated basic magnesium carbonate; Magnesium carbonate hydroxide
Definition
Einecs
235-192-7
Chemical name
Magnesium carbonate hydroxide hydrated
Chemical formula
4MgCO3Mg(OH)2 · 5H2O
Molecular weight
485
Assay
Mg content not less than 40,0 % and not more than 45,0 % calculated as MgO
Description
Light, white friable mass or bulky white powder
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for carbonate
Passes test
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 0,05 %
Water soluble matter
Not more than 1,0 %
Calcium
Not more than 1,0 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 507 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Synonyms
Hydrogen chloride; Muriatic acid
Definition
Einecs
231-595-7
Chemical name
Hydrochloric acid
Chemical formula
HCl
Molecular weight
36,46
Assay
Hydrochloric acid is commercially available in varying concentrations. Concentrated hydrochloric acid contains not less than 35,0 % HCl
Description
Clear, colourless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odour
Identification
Test for acid
Passes test
Test for chloride
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water and in ethanol
Purity
Total organic compounds
Total organic compounds (non-fluorine containing): not more than 5 mg/kg
Benzene: not more than 0,05 mg/kg
Fluorinated compounds (total): not more than 25 mg/kg
Non-volatile matter
Not more than 0,5 %
Reducing substances
Not more than 70 mg/kg (as SO2)
Oxidising substances
Not more than 30 mg/kg (as Cl2)
Sulphate
Not more than 0,5 %
Iron
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 508 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms
Sylvine; Sylvite
Definition
Einecs
231-211-8
Chemical name
Potassium chloride
Chemical formula
KCl
Molecular weight
74,56
Assay
Content not less than 99 % on the dried basis
Description
Colourless, elongated, prismatic or cubital crystals or white granular powder. Odourless
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for chloride
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Test for sodium
Negative
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 509 CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
233-140-8
Chemical name
Calcium chloride
Chemical formula
CaCl2 · nH2O (n = 0,2 or 6)
Molecular weight
110,99 (anhydrous), 147,02 (dihydrate), 219,08 (hexahydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 93,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, odourless, hygroscopic powder or deliquescent crystals
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for chloride
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water and in ethanol
Purity
Magnesium and alkali salts
Not more than 5 % on the dried basis (calculated as sulphates)
Fluoride
Not more than 40 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 511 MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
232-094-6
Chemical name
Magnesium chloride
Chemical formula
MgCl2 · 6H2O
Molecular weight
203,30
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, very deliquescent flakes or crystals
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for chloride
Passes test
Solubility
Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol
Purity
Ammonium
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 512 STANNOUS CHLORIDE
Synonyms
Tin chloride; Tin dichloride
Definition
Einecs
231-868-0
Chemical name
Stannous chloride dihydrate
Chemical formula
SnCl2 · 2H2O
Molecular weight
225,63
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 %
Description
Colourless or white crystals
May have a slight odour of hydrochloric acid
Identification
Test for tin (II)
Passes test
Test for chloride
Passes test
Solubility
Water: soluble in less than its own weight of water, but it forms an insoluble basic salt with excess water
Ethanol: soluble
Purity
Sulphate
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 513 SULPHURIC ACID
Synonyms
Oil of vitriol; Dihydrogen sulphate
Definition
Einecs
231-639-5
Chemical name
Sulphuric acid
Chemical formula
H2SO4
Molecular weight
98,07
Assay
Sulphuric acid is commercially available in varying concentrations. The concentrated form contains not less than 96,0 %
Description
Clear, colourless or slightly brown, very corrosive oily liquid
Identification
Test for acid
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Miscible with water, with generation of much heat, also with ethanol
Purity
Ash
Not more than 0,02 %
Reducing matter
Not more than 40 mg/kg (as SO2)
Nitrate
Not more than 10 mg/kg (on H2SO4 basis)
Chloride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Iron
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Selenium
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 514 (i) SODIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium sulphate
Chemical formula
Na2SO4 · nH2O (n = 0 or 10)
Molecular weight
142,04 (anhydrous)
322,04 (decahydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless crystals or a fine, white, crystalline powder
The decahydrate is efflorescent
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
pH
Neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus paper (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,0 % (anhydrous) or not more than 57 % (decahydrate) at 130 °C
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 514 (ii) SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHATE
Synonyms
Acid sodium sulphate; Sodium bisulphate; Nitre cake
Definition
Chemical name
Sodium hydrogen sulphate
Chemical formula
NaHSO4
Molecular weight
120,06
Assay
Content not less than 95,2 %
Description
White, odourless crystals or granules
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
pH
Solutions are strongly acidic
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,8 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,05 %
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 515 (i) POTASSIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Potassium sulphate
Chemical formula
K2SO4
Molecular weight
174,25
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Colourless or white crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
pH
Between 5,5 and 8,5 (5 % solution)
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 515 (ii) POTASSIUM HYDROGEN SULPHATE
Synonyms
Potassium bisulphate; Potassium acid sulphate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Potassium hydrogen sulphate
Chemical formula
KHSO4
Molecular weight
136,17
Assay
Content not less than 99 %
Description
White deliquescent crystals, pieces or granules
Identification
Melting point
197 °C
Test for potassium
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 516 CALCIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Gypsum; Selenite; Anhydrite
Definition
Einecs
231-900-3
Chemical name
Calcium sulphate
Chemical formula
CaSO4 · nH2O (n = 0 or 2)
Molecular weight
136,14 (anhydrous), 172,18 (dihydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Fine, white to slightly yellowish-white odourless powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous: not more than 1,5 % (250 °C, constant weight)
Dihydrate: not more than 23 % (250 °C, constant weight)
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 517 AMMONIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-984-1
Chemical name
Ammonium sulphate
Chemical formula
(NH4)2SO4
Molecular weight
132,14
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more than 100,5 %
Description
White powder, shining plates or crystalline fragments
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 0,25 %
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
E 520 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Alum
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Aluminium sulphate
Chemical formula
Al2(SO4)3
Molecular weight
342,13
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % on the ignited basis
Description
White powder, shining plates or crystalline fragments
Identification
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
pH
2,9 or above (5 % solution)
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 5 % (500 °C, 3 hours)
Alkalies and alkaline earths
Not more than 0,4 %
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 521 ALUMINIUM SODIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Soda alum; Sodium alum
Definition
Einecs
233-277-3
Chemical name
Aluminium sodium sulphate
Chemical formula
AlNa(SO4)2 · nH2O (n = 0 or 12)
Molecular weight
242,09 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis not less than 96,5 % (anhydrous) and 99,5 % (dodecahydrate)
Description
Transparent crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Dodecahydrate is freely soluble in water. The anhydrous form is slowly soluble in water. Both forms are insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous form: not more than 10,0 % (220 °C, 16 hours)
Dodecahydrate: not more than 47,2 % (50-55 °C, 1 hour then 200 °C, 16 hours)
Ammonium salts
No odour of ammonia detectable after heating
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 522 ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Potassium alum; Potash alum
Definition
Einecs
233-141-3
Chemical name
Aluminium potassium sulphate dodecahydrate
Chemical formula
AlK(SO4)2 · 12 H2O
Molecular weight
474,38
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 %
Description
Large, transparent crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
pH
Between 3,0 and 4,0 (10 % solution)
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Ammonium salts
No odour of ammonia detectable after heating
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 523 ALUMINIUM AMMONIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms
Ammonium alum
Definition
Einecs
232-055-3
Chemical name
Aluminium ammonium sulphate
Chemical formula
AlNH4(SO4)2 · 12 H2O
Molecular weight
453,32
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 %
Description
Large, colourless crystals or white powder
Identification
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for sulphate
Passes test
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, soluble in ethanol
Purity
Alkali metals and alkaline earths
Not more than 0,5 %
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 30 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 524 SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms
Caustic soda; Lye
Definition
Einecs
215-185-5
Chemical name
Sodium hydroxide
Chemical formula
NaOH
Molecular weight
40,0
Assay
Content of solid forms not less than 98,0 % of total alkali (as NaOH). Content of solutions accordingly, based on the stated or labelled percentage of NaOH
Description
White or nearly white pellets, flakes, sticks, fused masses or other forms. Solutions are clear or slightly turbid, colourless or slightly coloured, strongly caustic and hygroscopic and when exposed to the air they absorb carbon dioxide, forming sodium carbonate
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Strongly alkaline (1 % solution)
Solubility
Very soluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol
Purity
Water insoluble and organic matter
A 5 % solution is completely clear and colourless to slightly coloured
Carbonate
Not more than 0,5 % (as Na2CO3)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 525 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms
Caustic potash
Definition
Einecs
215-181-3
Chemical name
Potassium hydroxide
Chemical formula
KOH
Molecular weight
56,11
Assay
Content not less than 85,0 % of alkali calculated as KOH
Description
White or nearly white pellets, flakes, sticks, fused masses or other forms
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Strongly alkaline (1 % solution)
Solubility
Very soluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol
Purity
Water insoluble matter
A 5 % solution is completely clear and colourless
Carbonate
Not more than 3,5 % (as K2CO3)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 526 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms
Slaked lime; Hydrated lime
Definition
Einecs
215-137-3
Chemical name
Calcium hydroxide
Chemical formula
Ca(OH)2
Molecular weight
74,09
Assay
Content not less than 92,0 %
Description
White powder
Identification
Test for alkali
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol. Soluble in glycerol
Purity
Acid insoluble ash
Not more than 1,0 %
Magnesium and alkali salts
Not more than 2,7 %
Barium
Not more than 300 mg/kg
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 527 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms
Aqua ammonia; Strong ammonia solution
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Ammonium hydroxide
Chemical formula
NH4OH
Molecular weight
35,05
Assay
Content not less than 27 % of NH3
Description
Clear, colourless solution, having an exceedingly pungent, characteristic odour
Identification
Test for ammonia
Passes test
Purity
Non-volatile matter
Not more than 0,02 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 528 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Magnesium hydroxide
Chemical formula
Mg(OH)2
Molecular weight
58,32
Assay
Content not less than 95,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Odourless, white bulky powder
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for alkali
Passes test
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water and in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not more than 33 % (800 °C to constant weight)
Calcium oxide
Not more than 1,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 529 CALCIUM OXIDE
Synonyms
Burnt lime
Definition
Einecs
215-138-9
Chemical name
Calcium oxide
Chemical formula
CaO
Molecular weight
56,08
Assay
Content not less than 95,0 % on the ignited basis
Description
Odourless, hard, white or greyish white masses of granules, or white to greyish powder
Identification
Test for alkali
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Reaction with water
Heat is generated on moistening the sample with water
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol. Soluble in glycerol
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 10,0 % (ca. 800 °C to constant weight)
Acid insoluble matter
Not more than 1,0 %
Barium
Not more than 300 mg/kg
Magnesium and alkali salts
Not more than 3,6 %
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 530 MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
215-171-9
Chemical name
Magnesium oxide
Chemical formula
MgO
Molecular weight
40,31
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % on the ignited basis
Description
A very bulky, white powder known as light magnesium oxide or a relative dense, white powder known as heavy magnesium oxide. 5 g of light magnesium oxide occupy a volume of at least 33 ml, while 5 g of heavy magnesium oxide occupy a volume of not more than 20 ml
Identification
Test for alkali
Passes test
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Solubility
Practically insoluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not more than 5,0 % (ca. 800 °C to constant weight)
Calcium oxide
Not more than 1,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 535 SODIUM FERROCYANIDE
Synonyms
Yellow prussiate of soda; Sodium hexacyanoferrate
Definition
Einecs
237-081-9
Chemical name
Sodium ferrocyanide
Chemical formula
Na4Fe(CN)6 · 10 H2O
Molecular weight
484,1
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Yellow crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for ferrocyanide
Passes test
Purity
Free moisture
Not more than 1,0 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,03 %
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Sulphate
Not more than 0,1 %
Free cyanide
Not detectable
Ferricyanide
Not detectable
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 536 POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE
Synonyms
Yellow prussiate of potash; Potassium hexacyanoferrate
Definition
Einecs
237-722-2
Chemical name
Potassium ferrocyanide
Chemical formula
K4Fe(CN)6 · 3 H2O
Molecular weight
422,4
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Lemon yellow crystals
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for ferrocyanide
Passes test
Purity
Free moisture
Not more than 1,0 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,03 %
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Sulphate
Not more than 0,1 %
Free cyanide
Not detectable
Ferricyanide
Not detectable
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 538 CALCIUM FERROCYANIDE
Synonyms
Yellow prussiate of lime; Calcium hexacyanoferrate
Definition
Einecs
215-476-7
Chemical name
Calcium ferrocyanide
Chemical formula
Ca2Fe(CN)6 · 12H2O
Molecular weight
508,3
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Yellow crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for ferrocyanide
Passes test
Purity
Free moisture
Not more than 1,0 %
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,03 %
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Sulphate
Not more than 0,1 %
Free cyanide
Not detectable
Ferricyanide
Not detectable
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 541 SODIUM ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE, ACIDIC
Synonyms
SALP
Definition
Einecs
232-090-4
Chemical name
Sodium trialuminium tetradecahydrogen octaphosphate tetrahydrate (A); Trisodium dialuminium pentadecahydrogen octaphosphate (B)
Chemical formula
NaAl3H14(PO4)8 · 4H2O (A)
Na3Al2H15(PO4)8 (B)
Molecular weight
949,88 (A)
897,82 (B)
Assay
Content not less than 95,0 % (both forms)
Description
White odourless powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for phosphate
Passes test
pH
Acid to litmus
Solubility
Insoluble in water. Soluble in hydrochloric acid
Purity
Loss on ignition
19,5-21,0 % (A) (750-800 °C, 2 hours)
15-16 % (B) (750-800 °C, 2 hours)
Fluoride
Not more than 25 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 4 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 551 SILICON DIOXIDE
Synonyms
Silica; Silicium dioxide
Definition
Silicon dioxide is an amorphous substance, which is produced synthetically by either a vapour-phase hydrolysis process, yielding fumed silica, or by a wet process, yielding precipitated silica, silica gel, or hydrous silica. Fumed silica is produced in essentially an anhydrous state, whereas the wet-process products are obtained as hydrates or contain surface absorbed water
Einecs
231-545-4
Chemical name
Silicon dioxide
Chemical formula
(SiO2)n
Molecular weight
60,08 (SiO2)
Assay
Content after ignition not less than 99,0 % (fumed silica) or 94,0 % (hydrated forms)
Description
White, fluffy powder or granules. Hygroscopic
Identification
Test for silica
Positive
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 2,5 % (fumed silica, 105 °C, 2 hours)
Not more than 8,0 % (precipitated silica and silica gel, 105 °C, 2 hours)
Not more than 70 % (hydrous silica, 105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not more than 2,5 % after drying (1 000 °C, fumed silica)
Not more than 8,5 % after drying (1 000 °C, hydrated forms)
Soluble ionisable salts
Not more than 5,0 % (as Na2SO4)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 552 CALCIUM SILICATE
Synonyms
Definition
Calcium silicate is a hydrous or anhydrous silicate with varying proportions of CaO and SiO2. The product should be free of asbestos.
Einecs
215-710-8
Chemical name
Calcium silicate
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis:
—
as SiO2 not less than 50 % and not more than 95 %
—
as CaO not less than 3 % and not more than 35 %
Description
White to off-white free-flowing powder that remains so after absorbing relatively large amounts of water or other liquids
Identification
Test for silicate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
Gel formation
Forms a gel with mineral acids
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not less than 5 % and not more than 14 % (1 000 °C, constant weight)
Sodium
Not more than 3 %
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 553a (i) MAGNESIUM SILICATE
Synonyms
Definition
Magnesium silicate is a synthetic compound of which the molar ratio of magnesium oxide to silicon dioxide is approximately 2:5
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 15 % of MgO and not less than 67 % of SiO2 on the ignited basis
Description
Very fine, white, odourless powder, free from grittiness
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for silicate
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 10,8 (10 % slurry)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not more than 15 % after drying (1 000 °C, 20 min)
Water soluble salts
Not more than 3 %
Free alkali
Not more than 1 % (as NaOH)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 553a (ii) MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
239-076-7
Chemical name
Magnesium trisilicate
Chemical formula
Mg2Si3O8 · nH2O (approximate composition)
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 29,0 % of MgO and not less than 65,0 % of SiO2 both on the ignited basis
Description
Fine, white powder, free from grittiness
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for silicate
Passes test
pH
Between 6,3 and 9,5 (5 % slurry)
Purity
Loss on ignition
Not less than 17 % and not more than 34 % (1 000 °C)
Water soluble salts
Not more than 2 %
Free alkali
Not more than 1 % (as NaOH)
Fluoride
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 553b TALC
Synonyms
Talcum
Definition
Naturally occurring form of hydrous magnesium silicate containing varying proportions of such associated minerals as alpha-quartz, calcite, chlorite, dolomite, magnesite, and phlogopite. The product should be free of asbestos.
Einecs
238-877-9
Chemical name
Magnesium hydrogen metasilicate
Chemical formula
Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2
Molecular weight
379,22
Assay
Description
Light, homogeneous, white or almost white powder, greasy to the touch
Identification
Infrared absorption spectrum
Characteristic peaks at 3 677, 1 018 and 669 cm-1
X-ray diffraction
Peaks at 9,34/4,66/3,12 Å
Solubility
Insoluble in water and ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Acid soluble matter
Not more than 6 %
Water soluble matter
Not more than 0,2 %
Acid-soluble iron
Not detectable
Arsenic
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 554 SODIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE
Synonyms
Sodium silicoaluminate; Sodium aluminosilicate; Aluminium sodium silicate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Sodium aluminium silicate
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis:
—
as SiO2 not less than 66,0 % and not more than 88,0 %
—
as Al2O3 not less than 5,0 % and not more than 15,0 %
Description
Fine white amorphous powder or beads
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for silicate
Passes test
pH
Between 6,5 and 11,5 (5 % slurry)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8,0 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not less than 5,0 % and not more than 11,0 % on the anhydrous basis (1 000 °C to constant weight)
Sodium
Not less than 5 % and not more than 8,5 % (as Na2O) on the anhydrous basis
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 555 POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE
Synonyms
Mica
Definition
Natural mica consists of mainly potassium aluminium silicate (muscovite)
Einecs
310-127-6
Chemical name
Potassium aluminium silicate
Chemical formula
KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2
Molecular weight
398
Assay
Content not less than 98 %
Description
Light grey to white crystalline platelets or powder
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, diluted acids and alkali and organic solvents
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Antimony
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Zinc
Not more than 25 mg/kg
Barium
Not more than 25 mg/kg
Chromium
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Copper
Not more than 25 mg/kg
Nickel
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 556 CALCIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE
Synonyms
Calcium aluminosilicate; Calcium silicoaluminate; Aluminium calcium silicate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium aluminium silicate
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content on the anhydrous basis:
—
as SiO2 not less than 44,0 % and not more than 50,0 %
—
as Al2O3 not less than 3,0 % and not more than 5,0 %
—
as CaO not less than 32,0 % and not more than 38,0 %
Description
Fine white, free-flowing powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for aluminium
Passes test
Test for silicate
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10,0 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Loss on ignition
Not less than 14,0 % and not more than 18,0 on the anhydrous basis (1 000 °C, constant weight)
Fluoride
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 559 ALUMINIUM SILICATE (KAOLIN)
Synonyms
Kaolin, light or heavy
Definition
Aluminium silicate hydrous (kaolin) is a purified white plastic clay composed of kaolinite, potassium aluminium silicate, feldspar and quartz. Processing should not include calcination. The raw kaolinitic clay used in the production of aluminium silicate shall have a level of dioxin which does not make it injurious to health or unfit for human consumption. The product should be free of asbestos
Einecs
215-286-4 (kaolinite)
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (kaolinite)
Molecular weight
264
Assay
Content not less than 90 % (sum of silica and alumina, after ignition)
Silica (SiO2)
Between 45 % and 55 %
Alumina (Al2O3)
Between 30 % and 39 %
Description
Fine, white or greyish white, unctuous powder. Kaolin is made up of loose aggregations of randomly oriented stacks of kaolinite flakes or of individual hexagonal flakes
Identification
Test for alumina
Passes test
Test for silicate
Passes test
X-ray diffraction
Characteristic peaks at 7,18/3,58/2,38/1,78 Å
Infrared absorption spectrum
Peaks at 3 700 and 3 620 cm-1
Purity
Loss on ignition
Between 10 and 14 % (1 000 °C, constant weight)
Water soluble matter
Not more than 0,3 %
Acid soluble matter
Not more than 2 %
Iron
Not more than 5 %
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Not more than 5 %
Carbon
Not more than 0,5 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 570 FATTY ACIDS
Synonyms
Definition
Linear fatty acids, caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10), lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16), stearic acid (C18), oleic acid (C18:1)
Einecs
Chemical name
Octanoic acid (C8); decanoic acid (C10); dodecanoic acid (C12); tetradecanoic acid (C14); hexadecanoic acid (C16); octadecanoic acid (C18); 9-octadecenoic acid (C18:1)
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Not less than 98 % by chromatography
Description
A colourless liquid or white solid obtained from oils and fats
Identification
Identification test
Individual fatty acids can be identified by acid value, iodine value, gas chromatography
Purity
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,1 %
Unsaponifiable matter
Not more than 1,5 %
Water content
Not more than 0,2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 574 GLUCONIC ACID
Synonyms
D-gluconic acid; Dextronic acid
Definition
Gluconic acid is an aqueous solution of gluconic acid and glucono-delta-lactone
Einecs
Chemical name
Gluconic acid
Chemical formula
C6H12O7 (gluconic acid)
Molecular weight
196,2
Assay
Content not less than 49,0 % (as gluconic acid)
Description
Colourless to light yellow, clear syrupy liquid
Identification
Formation of phenylhydrazine derivative
Positive. Compound formed melts between 196 °C and 202 °C with decomposition
Purity
Residue on ignition
Not more than 1,0 % 550 °C +/– 20 °C till disappearance of organic residues (black spots).
Reducing matter
Not more than 2,0 % (as D-glucose)
Chloride
Not more than 350 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 240 mg/kg
Sulphite
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 575 GLUCONO-DELTA-LACTONE
Synonyms
Gluconolactone; GDL; D-Gluconic acid delta-lactone; Delta-gluconolactone
Definition
Glucono-delta-lactone is the cyclic 1,5-intramolecular ester of D-gluconic acid. In aqueous media it is hydrolysed to an equilibrium mixture of D-gluconic acid (55 % - 66 %) and the delta- and gamma-lactones
Einecs
202-016-5
Chemical name
D-Glucono-1,5-lactone
Chemical formula
C6H10O6
Molecular weight
178,14
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Fine, white, nearly odourless, crystalline powder
Identification
Formation of phenylhydrazine derivative of gluconic acid
Positive. Compound formed melts between 196 °C and 202 °C with decomposition
Solubility
Freely soluble in water. Sparingly soluble in ethanol
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Reducing substances
Not more than 0,5 % (as D-glucose)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 576 SODIUM GLUCONATE
Synonyms
Sodium salt of D-gluconic acid
Definition
Manufactured by fermentation or chemical catalytic oxidation
Einecs
208-407-7
Chemical name
Sodium D-gluconate
Chemical formula
C6H11NaO7 (anhydrous)
Molecular weight
218,14
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
White to tan, granular to fine, crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for gluconate
Passes test
Solubility
Very soluble in water. Sparingly soluble in ethanol
pH
Between 6,5 and 7,5 (10 % solution)
Purity
Reducing matter
Not more than 1,0 % (as D-glucose)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 577 POTASSIUM GLUCONATE
Synonyms
Potassium salt of D-gluconic acid
Definition
Einecs
206-074-2
Chemical name
Potassium D-gluconate
Chemical formula
C6H11KO7 (anhydrous)
C6H11KO7 · H2O (monohydrate)
Molecular weight
234,25 (anhydrous)
252,26 (monohydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % and not more than 103,0 % on dried basis
Description
Odourless, free flowing white to yellowish white, crystalline powder or granules
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for gluconate
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,3 (10 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Anhydrous: not more than 3,0 % (105 °C, 4 hours, vacuum)
Monohydrate: not less than 6 % and not more than 7,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours, vacuum)
Reducing substances
Not more than 1,0 % (as D-glucose)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 578 CALCIUM GLUCONATE
Synonyms
Calcium salt of D-gluconic acid
Definition
Einecs
206-075-8
Chemical name
Calcium di-D-gluconate
Chemical formula
C12H22CaO14 (anhydrous)
C12H22CaO14 · H2O (monohydrate)
Molecular weight
430,38 (anhydrous form)
448,39 (monohydrate)
Assay
anhydrous: Content not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % on the dried basis
monohydrate: not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % on the ‘as is’ basis.
Description
Odourless, white crystalline granules or powder, stable in air
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for gluconate
Passes test
Solubility
Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol
pH
Between 6,0 and 8,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 3,0 % (105 °C, 16 hours) (anhydrous)
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 16 hours) (monohydrate)
Reducing substances
Not more than 1,0 % (as D-glucose)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 579 FERROUS GLUCONATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
206-076-3
Chemical name
Ferrous di-D-gluconate dihydrate; Iron(II) di-gluconate dihydrate
Chemical formula
C12H22FeO14·2H2O
Molecular weight
482,17
Assay
Content not less than 95 % on the dried basis
Description
Pale greenish-yellow to yellowish-grey powder or granules, which may have a faint odour of burnt sugar
Identification
Solubility
Soluble with slight heating in water. Practically insoluble in ethanol
Test for ferrous ion
Passes test
Formation of phenylhy-drazine derivative of gluconic acid
Positive
pH
Between 4 and 5,5 (10 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 10 % (105 °C, 16 hours)
Oxalic acid
Not detectable
Iron (Fe III)
Not more than 2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Reducing substances
Not more than 0,5 % expressed as glucose
E 585 FERROUS LACTATE
Synonyms
Iron(II) lactate; Iron(II) 2-hydroxy propanoate;
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-iron(2 +) salt (2:1)
Definition
Einecs
227-608-0
Chemical name
Ferrous 2-hydroxy propanoate
Chemical formula
C6H10FeO6· nH2O (n = 2 or 3)
Molecular weight
270,02 (dihydrate)
288,03 (trihydrate)
Assay
Content not less than 96 % on the dried basis
Description
Greenish-white crystals or light green powder having a characteristic smell
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water. Practically insoluble in ethanol
Test for ferrous ion
Passes test
Test for lactate
Passes test
pH
Between 4 and 6 (2 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 18 % (100 °C, under vacuum, approximately 700 mm Hg)
Iron (Fe III)
Not more than 0,6 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 586 4-HEXYLRESORCINOL
Synonyms
4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol; Hexylresorcinol
Definition
Einecs
205-257-4
Chemical name
4-Hexylresorcinol
Chemical formula
C12H18O2
Molecular weight
197,24
Assay
Not less than 98 % on the dried basis (4 hours at room temperature)
Description
White powder
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in ether and acetone; very slightly soluble in water
Nitric acid test
To 1 ml of a saturated solution of the sample, add 1 ml of nitric acid. A light red colour appears
Bromine test
To 1 ml of saturated solution of the sample, add 1 ml of bromine TS. A yellow, flocculent precipitate dissolves producing a yellow solution
Purity
Melting range
62 to 67 °C
Acidity
Not more than 0,05 %
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Resorcinol and other phenols
Shake about 1 g of the sample with 50 ml of water for a few minutes, filter, and to the filtrate add 3 drops of ferric chloride TS. No red or blue colour is produced
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 3 mg/kg
E 620 GLUTAMIC ACID
Synonyms
L-Glutamic acid; L-α-Aminoglutaric acid
Definition
Einecs
200-293-7
Chemical name
L-Glutamic acid; L-2-amino-pentanedioic acid
Chemical formula
C5H9NO4
Molecular weight
147,13
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more than 101,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
White crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for glutamic acid (by thin layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 31,5° and + 32,2°
(10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
pH
Between 3,0 and 3,5 (saturated solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,2 % (80 °C, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 %
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic
Not more than 2,5 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 621 MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE
Synonyms
Sodium glutamate; MSG
Definition
Einecs
205-538-1
Chemical name
Monosodium L-glutamate monohydrate
Chemical formula
C5H8NaNO4 · H2O
Molecular weight
187,13
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more than 101,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
White, practically odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for sodium
Passes test
Test for glutamic acid (by thin-layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 24,8° and + 25,3°
(10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
pH
Between 6,7 and 7,2 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (98 °C, 5 hours)
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 622 MONOPOTASSIUM GLUTAMATE
Synonyms
Potassium glutamate; MPG
Definition
Einecs
243-094-0
Chemical name
Monopotassium L-glutamate monohydrate
Chemical formula
C5H8KNO4 · H2O
Molecular weight
203,24
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more than 101,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
White, practically odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for potassium
Passes test
Test for glutamic acid (by thin-layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 22,5° and + 24,0°
(10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
pH
Between 6,7 and 7,3 (2 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,2 % (80 °C, 5 hours)
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 623 CALCIUM DIGLUTAMATE
Synonyms
Calcium glutamate
Definition
Einecs
242-905-5
Chemical name
Monocalcium di-L-glutamate
Chemical formula
C10H16CaN2O8 · nH2O (n = 0, 1, 2 or 4)
Molecular weight
332,32 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % and not more than 102,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
White, practically odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for calcium
Passes test
Test for glutamic acid (by thin-layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 27,4° and + 29,2° (for calcium diglutamate with n = 4) (10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 19,0 % (for calcium diglutamate with n = 4) (Karl Fischer)
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 624 MONOAMMONIUM GLUTAMATE
Synonyms
Ammonium glutamate
Definition
Einecs
231-447-1
Chemical name
Monoammonium L-glutamate monohydrate
Chemical formula
C5H12N2O4 · H2O
Molecular weight
182,18
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % and not more 101,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
White, practically odourless crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ammonium
Passes test
Test for glutamic acid (by thin-layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 25,4° and + 26,4°
(10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
pH
Between 6,0 and 7,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (50 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 625 MAGNESIUM DIGLUTAMATE
Synonyms
Magnesium glutamate
Definition
Einecs
242-413-0
Chemical name
Monomagnesium di-L-glutamate tetrahydrate
Chemical formula
C10H16MgN2O8 · 4H2O
Molecular weight
388,62
Assay
Content not less than 95,0 % and not more than 105,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Very soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol or ether
Description
Odourless, white or off-white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for magnesium
Passes test
Test for glutamic acid (by thin-layer chromatography)
Passes test
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 between + 23,8° and + 24,4°
(10 % solution (anhydrous basis) in 2N HCl, 200 mm tube)
pH
Between 6,4 and 7,5 (10 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 24 % (Karl Fischer)
Chloride
Not more than 0,2 %
Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
Not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 626 GUANYLIC ACID
Synonyms
5'-Guanylic acid
Definition
Einecs
201-598-8
Chemical name
Guanosine-5'-monophosphoric acid
Chemical formula
C10H14N5O8P
Molecular weight
363,22
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
pH
Between 1,5 and 2,5 (0,25 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 256 nm
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,5 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 627 DISODIUM GUANYLATE
Synonyms
Sodium guanylate; Sodium 5'-guanylate
Definition
Einecs
221-849-5
Chemical name
Disodium guanosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H12N5Na2O8P · nH2O (n = ca. 7)
Molecular weight
407,19 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble in ether
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,5 (5 % solution)
Spectrometry
maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 256 nm
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 25 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 628 DIPOTASSIUM GUANYLATE
Synonyms
Potassium guanylate; Potassium 5'-guanylate
Definition
Einecs
226-914-1
Chemical name
Dipotassium guanosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H12K2N5O8P
Molecular weight
439,40
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or white crystalline powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,5 (5 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 256 nm
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 5 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 629 CALCIUM GUANYLATE
Synonyms
Calcium 5'-guanylate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium guanosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H12CaN5O8P · nH2O
Molecular weight
401,20 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water
Description
Odourless, white or off-white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,0 (0,05 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 256 nm
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 23,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 630 INOSINIC ACID
Synonyms
5'-Inosinic acid
Definition
Einecs
205-045-1
Chemical name
Inosine-5'-monophosphoric acid
Chemical formula
C10H13N4O8P
Molecular weight
348,21
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
pH
Between 1,0 and 2,0 (5 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 250 nm
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 3,0 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 631 DISODIUM INOSINATE
Synonyms
Sodium inosinate; Sodium 5'-inosinate
Definition
Einecs
225-146-4
Chemical name
Disodium inosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H11N4Na2O8P · H2O
Molecular weight
392,17 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble in ether
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,5
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 250 nm
Purity
Water content
Not more than 28,5 % (Karl Fischer)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 632 DIPOTASSIUM INOSINATE
Synonyms
Potassium inosinate; Potassium 5'-inosinate
Definition
Einecs
243-652-3
Chemical name
Dipotassium inosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H11K2N4O8P
Molecular weight
424,39
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in ethanol
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for potassium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,5 (5 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 250 nm
Purity
Water content
Not more than 10,0 % (Karl Fischer)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 633 CALCIUM INOSINATE
Synonyms
Calcium 5'-inosinate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium inosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H11CaN4O8P · nH2O
Molecular weight
386,19 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 97,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water
Description
Odourless, colourless or white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,0 (0,05 % solution)
Spectrometry
Maximum absorption of a 20 mg/l solution in 0,01N HCl at 250 nm
Purity
Water content
Not more than 23,0 % (Karl Fischer)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 634 CALCIUM 5'-RIBONUCLEOTIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Calcium 5′-ribonucleotide is essentially a mixture of calcium inosine-5′-monophosphate and calcium guanosine-5′-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H11N4CaO8P · nH2O
C10H12N5CaO8P · nH2O
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of both major components not less than 97,0 %, and of each component not less than 47,0 % and not more than 53 %, in every case on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Sparingly soluble in water
Description
Odourless, white or nearly white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for calcium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,0 (0,05 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 23,0 % (Karl Fischer)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 635 DISODIUM 5'-RIBONUCLEOTIDE
Synonyms
Sodium 5'-ribonucleotide
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotide is essentially a mixture of disodium inosine-5'-monophosphate and disodium guanosine-5'-monophosphate
Chemical formula
C10H11N4O8P · nH2O
C10H12N5Na2O8P · nH2O
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of both major components not less than 97,0 %, and of each component not less than 47,0 % and not more than 53 %, in every case on the anhydrous basis
Solubility
Soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol practically insoluble in ether
Description
Odourless, white or nearly white crystals or powder
Identification
Test for ribose
Passes test
Test for organic phosphate
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
pH
Between 7,0 and 8,5 (5 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 26,0 % (Karl Fischer)
Other nucleotides
Not detectable by thin-layer chromatography
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 640 GLYCINE AND ITS SODIUM SALT
(i) GLYCINE
Synonyms
Aminoacetic acid; Glycocoll
Definition
Einecs
200-272-2
Chemical name
Aminoacetic acid
Chemical formula
C2H5NO2
Molecular weight
75,07
Assay
Content not less than 98,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for amino acid
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,2 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(ii) SODIUM GLYCINATE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
227-842-3
Chemical name
Sodium glycinate
Chemical formula
C2H5NO2 Na
Molecular weight
98
Assay
Content not less than 98,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or crystalline powder
Identification
Test for amino acid
Passes test
Test for sodium
Passes test
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,2 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 650 ZINC ACETATE
Synonyms
Acetic acid, zinc salt, dihydrate
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Zinc acetate dihydrate
Chemical formula
C4H6O4 Zn · 2H2O
Molecular weight
219,51
Assay
Content not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % of C4H6O4 Zn · 2H2O
Description
Colourless crystals or fine, off-white powder
Identification
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for zinc
Passes test
pH
Between 6,0 and 8,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,005 %
Chlorides
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Sulphates
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Alkalines and alkaline earths
Not more than 0,2 %
Organic volatile impurities
Passes test
Iron
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 20 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 900 DIMETHYL POLYSILOXANE
Synonyms
Polydimethyl siloxane; Silicone fluid; Silicone oil; Dimethyl silicone
Definition
Dimethylpolysiloxane is a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers containing repeating units of the formula (CH3)2 SiO and stabilised with trimethylsiloxy end-blocking units of the formula (CH3)3 SiO
Einecs
Chemical name
Siloxanes and silicones, di-methyl
Chemical formula
(CH3)3-Si-[O-Si(CH3)2]n-O-Si(CH3)3
Molecular weight
Assay
Content of total silicon not less than 37,3 % and not more than 38,5 %
Description
Clear, colourless, viscous liquid
Identification
Specific gravity (25° C/25 °C)
Between 0,964 and 0,977
Refractive index
[n]D 25 between 1,400 and 1,405
Infrared absorption spectrum
The infrared absorption spectrum of a liquid film of the sample between two sodium chloride plates exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a similar preparation of Dimethylpolysiloxane Reference Standard
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (150 °C, 4h)
Viscosity
Not less than 1,00 · 10– 4 m2s– 1 at 25 °C
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 901 BEESWAX, WHITE AND YELLOW
Synonyms
White wax; Yellow wax
Definition
Yellow bees wax is the wax obtained by melting the walls of the honeycomb made by the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., with hot water and removing foreign matter
White beeswax is obtained by bleaching yellow beeswax
Einecs
232-383-7
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Yellowish white (white form) or yellowish to greyish brown (yellow form) pieces or plates with a fine-grained and non-crystalline fracture, having an agreeable, honey-like odour
Identification
Melting range
Between 62 °C and 65 °C
Specific gravity
About 0,96
Solubility
Insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, very soluble in chloroform and ether
Purity
Acid value
Not less than 17 and not more than 24
Saponification value
87-104
Peroxide value
Not more than 5
Glycerol and other polyols
Not more than 0,5 % (as glycerol)
Ceresin, paraffins and certain other waxes
Transfer 3,0 g of the sample to a 100 ml round-bottomed flask, add 30 ml of a 4% w/v solution of potassium hydroxide in aldehyde-free ethanol and boil gently under a reflux condenser for 2 h. Remove the condenser and immediately insert a thermometer. Place the flask in water at 80 °C and allow to cool, swirling the solution continuously. No precipitate is formed before the temperature reaches 65 °C, although the solution may be opalescent.
Fats, Japan wax, rosin and soaps
Boil 1 g of the sample for 30 min with 35 ml of a 1 in 7 solution of sodium hydroxide, maintaining the volume by the occasional addition of water, and cool the mixture. The wax separates and the liquid remains clear. Filter the cold mixture and acidify the filtrate with hydrochloric acid. No precipitate is formed.
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 902 CANDELILLA WAX
Synonyms
Definition
Candelilla wax is a purified wax obtained from the leaves of the candelilla plant, Euphorbia antisyphilitica
Einecs
232-347-0
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Hard, yellowish brown, opaque to translucent wax
Identification
Specific gravity
About 0,98
Melting range
Between 68,5 °C and 72,5 °C
Solubility
Insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform and toluene
Purity
Acid value
Not less than 12 and not more than 22
Saponification value
Not less than 43 and not more than 65
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 903 CARNAUBA WAX
Synonyms
Definition
Carnauba wax is a purified wax obtained from the leaf buds and leaves of the Brazilian Mart wax palm, Copernicia cerifera
Einecs
232-399-4
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Light brown to pale yellow powder or flakes or hard and brittle solid with a resinous fracture
Identification
Specific gravity
About 0,997
Melting range
Between 82 °C and 86 °C
Solubility
Insoluble in water, partly soluble in boiling ethanol, soluble in chloroform and diethyl ether
Purity
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,25 %
Acid value
Not less than 2 and not more than 7
Ester value
Not less than 71 and not more than 88
Unsaponifiable matter
Not less than 50 % and not more than 55 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 904 SHELLAC
Synonyms
Bleached shellac; White shellac
Definition
Shellac is the purified and bleached lac, the resinous secretion of the insect Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca Kerr (Fam. Coccidae)
Einecs
232-549-9
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Bleached shellac — off-white, amorphous, granular resin
Wax-free bleached shellac — light yellow, amorphous, granular resin
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water; freely (though very slowly) soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in acetone
Acid value
Between 60 and 89
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 6,0 % (40 °C, over silica gel, 15 hours)
Rosin
Absent
Wax
Bleached shellac: not more than 5,5 %
Wax-free bleached shellac: not more than 0,2 %
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 905 MICROCRYSTALLINE WAX
Synonyms
Petroleum wax; Hydrocarbon wax; Fischer-Tropsch wax; Synthetic wax; Synthetic paraffin
Definition
Refined mixtures of solid, saturated hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum or synthetic feedstocks
Description
White to amber, odourless wax
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol
Refractive index
[n]D 100 1,434-1,448
Alternative [n]D 1201,426-1,440
Purity
Molecular weight
Average not less than 500
Viscosity
Not less than 1,1 × 10– 5 m2s– 1at 100 °C
Alternative: Not less than 0,8 × 10– 5 m2s– 1at 120 °C, if solid at 100 °C
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,1 %
Carbon number at 5 % distillation point
Not more than 5 % of molecules with carbon number less than 25
Colour
Passes test
Sulphur
Not more than 0,4 wt %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Benzo(a)pyrene no more than 50 μg/kg
E 907 HYDROGENATED POLY-1-DECENE
Synonyms
Hydrogenated polydec-1-ene; Hydrogenated poly-alpha-olefin
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
C10nH20n+2 where n = 3-6
Molecular weight
560 (average)
Assay
Not less than 98,5 % of hydrogenated poly-1-decene, having the following oligomer distribution:
C30: 13-37 %
C40: 35-70 %
C50: 9-25 %
C60: 1-7 %
Description
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol; soluble in toluene
Burning
Burns with a bright flame and a paraffin-like characteristic smell
Viscosity
Between 5,7 × 10– 6 and 6,1 × 10– 6 m2s– 1 at 100 °C
Purity
Compounds with carbon number less than 30
Not more than 1,5 %
Readily carbonisable substances
After 10 minutes shaking in a boiling water bath, a tube of sulphuric acid with a 5 g sample of hydrogenated poly-1-decene is not darker than a very slight straw colour
Nickel
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 912 MONTAN ACID ESTERS
Synonyms
Definition
Montan acids and/or esters with ethylene glycol and/or 1,3-butanediol and/or glycerol
Einecs
Chemical name
Montan acid esters
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Almost white to yellowish flakes, powder, granules or pellets
Identification
Density
Between 0,98 and 1,05 (20 °C)
Drop point
Greater than 77 °C
Purity
Acid value
Not more than 40
Glycerol
Not more than 1 % (by gas chromatography)
Other polyols
Not more than 1 % (by gas chromatography)
Other wax types
Not detectable (by differential scanning calorimetry and/or infrared spectroscopy)
Arsenic
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Chromium
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 914 OXIDISED POLYETHYLENE WAX
Synonyms
Definition
Polar reaction products from mild oxidation of polyethylene
Einecs
Chemical name
Oxidised polyethylene
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Almost white flakes, powder, granules or pellets
Identification
Density
Between 0,92 and 1,05 (20 °C)
Drop point
Greater than 95 °C
Purity
Acid value
Not more than 70
Viscosity
Not less than 8,1 · 10– 5 m2s– 1 at 120 °C
Other wax types
Not detectable (by differential scanning calorimetry and/or infrared spectroscopy)
Oxygen
Not more than 9,5 %
Chromium
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 920 L-CYSTEINE
Synonyms
Definition
L-cysteine hydrochloride or hydrochloride monohydrate. Human hair may not be used as a source for this substance
Einecs
200-157-7 (anhydrous)
Chemical name
Chemical formula
C3H7NO2S · HCl · nH2O (where n = 0 or 1)
Molecular weight
157,62 (anhydrous)
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 % and not more than 101,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
White powder or colourless crystals
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water and in ethanol
Melting range
Anhydrous form melts at about 175 °C
Specific rotation
[α]D 20: between + 5,0° and + 8,0° or
[α]D 25: between + 4,9° and 7,9°
Purity
Loss on drying
Between 8,0 % and 12,0 %
Not more than 2,0 % (anhydrous form)
Residue on ignition
Not more than 0,1 %
Ammonium-ion
Not more than 200 mg/kg
Arsenic
Not more than 1,5 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
E 927b CARBAMIDE
Synonyms
Urea
Definition
Einecs
200-315-5
Chemical name
Chemical formula
CH4N2O
Molecular weight
60,06
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless to white, prismatic, crystalline powder or small, white pellets
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water
Soluble in ethanol
Precipitation with nitric acid
To pass the test a white, crystalline precipitate is formed
Colour reaction
To pass the test a reddish-violet colour is produced
Melting range
132 °C to 135 °C
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1,0 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Ethanol-insoluble matter
Not more than 0,04 %
Alkalinity
Passes test
Ammonium-ion
Not more than 500 mg/kg
Biuret
Not more than 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 938 ARGON
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-147-0
Chemical name
Argon
Chemical formula
Ar
Atomic weight
40
Assay
Not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 %
Methane and other hydrocarbons
Not more than 100 μl/l (calculated as methane)
E 939 HELIUM
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-168-5
Chemical name
Helium
Chemical formula
He
Atomic weight
4
Assay
Not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 %
Methane and other hydrocarbons
Not more than 100 μl/l (calculated as methane)
E 941 NITROGEN
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-783-9
Chemical name
Nitrogen
Chemical formula
N2
Molecular weight
28
Assay
Not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 %
Carbon monoxide
Not more than 10 μl/l
Methane and other hydrocarbons
Not more than 100 μl/l (calculated as methane)
Nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide
Not more than 10 μl/l
Oxygen
Not more than 1 %
E 942 NITROUS OXIDE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
233-032-0
Chemical name
Nitrous oxide
Chemical formula
N2O
Molecular weight
44
Assay
Not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, non-flammable gas, sweetish odour
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 %
Carbon monoxide
Not more than 30 μl/l
Nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide
Not more than 10 μl/l
E 943a BUTANE
Synonyms
n-Butane
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Butane
Chemical formula
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Molecular weight
58,12
Assay
Content not less than 96 %
Description
Colourless gas or liquid with mild, characteristic odour
Identification
Vapour pressure
108,935 kPa at 20 °C
Purity
Methane
Not more than 0,15 % v/v
Ethane
Not more than 0,5 % v/v
Propane
Not more than 1,5 % v/v
Isobutane
Not more than 3,0 % v/v
1,3-butadiene
Not more than 0,1 % v/v
Moisture
Not more than 0,005 %
E 943b ISOBUTANE
Synonyms
2-Methyl propane
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
2-methyl propane
Chemical formula
(CH3)2CH CH3
Molecular weight
58,12
Assay
Content not less than 94 %
Description
Colourless gas or liquid with mild, characteristic odour
Identification
Vapour pressure
205,465 kPa at 20 °C
Purity
Methane
Not more than 0,15 % v/v
Ethane
Not more than 0,5 % v/v
Propane
Not more than 2,0 % v/v
n-Butane
Not more than 4,0 % v/v
1,3-butadiene
Not more than 0,1 % v/v
Moisture
Not more than 0,005 %
E 944 PROPANE
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Propane
Chemical formula
CH3CH2CH3
Molecular weight
44,09
Assay
Content not less than 95 %
Description
Colourless gas or liquid with mild, characteristic odour
Identification
Vapour pressure
732,910 kPa at 20 °C
Purity
Methane
Not more than 0,15 % v/v
Ethane
Not more than 1,5 % v/v
Isobutane
Not more than 2,0 % v/v
n-Butane
Not more than 1,0 % v/v
1,3-butadiene
Not more than 0,1 % v/v
Moisture
Not more than 0,005 %
E 948 OXYGEN
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
231-956-9
Chemical name
Oxygen
Chemical formula
O2
Molecular weight
32
Assay
Not less than 99 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,05 %
Methane and other hydrocarbons
Not more than 100 μl/l (calculated as methane)
E 949 HYDROGEN
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
215-605-7
Chemical name
Hydrogen
Chemical formula
H2
Molecular weight
2
Assay
Content not less than 99,9 %
Description
Colourless, odourless, highly flammable gas
Identification
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,005 % v/v
Oxygen
Not more than 0,001 % v/v
Nitrogen
Not more than 0,07 % v/v
E 950 ACESULFAME K
Synonyms
Acesulfame potassium; Potassium salt of 3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide
Definition
Einecs
259-715-3
Chemical name
6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide potassium salt
Chemical formula
C4H4KNO4S
Molecular weight
201,24
Assay
Content not less than 99 % of C4H4KNO4S on the anhydrous basis
Description
Odourless, white, crystalline powder. Approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol
Ultraviolet absorption
Maximum 227 ± 2 nm for a solution of 10 mg in 1 000 ml of water
Test for potassium
Passes test (test the residue obtained by igniting 2 g of the sample)
Precipitation test
Add a few drops of a 10 % solution of sodium cobaltnitrite to a solution of 0,2 g of the sample in 2 ml of acetic acid and 2 ml of water. A yellow precipitate is produced
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Organic impurities
Passes test for 20 mg/kg of UV active components
Fluoride
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 951 ASPARTAME
Synonyms
Aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester
Definition
Einecs
245-261-3
Chemical name
N-L-α-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester, 3-amino-N-(α-carbomethoxy-phenethyl)-succinamic acid-N-methyl ester
Chemical formula
C14H18N2O5
Molecular weight
294,31
Assay
Not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % of C14H18N2O5 on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, odourless, crystalline powder having a sweet taste. Approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water and in ethanol
pH
Between 4,5 and 6,0 (1 in 125 solution)
Specific rotation
[α]D 20: + 14,5° to + 16,5°
Determine in a 4 in 100/15 N formic acid solution within 30 minutes after preparation of the sample solution
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 4,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Transmittance
The transmittance of a 1 % solution in 2N hydrochloric acid, determined in a 1-cm cell at 430 nm with a suitable spectrophotometer, using 2N hydrochloric acid as a reference, is not less than 0,95, equivalent to an absorbance of not more than approximately 0,022
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
5-Benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazineacetic acid
Not more than 1,5 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 952 CYCLAMIC ACID AND ITS Na AND Ca SALTS
(i) CYCLAMIC ACID
Synonyms
Cyclohexylsulphamic acid; Cyclamate
Definition
Einecs
202-898-1
Chemical name
Cyclohexanesulphamic acid; cyclohexylaminosulphonic acid
Chemical formula
C6H13NO3S
Molecular weight
179,24
Assay
Cyclohexylsulphamic acid contains not less than 98 % and not more than the equivalent of 102 % of C6H13NO3S, calculated on the anhydrous basis
Description
A practically colourless, white crystalline powder. Approximately 40 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water and in ethanol
Precipitation test
Acidify a 2 % solution with hydrochloric acid, add 1 ml of an approximately molar solution of barium chloride in water and filter if any haze or precipitate forms. To the clear solution add 1 ml of a 10 % solution of sodium nitrite. A white precipitate forms.
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as selenium on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Cyclohexylamine
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Dicyclohexylamine
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Aniline
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
(ii) SODIUM CYCLAMATE
Synonyms
Cyclamate; Sodium salt of cyclamic acid
Definition
Einecs
205-348-9
Chemical name
Sodium cyclohexanesulphamate, sodium cyclohexylsulphamate
Chemical formula
C6H12NNaO3S and the dihydrate form C6H12NNaO3S·2H2O
Molecular weight
201,22 calculated on the anhydrous form
237,22 calculated on the hydrated form
Assay
Not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % on the dried basis
Dihydrate form: not less than 84 % on the dried basis
Description
White, odourless crystals or crystalline powder. Approximately 30 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Not more than 15,2 % (105 °C, 2 hours) for the dihydrate form
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as selenium on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Cyclohexylamine
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Dicyclohexylamine
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Aniline
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
(iii) CALCIUM CYCLAMATE
Synonyms
Cyclamate; Calcium salt of cyclamic acid
Definition
Einecs
205-349-4
Chemical name
Calcium cyclohexanesulphamate, calcium cyclohexylsulphamate
Chemical formula
C12H24CaN2O6S2· 2H2O
Molecular weight
432,57
Assay
Not less than 98 % and not more than 101 % on the dried basis
Description
White, colourless crystals or crystalline powder. Approximately 30 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 1 hour)
Not more than 8,5 % (140 °C, 4 hours) for the dihydrate form
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed as selenium on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Cyclohexylamine
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Dicyclohexylamine
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Aniline
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 953 ISOMALT
Synonyms
Hydrogenated isomaltulose.
Definition
Manufactured by enzymatic conversion of sucrose with nonviable cells of Protaminobacter rubrum followed by catalytic hydrogenation
Einecs
Chemical name
Isomalt is a mixture of hydrogenated mono- and disaccharides whose principal components are the disaccharides:
6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol (1,6-GPS) and
1-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate (1,1-GPM)
Chemical formula
6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol: C12H24O11
1-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate: C12H24O11.2H2O
Molecular weight
6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol: 344,3
1-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate: 380,3
Assay
Content not less than 98 % of hydrogenated mono- and disaccharides and not less than 86 % of the mixture of 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol and 1-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol dihydrate determined on the anhydrous basis.
Description
Odourless, white, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline mass.
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol.
HPLC test
Comparison with an appropriate reference standard of Isomalt shows that the 2 principal peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution are similar in retention time to the 2 principal peaks in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
Purity
Water content
Not more than 7 % (Karl Fischer Method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,05 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
D-Mannitol
Not more than 3 %
D-Sorbitol
Not more than 6 %
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 954 SACCHARIN AND ITS Na. K AND Ca SALTS
(i) SACCHARIN
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
201-321-0
Chemical name
3-Oxo-2,3dihydrobenzo(d)isothiazol-1,1-dioxide
Chemical formula
C7H5NO3S
Molecular weight
183,18
Assay
Not less than 99 % and not more than 101 % of C7H5NO3S on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or a white crystalline powder, odourless or with a faint, aromatic odour. Approximately between 300 and 500 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, soluble in basic solutions, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 1 % (105 °C, 2 hours)
Melting range
226 to 230 °C
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Benzoic and salicylic acid
To 10 ml of a 1 in 20 solution, previously acidified with five drops of acetic acid, add three drops of an approximately molar solution of ferric chloride in water. No precipitate or violet colour appears
o-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
p-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Benzoic acid p-sulphonamide
Not more than 25 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Readily carbonisable substances
Absent
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
(ii) SODIUM SACCHARIN
Synonyms
Saccharin; Sodium salt of saccharin
Definition
Einecs
204-886-1
Chemical name
Sodium o-benzosulphimide; sodium salt of 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulphonazole; oxobenzisosulphonazole; 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-1, 1-dioxide sodium salt dihydrate
Chemical formula
C7H4NNaO3S·2H2O
Molecular weight
241,19
Assay
Not less than 99 % and not more than 101 % of C7H4NNaO3S on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or a white crystalline efflorescent powder, odourless or with a faint odour. Approximately between 300 and 500 times as sweet as sucrose in dilute solutions
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Benzoic and salicylic acid
To 10 ml of a 1 in 20 solution, previously acidified with five drops of acetic acid, add three drops of an approximately molar solution of ferric chloride in water. No precipitate or violet colour appears
o-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
p-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Benzoic acid p-sulphonamide
Not more than 25 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Readily carbonisable substances
Absent
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
(iii) CALCIUM SACCHARIN
Synonyms
Saccharin; Calcium salt of saccharin
Definition
Chemical name
Calcium o-benzosulphimide; calcium salt of 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulphonazole; 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-1,1-dioxide calcium salt hydrate (2:7)
Einecs
229-349-9
Chemical formula
C14H8CaN2O6S2·3½H2O
Molecular weight
467,48
Assay
Not less than 95 % of C14H8CaN2O6S2 on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or a white crystalline powder, odourless or with a faint odour. Approximately between 300 and 500 times as sweet as sucrose in dilute solutions
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, soluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 13,5 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Benzoic and salicylic acid
To 10 ml of a 1 in 20 solution, previously acidified with five drops of acetic acid, add three drops of an approximately molar solution of ferric chloride in water. No precipitate or violet colour appears
o-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg expressed (on dry weight basis)
p-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg expressed (on dry weight basis)
Benzoic acid p-sulphonamide
Not more than 25 mg/kg expressed (on dry weight basis)
Readily carbonisable substances
Absent
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
(iv) POTASSIUM SACCHARIN
Synonyms
Saccharin; Potassium salt of saccharin
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Potassium o-benzosulphimide; potassium salt of 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulphonazole; potassium salt of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one-1,1-dioxide monohydrate
Chemical formula
C7H4KNO3S·H2O
Molecular weight
239,77
Assay
Not less than 99 % and not more than 101 % of C7H4KNO3S on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystals or a white crystalline powder, odourless or with a faint odour, having an intensely sweet taste, even in very dilute solutions. Approximately between 300 and 500 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 8 % (120 °C, 4 hours)
Benzoic and salicylic acid
To 10 ml of a 1 in 20 solution, previously acidified with five drops of acetic acid, add three drops of an approximately molar solution of ferric chloride in water. No precipitate or violet colour appears
o-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
p-Toluenesulphonamide
Not more than 10 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Benzoic acid p-sulphonamide
Not more than 25 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Readily carbonisable substances
Absent
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Selenium
Not more than 30 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 955 SUCRALOSE
Synonyms
4,1’,6’-Trichlorogalactosucrose
Definition
Einecs
259-952-2
Chemical name
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside
Chemical formula
C12H19Cl3O8
Molecular weight
397,64
Assay
Content not less than 98 % and not more than 102 % C12H19Cl3O8 calculated on an anhydrous basis.
Description
White to off-white, practically odourless, crystalline powder.
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, methanol and ethanol
Slightly soluble in ethyl acetate
Infrared absorption spectrum
The infrared spectrum of a potassium bromide dispersion of the sample exhibits relative maxima at similar wave numbers as those shown in the reference spectrum obtained using a sucralose reference standard.
Thin layer chromatography
The main spot in the test solution has the same Rf value as that of the main spot of standard solution A referred to in the test for other chlorinated disaccharides. This standard solution is obtained by dissolving 1,0g of sucralose reference standard in 10 ml of methanol.
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 84,0° to + 87,5° calculated on the anhydrous basis (10 % w/v solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 2,0 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,7 %
Other chlorinated disaccharides
Not more than 0,5 %
Chlorinated monosaccharides
Not more than 0,1 %
Triphenylphosphine oxide
Not more than 150 mg/kg
Methanol
Not more than 0,1 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 957 THAUMATIN
Synonyms
Definition
Einecs
258-822-2
Chemical name
Thaumatin is obtained by aqueous extraction (pH 2,5 to 4) of the arils of the fruit of strains of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benth) and consists essentially of the proteins thaumatin I and thaumatin II together with minor amounts of plant constituents derived from the source material
Chemical formula
Polypeptide of 207 amino acids
Molecular weight
Thaumatin I 22209
Thaumatin II 22293
Assay
Not less than 15,1 % nitrogen on the dried basis equivalent to not less than 93 % proteins (N × 6,2)
Description
Odourless, cream-coloured powder. Approximately 2 000 to 3 000 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, insoluble in acetone
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 9 % (105 °C to constant weight)
Carbohydrates
Not more than 3 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 2 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Aluminium
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Microbiological criteria
Total aerobic microbial count
Not more than 1 000 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 1 g
E 959 NEOHESPERIDINE DIHYDROCHALCONE
Synonyms
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone; NHDC; Hesperetin dihydrochalcone-4′-β-neohesperidoside; Neohesperidin DC
Definition
It is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of neohesperidin
Einecs
243-978-6
Chemical name
2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-4′-β-D-glucopyranosyl hesperetin dihydrochalcone.
Chemical formula
C28H36O15
Molecular weight
612,6
Assay
Content not less than 96 % on the dried basis
Description
Off-white, odourless, crystalline powder. Approximately between 1 000 and 1 800 times as sweet as sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in hot water, very slightly soluble in cold water, practically insoluble in ether and benzene
Ultraviolet absorption maximum
282 to 283 nm for a solution of 2 mg in 100 ml methanol
Neu's test
Dissolve about 10 mg of neohesperidine DC in 1 ml methanol, add 1 ml of a 1 % 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate methanolic solution. A bright yellow colour is produced
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 11 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg expressed on dry weight basis
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 960 STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES
Synonyms
Definition
The manufacturing process comprises two main phases: the first involving water extraction of the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant and preliminary purification of the extract by employing ion exchange chromatography to yield a steviol glycoside primary extract, and the second involving recrystallisation of the steviol glycosides from methanol or aqueous ethanol resulting in a final product consisting mainly (at least 75 %) of stevioside and/or rebaudioside A.
The additive may contain residues of ion-exchange resins used in the manufacturing process. Several other related steviol glycosides that may be generated as a result of the production process, but do not occur naturally in the Stevia rebaudiana plant have been identified in small amounts (0,10 to 0,37 % w/w).
Chemical name
Stevioside: 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, β-D-glucopyranosyl ester
Rebaudioside A: 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, β-D-glucopyranosyl ester
Chemical formula
Trivial name
Formula
Conversion factor
Steviol
C20H30O3
1,00
Stevioside
C38H60O18
0,40
Rebaudioside A
C44H70O23
0,33
Rebaudioside C
C44H70O22
0,34
Dulcoside A
C38H60O17
0,40
Rubusoside
C32H50O13
0,50
Steviolbioside
C32H50O13
0,50
Rebaudioside B
C38H60O18
0,40
Rebaudioside D
C50H80O28
0,29
Rebaudioside E
C44H70O23
0,33
Rebaudioside F
C43H68O22
0,34
Molecular weight and CAS No
Trivial name
CAS Number
Molecular weight
Stevioside
57817-89-7
804,87
Rebaudioside A
58543-16-1
967,01
Assay
Not less than 95 % stevioside, rebaudiosides A, B, C, D, E and F, steviolbioside, rubusoside and dulcoside on the dried basis.
Description
White to light yellow powder, approximately between 200 and 300 times sweeter than sucrose
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble to slightly soluble in water
Stevioside and rebaudioside A
The main peak in the chromatogram obtained following the procedure in Method of Assay corresponds to either stevioside or rebaudioside A
pH
Between 4,5 and 7,0 (1 in 100 solution)
Purity
Total ash
Not more than 1 %
Loss on drying
Not more than 6 % (105 °C, 2h)
Residual solvents
Not more than 200 mg/kg methanol
Not more than 5 000 mg/kg ethanol
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 961 NEOTAME
Synonyms
N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester;
N(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester.
Definition
Neotame is manufactured by reaction under hydrogen pressure of aspartame with 3,3,-dimethylbutyraldehyde in methanol in presence of a palladium/carbon catalyst. It is isolated and purified by filtration, where diatomaceous earth may be used. After solvent removal via distillation, neotame is washed with water, isolated by centrifugation and finally vacuum dried.
CAS Nr.
165450-17-9
Chemical name
N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
Chemical formula
C20H30N2O5
Molecular weight
378,47
Description
white to off-white powder
Assay
Not less than 97,0 % on the dried basis
Identification
Solubility
4,75 % (w/w) at 60 °C in water, soluble in ethanol and ethyl acetate
Purity
Water content
Not more than 5 % (Karl Fischer, sample size 25 ± 5mg)
pH
5,0-7,0 (0,5 % aqueous solution)
Melting range
81 °C to 84 °C
N-[(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine
Not more than 1,5 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 962 SALT OF ASPARTAME-ACESULFAME
Synonyms
Aspartame-acesulfame; Aspartame-acesulfame salt
Definition
The salt is prepared by heating an approximately 2:1 ratio (w/w) of aspartame and acesulfame K in solution at acidic pH and allowing crystallisation to occur. The potassium and moisture are eliminated. The product is more stable than aspartame alone.
Einecs
Chemical name
6-Methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide salt of L-phenylalanyl-2-methyl-L-α-aspartic acid
Chemical formula
C18H23O9N3S
Molecular weight
457,46
Assay
63,0 % to 66,0 % aspartame (dry basis) and 34,0 % to 37,0 % acesulfame (acid form on a dry basis)
Description
A white, odourless, crystalline powder
Identification
Solubility
Sparingly soluble water; slightly soluble in ethanol
Transmittance
The transmittance of a 1 % solution in water determined in a 1 cm cell at 430 nm with a suitable spectrophotometer using water as a reference, is not less than 0,95, equivalent to an absorbance of not more than approximately 0,022.
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 14,5° to + 16,5°
Determine at a concentration of 6,2 g in 100 ml formic acid (15N) within 30 min of preparation of the solution. Divide the calculated specific rotation by 0,646 to correct for the aspartame content of the salt of aspartame-acesulfame
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)
5-Benzyl-3,6-dioxo-2-piperazineacetic acid
Not more than 0,5 %
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 965 (i) MALTITOL
Synonyms
D-Maltitol; Hydrogenated maltose
Definition
Maltitol is obtained by hydrogenation of D-maltose. It is mainly composed of D-maltitol. It may contain small amounts of sorbitol and related polyhydric alcohols.
Einecs
209-567-0
Chemical name
(α)-D-Glucopyranosyl-1,4-D-glucitol
Chemical formula
C12H24O11
Molecular weight
344,3
Assay
Content not less than 98 % D-maltitol C12H24O11 on the anhydrous basis
Description
White crystalline powder
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Melting range
148 to 151 °C
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 + 105,5° to + 108,5° (5 % w/v solution)
Purity
Appearance of the aqueous solution
The solution is clear and colourless
Water content
Not more than 1 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 % (expressed on an anhydrous basis)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,1 % (expressed as glucose on an anhydrous basis)
Chlorides
Not more than 50 mg/kg (expressed on anhydrous basis)
Sulphates
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed on anhydrous basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on anhydrous basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on anhydrous basis)
E 965 (ii) MALTITOL SYRUP
Synonyms
Hydrogenated high-maltose-glucose syrup; Hydrogenated glucose syrup; Maltitol liquid
Definition
A mixture consisting of mainly maltitol with sorbitol and hydrogenated oligo- and polysaccharides. It is manufactured by the catalytic hydrogenation of high maltose-content glucose syrup or by the hydrogenation of its individual components followed by blending. The article of commerce is supplied both as a syrup and as a solid product.
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 99 % of total hydrogenated saccharides on the anhydrous basis and not less than 50 % of maltitol on the anhydrous basis
Description
Colourless and odourless, clear viscous liquids or white crystalline masses
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
HPLC test
Comparison with an appropriate reference standard of Maltitol shows that the principle peak in the chromatogram of the test solution is similar in retention time to the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution (ISO 10504:1998).
Purity
Appearance of the aqueous solution
The solution is clear and colourless
Water content
Not more than 31 % (Karl Fischer method)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Chlorides
Not more than 50 mg/kg
Sulphate
Not more than 100 mg/kg
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 966 LACTITOL
Synonyms
Lactit; Lactositol; Lactobiosit
Definition
Lactitol is manufactured via catalytic hydrogenation of lactose
Einecs
209-566-5
Chemical name
4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-glucitol
Chemical formula
C12H24O11
Molecular weight
344,3
Assay
Not less than 95 % on the dry weight basis
Description
Crystalline powder or colourless solution. Crystalline products occur in anhydrous, monohydrate and dihydrate forms. Nickel is used as a catalyst.
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water
Specific rotation
[α]D 20 = + 13° to + 16° calculated on the anhydrous basis (10 % w/v aqueous solution)
Purity
Water content
Crystalline products; not more than 10,5 % (Karl Fischer method)
Other polyols
Not more than 2,5 % (on the anhydrous basis)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,2 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Chlorides
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Sulphates
Not more than 200 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 967 XYLITOL
Synonyms
Xylitol
Definition
Xylitol is mainly composed of D-xylitol. The part which is not D-xylitol is composed of related substances such as L-arabinitol, galactitol, mannitol, sorbitol
Einecs
201-788-0
Chemical name
D-xylitol
Chemical formula
C5H12O5
Molecular weight
152,2
Assay
Not less than 98,5 % as xylitol on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, crystalline powder, practically odourless.
Identification
Solubility
Very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol
Melting range
92 to 96 °C
pH
5 to 7 (10 % w/v aqueous solution)
Infrared absorption spectroscopy
Comparison with a reference standard e.g. EP or USP.
Purity
Water content
Not more than 1% (Karl-Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,2 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Other polyhydric alcohols
Not more than 1 % (expressed on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Chlorides
Not more than 100 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Sulphates
Not more than 200 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
E 968 ERYTHRITOL
Synonyms
Meso-erythritol; Tetrahydroxybutane; Erythrite
Definition
Obtained by fermentation of carbohydrate source by safe and suitable food grade osmophilic yeasts such as Moniliella pollinis or Moniliella megachilensis, followed by purification and drying
Einecs
205-737-3
Chemical name
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol
Chemical formula
C4H10O4
Molecular weight
122,12
Assay
Not less than 99 % after drying
Description
White, odourless, non-hygroscopic, heat-stable crystals with a sweetness of approximately 60-80 % that of sucrose.
Identification
Solubility
Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in diethyl ether.
Melting range
119-123 °C
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 0,2 % (70 °C, 6 hours, in a vacuum desiccator)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Reducing substances
Not more than 0,3 % expressed as D-glucose
Ribitol and glycerol
Not more than 0,1 %
Lead
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
E 999 QUILLAIA EXTRACT
Synonyms
Soapbark extract; Quillay bark extract; Panama bark extract; Quillai extract; Murillo bark extract; China bark extract
Definition
Quillaia extract is obtained by aqueous extraction of Quillaia saponaria Molina, or other Quillaia species, trees of the family Rosaceae. It contains a number of triterpenoid saponins consisting of glycosides of quillaic acid. Some sugars including glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose are also present, along with tannin, calcium oxalate and other minor components
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Quillaia extract in the powder form is light brown with a pink tinge. It is also available as an aqueous solution
Identification
pH
Between 3,7 and 5,5 (4 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 6,0 % (Karl Fischer method) (powder form only)
Arsenic
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
E 1103 INVERTASE
Synonyms
Definition
Invertase is produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Einecs
232-615-7
Enzyme Commission No
EC 3.2.1.26
Systematic name
β-D-Fructofuranoside fructohydrolase
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
Identification
Purity
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Cadmium
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total bacterial count
Not more than 50 000 colonies per gram
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
Coliforms
Not more than 30 colonies per gram
Escherichia coli
Absent in 25 g
E 1105 LYSOZYME
Synonyms
Lysozyme hydrochloride; Muramidase
Definition
Lysozyme is a linear polypeptide obtained from hens' egg whites consisting of 129 amino acids. It possesses enzymatic activity in its ability to hydrolyse the β(1-4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in the outer membranes of bacterial species, in particular gram-positive organisms. Is usually obtained as the hydrochloride
Einecs
232-620-4
Enzyme Commission No
EC 3.2.1.17
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
About 14 000
Assay
Content not less than 950 mg/g on the anhydrous basis
Description
White, odourless powder having a slightly sweet taste
Identification
Isoelectric point
10,7
pH
Between 3,0 and 3,6 (2 % aqueous solution)
Spectrophotometry
Absorption maximum of an aqueous solution (25 mg/100 ml) at 281 nm, a minimum at 252 nm
Purity
Water content
Not more than 6,0 % (Karl Fischer method) (powder form only)
Residue on ignition
Not more than 1,5 %
Nitrogen
Not less than 16,8 % and not more than 17,8 %
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 5 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Total bacterial count
Not more than 5 × 104 colonies per gram
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
Staphylococcus aureus
Absent in 1 g
Escherichia coli
Absent in 1 g
E 1200 POLYDEXTROSE
Synonyms
Modified polydextroses
Definition
Randomly bonded glucose polymers with some sorbitol end-groups, and with citric acid or phosphoric acid residues attached to the polymers by mono or diester bonds. They are obtained by melting and condensation of the ingredients and consist of approximately 90 parts D-glucose, 10 parts sorbitol and 1 part citric acid and/or 0,1 part phosphoric acid. The 1,6-glucosidic linkage predominates in the polymers but other linkages are present. The products contain small quantities of free glucose, sorbitol, levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-D-glucose) and citric acid and may be neutralised with any food grade base and/or decolourised and deionised for further purification. The products may also be partially hydrogenated with Raney nickel catalyst to reduce residual glucose. Polydextrose-N is neutralised polydextrose
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 90 % of polymer on the ash free and anhydrous basis
Description
White to light tan-coloured solid. Polydextroses dissolve in water to give a clear, colourless to straw coloured solution
Identification
Test for sugar
Passes test
Test for reducing sugar
Passes test
pH
Between 2,5 and 7,0 for polydextrose (10 % solution)
Between 5,0 and 6,0 for polydextrose-N (10 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 4,0 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,3 % (polydextrose)
Not more than 2,0 % (polydextrose N)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg for hydrogenated polydextroses
1,6-Anhydro-D-glucose
Not more than 4,0 % on the ash-free and the dried basis
Glucose and sorbitol
Not more than 6,0 % combined on the ash-free and the dried basis; glucose and sorbitol are determined separately
Molecular weight limit
Negative test for polymers of molecular weight greater than 22 000
5-Hydroxy-methylfurfural
Not more than 0,1 % (polydextrose)
Not more than 0,05 % (polydextrose-N)
Lead
Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
E 1201 POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE
Synonyms
Povidone; PVP; Soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-ethylene]
Chemical formula
(C6H9NO)n
Average molecular weight
Not less than 25 000
Assay
Content not less than 11,5 % and not more than 12,8 % of nitrogen (N) on the anhydrous basis
Description
White or nearly white powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water and in ethanol. Insoluble in ether
pH
Between 3,0 and 7,0 (5 % solution)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 5 % (Karl Fischer)
Total ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Aldehyde
Not more than 500 mg/kg (as acetaldehyde)
Free-N-vinylpyrrolidone
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Hydrazine
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1202 POLYVINYLPOLYPYRROLIDONE
Synonyms
Crospovidone; Cross-linked polyvidone; Insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone
Definition
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone is a poly-[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-ethylene], cross linked in a random fashion. It is produced by the polymerisation of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in the presence of either caustic catalyst or N, N'-divinyl-imidazolidone. Due to its insolubility in all common solvents the molecular weight range is not amenable to analytical determination
Einecs
Chemical name
Polyvinylpyrrolidone; poly-[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-ethylene]
Chemical formula
(C6H9NO)n
Molecular weight
Assay
Content not less than 11 % and not more than 12,8 % nitrogen (N) on the anhydrous basis
Description
A white hygroscopic powder with a faint, non-objectionable odour
Identification
Solubility
Insoluble in water, ethanol and ether
pH
Between 5,0 and 8,0 (1 % suspension in water)
Purity
Water content
Not more than 6 % (Karl Fischer)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,4 %
Water-soluble matter
Not more than 1 %
Free-N-vinylpyrrolidone
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Free-N,N'-divinyl-imidazolidone
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1203 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms
Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH
Definition
Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic resin prepared by the polymerisation of vinyl acetate, followed by partial hydrolysis of the ester in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The physical characteristics of the product depend on the degree of polymerisation and the degree of hydrolysis.
Chemical name
Ethenol homopolymer
Chemical formula
(C2H3OR)n where R = H or COCH3
Description
Odourless, tasteless, translucent, white or cream-coloured granular powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ethanol
Precipitation reaction
Dissolve 0,25 g of the sample in 5 ml of water with warming and let the solution cool to room temperature. The addition of 10 ml of ethanol to this solution leads to a white, turbid or flocculent precipitate.
Colour reaction
Dissolve 0,01 g of the sample in 100 ml of water with warming and let the solution cool to room temperature. A blue colour is produced when adding (to 5 ml solution) one drop of iodine test solution (TS) and a few drops of boric acid solution
Dissolve 0,5 g of the sample in 10 ml of water with warming and let the solution cool to room temperature. A dark red to blue colour is produced after adding one drop of iodine TS to 5 ml of solution.
Viscosity
4,8 to 5,8 mPa.s (4 % solution at 20 °C) corresponding to an average molecular weight of 26 000-30 000 Da
Purity
Water insoluble matter
Not more than 0,1 %
Ester value
Between 125 and 153 mg KOH/g
Degree of hydrolysis
86,5 to 89,0%
Acid value
Not more than 3,0
Solvent residues
Not more than 1,0 % Methanol, 1,0 % Methyl acetate
pH
5,0 to 6,5 (4 % solution)
Loss on drying
Not more than 5,0 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Residue in ignition
Not more than 1,0 %
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1204 PULLULAN
Synonyms
Definition
Linear, neutral glucan consisting mainly of maltotriose units connected by -1,6 glycosidic bonds. It is produced by fermentation from a food-grade hydrolysed starch using a non-toxin-producing strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. After completion of the fermentation, the fungal cells are removed by microfiltration, the filtrate is heat-sterilised and pigments and other impurities are removed by adsorption and ion exchange chromatography
Einecs
232-945-1
Chemical name
Chemical formula
(C6H10O5)n
Molecular weight
Assay
Not less than 90 % of glucan on the dried basis
Description
White to off-white odourless powder
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol
pH
5,0 to 7,0 (10 % solution)
Precipitation with polyethylene glycol 600
Add 2 ml of polyethylene glycol 600 to 10 ml of a 2 % aqueous solution of pullulan. A white precipitate is formed
Depolymerisation with pullulanase
Prepare two test tubes each with 10 ml of a 10 % pullulan solution. Add 0,1 ml pullulanase solution having activity 10 units/g to one test tube, and 0,1 ml water to the other. After incubation at about 25 °C for 20 minutes, the viscosity of the pullulanase-treated solution is visibly lower than that of the untreated solution
Viscosity
100 to 180 mm2/s (10 % w/w aqueous solution at 30 °C)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 6 % (90 °C, pressure not more than 50 mm Hg, 6 hours)
Mono-, di- and oligosaccharides
Not more than 10 % expressed as glucose
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Microbiological criteria
Yeast and moulds
Not more than 100 colonies per gram
Coliforms
Absent in 25 g
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g
E 1205 BASIC METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER
Synonyms
Basic butylated methacrylate copolymer; amino methacrylate copolymer; aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E; butyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate polymer; butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate polymer
Definition
Basic methacrylate copolymer is manufactured by thermic controlled polymerisation of the monomers methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dissolved in propan-2-ol) by using a free radical donor initiator system. An alkyl mercaptane is used as chain modifying agent. The solid polymer is milled (first milling step) and extruded and granulated under vacuum to remove residual volatile components. The granules resulting are commercialised as such or undergo a second milling step (micronisation).
Chemical name
Poly(butyl methacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 1:2:1
Chemical formula
Poly[(CH2:C(CH3)CO2(CH2)2N(CH3)2)-co-(CH2:C(CH3)CO2CH3)-co-(CH2:C(CH3)CO2(CH2)3CH3)]
Weight average molecular weight estimated by gel permeation chromatography
Approximately 47 000 g/mol
Particle size of powder (when used forms a film)
< 50 μm more than 50 %
< 0,1 μm 5,1-5,5 %
Assay
(according to Ph. Eur. 2.2.20 ‘potentiometric titration’)
20,8-25,5 % dimethylaminoethyl (DMAE) groups on dry substance
Description
Granules are colourless to yellow tinged, the powder is white
Identification
Infrared absorption spectroscopy
To be identified
Viscosity of a 12,5 % solution in 60:40 (w/w/) propan-2-ol to acetone
3-6 mPa.s
Refractive index
[n]D 20 1,380-1,385
Solubility
1 g dissolves in 7 g Methanol, Ethanol, propan-2-ol, dichloromethane, aqueous Hydrochloric acid 1N.
Not soluble in petroleum ether.
Purity
Loss of drying
Not more than 2,0 % (105 °C, 3H)
Alkali value
162-198 mg KOH/g of dried substance
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,1 %
Residual monomers
Butylmethacrylate < 1 000 mg/kg
Methyl methacrylate < 1 000 mg/kg
Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate < 1 000 mg/kg
Solvent residues
propan-2-ol < 0,5 %
Butanol < 0,5 %
Methanol < 0,1 %
Arsenic
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury
Not more than 2 mg/kg
Copper
Not more than 10 mg/kg
E 1404 OXIDISED STARCH
Synonyms
Definition
Oxidised starch is starch treated with sodium hypochlorite
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Carboxyl groups
Not more than 1,1 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1410 MONOSTARCH PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Monostarch phosphate is starch esterified with ortho-phosphoric acid, or sodium or potassium ortho-phosphate or sodium tripolyphosphate
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Residual phosphate
Not more than 0,5 % (as P) for wheat or potato starch (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 0,4 % (as P) for other starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1412 DISTARCH PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Distarch phosphate is starch cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate or phosphorus oxychloride
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Residual phosphate
Not more than 0,5 % (as P) for wheat or potato starch (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 0,4 % (as P) for other starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1413 PHOSPHATED DISTARCH PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Phosphated distarch phosphate is starch having undergone a combination of treatments as described for monostarch phosphate and for distarch phosphate
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Residual phosphate
Not more than 0,5 % (as P) for wheat or potato starch (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 0,4 % (as P) for other starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1414 ACETYLATED DISTARCH PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Acetylated distarch phosphate is starch cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate or phosphorus oxychloride and esterified by acetic anhydride or vinyl acetate
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Acetyl groups
Not more than 2,5 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Residual phosphate
Not more than 0,14 % (as P) for wheat or potato starch (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 0,04 % (as P) for other starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Vinyl acetate
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1420 ACETYLATED STARCH
Synonyms
Starch acetate
Definition
Acetylated starch is starch esterified with acetic anhydride or vinyl acetate
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Acetyl groups
Not more than 2,5 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Vinyl acetate
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1422 ACETYLATED DISTARCH ADIPATE
Synonyms
Definition
Acetylated distarch adipate is starch cross-linked with adipic anhydride and esterified with acetic anhydride
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Acetyl groups
Not more than 2,5 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Adipate groups
Not more than 0,135 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1440 HYDROXYPROPYL STARCH
Synonyms
Definition
Hydroxypropyl starch is starch etherified with propylene oxide
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Hydroxypropyl groups
Not more than 7,0 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Propylene chlorohydrin
Not more than 1 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1442 HYDROXYPROPYL DISTARCH PHOSPHATE
Synonyms
Definition
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate is starch cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate or phosphorus oxychloride and etherified with propylene oxide
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Hydroxypropyl groups
Not more than 7,0 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Residual phosphate
Not more than 0,14 % (as P) for wheat or potato starch (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 0,04 % (as P) for other starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Propylene chlorohydrin
Not more than 1 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1450 STARCH SODIUM OCTENYL SUCCINATE
Synonyms
SSOS
Definition
Starch sodium octenyl succinate is starch esterified with octenylsuccinic anhydride
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Octenylsuccinyl groups
Not more than 3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Octenylsuccinic acid residue
Not more than 0,3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1451 ACETYLATED OXIDISED STARCH
Synonyms
Definition
Acetylated oxidised starch is starch treated with sodium hypochlorite followed by esterification with acetic anhydride
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 15,0 % for cereal starch
Not more than 21,0 % for potato starch
Not more than 18,0 % for other starches
Carboxyl groups
Not more than 1,3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Acetyl groups
Not more than 2,5 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
E 1452 STARCH ALUMINIUM OCTENYL SUCCINATE
Synonyms
Definition
Starch aluminium octenyl succinate is starch esterified with octenylsuccinic anhydride and treated with aluminium sulphate
Einecs
Chemical name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Assay
Description
White or nearly white powder or granules or (if pregelatinised) flakes, amorphous powder or coarse particles
Identification
Microscopic observation
Passes test (if not pregelatinised)
Iodine staining
Passes test (dark blue to light red colour)
Purity
Loss on drying
Not more than 21,0 %
Octenylsuccinyl groups
Not more than 3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Octenylsuccinic acid residue
Not more than 0,3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
Sulphur dioxide
Not more than 50 mg/kg for modified cereal starches (on an anhydrous basis)
Not more than 10 mg/kg for the other modified starches, unless otherwise specified (on an anhydrous basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg (on an anhydrous basis)
Mercury
Not more than 0,1 mg/kg
Aluminium
Not more than 0,3 % (on an anhydrous basis)
E 1505 TRIETHYL CITRATE
Synonyms
Ethyl citrate
Definition
Einecs
201-070-7
Chemical name
Triethyl-2-hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Chemical formula
C12H20O7
Molecular weight
276,29
Assay
Content not less than 99,0 %
Description
Odourless, practically colourless, oily liquid
Identification
Specific gravity (25° C/25 °C)
1,135-1,139
Refractive index
[n]D 20: 1,439-1,441
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,25 % (Karl Fischer method)
Acidity
Not more than 0,02 % (as citric acid)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1517 GLYCERYL DIACETATE
Synonyms
Diacetin
Definition
Glyceryl diacetate consist predominantly of a mixture of the 1, 2- and 1,3-diacetates of glycerol, with minor amounts of the mono- and tri-esters
Einecs
Chemical name
Glyceryl diacetate; 1, 2, 3-propanetriol diacetate
Chemical formula
C7H12O5
Molecular weight
176,17
Assay
Not less than 94,0 %
Description
Clear, colourless, hygroscopic, somewhat oily liquid with a slight, fatty odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water. Miscible with ethanol
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Test for acetate
Passes test
Specific gravity (20° C/20 °C)
1,175-1,195
Boiling range
Between 259 and 261 °C
Purity
Total ash
Not more than 0,02 %
Acidity
Not more than 0,4 % (as acetic acid)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1518 GLYCERYL TRIACETATE
Synonyms
Triacetin
Definition
Einecs
203-051-9
Chemical name
Glyceryl triacetate
Chemical formula
C9H14O6
Molecular weight
218,21
Assay
Content not less than 98,0 %
Description
Colourless, somewhat oily liquid having a slightly fatty odour
Identification
Test for acetate
Passes test
Test for glycerol
Passes test
Refractive index
[n]D 25 between 1,429 and 1,431
Specific gravity (25 °C/25 °C)
Between 1,154 and 1,158
Boiling range
Between 258 and 270 °C
Purity
Water content
Not more than 0,2 % (Karl Fischer method)
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,02 % (as citric acid)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1519 BENZYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms
Phenylcarbinol; Phenylmethyl alcohol; Benzenemethanol; Alpha-hydroxytoluene
Definition
Einecs
Chemical name
Benzyl alcohol; Phenylmethanol
Chemical formula
C7H8O
Molecular weight
108,14
Assay
Not less than 98,0 %
Description
Colourless, clear liquid with a faint, aromatic odour
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol and ether
Refractive index
[n]D 20 1,538-1,541
Specific gravity (25° C/25 °C)
1,042-1,047
Test for peroxides
Passes test
Distillation range
Not less than 95 % v/v distils between 202 and 208 °C
Purity
Acid value
Not more than 0,5
Aldehydes
Not more than 0,2 % v/v (as benzaldehyde)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1520 PROPANE-1,2-DIOL
Synonyms
Propylene glycol
Definition
Einecs
200-338-0
Chemical name
1,2-dihydroxypropane
Chemical formula
C3H8O2
Molecular weight
76,10
Assay
Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis
Description
Clear, colourless, hygroscopic, viscous liquid
Identification
Solubility
Soluble in water, ethanol and acetone
Specific gravity (20° C/20 °C)
1,035-1,040
Refractive index
[n]D 20: 1,431-1,433
Purity
Distillation test
99,5% of the product distils between 185-189 °C. The remaining 0,5% consists mainly of dimers and traces of trimers from propylene glycol.
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,07 %
Water content
Not more than 1,0 % (Karl Fischer method)
Lead
Not more than 2 mg/kg
E 1521 POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Synonyms
PEG; Macrogol; Polyethylene oxide
Definition
Addition polymers of ethylene oxide and water usually designated by a number roughly corresponding to the molecular weight.
Chemical name
alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly (oxy-1,2-ethanediol)
Chemical formula
(C2H4O)n H2O (n = number of ethylene oxide units corresponding to a molecular weight of 6 000, about 140)
Average molecular weight
380 to 9 000 Da
Assay
PEG 400: Not less than 95 % and not more than 105 %
PEG 3000: Not less than 90 % and not more than 110 %
PEG 3350: Not less than 90 % and not more than 110 %
PEG 4000: Not less than 90 % and not more than 110 %
PEG 6000:Not less than 90 % and not more than 110 %
PEG 8000: Not less than 87,5 % and not more than 112,5 %
Description
PEG 400 is a clear, viscous, colourless or almost colourless hygroscopic liquid
PEG 3000, PEG 3350, PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000 are white or almost white solids with a waxy or paraffin-like appearance
Identification
Melting range
PEG 400: 4-8 °C
PEG 3000: 50-56 °C
PEG 3350: 53-57 °C
PEG 4000: 53-59 °C
PEG 6000:55-61 °C
PEG 8000: 55-62 °C
Viscosity
PEG 400: 105 to 130 mPa.s at 20 °C
PEG 3000: 75 to 100 mPa.s at 20 °C
PEG 3350: 83 to 120 mPa.s at 20 °C
PEG 4000: 110 to 170 mPa.s at 20 °C
PEG 6000: 200 to 270 mPa.s at 20 °C
PEG 8000: 260 to 510 mPa.s at 20 °C
For polyethylene glycols having a average molecular weight greater than 400, the viscosity is determined on a 50 per cent m/m solution of the candidate substance in water
Solubility
PEG 400 is miscible with water, very soluble in acetone, in alcohol and in methylene chloride, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils
PEG 3000 and PEG 3350: very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils
PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000: very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, practically insoluble in alcohol and in fatty oils and in mineral oils.
Purity
Hydroxyl value
PEG 400: 264-300
PEG 3000: 34-42
PEG 3350: 30-38
PEG 4000: 25-32
PEG 6000: 16-22
PEG 8000: 12-16
Sulphated ash
Not more than 0,2 %
1,4-Dioxane
Not more than 10 mg/kg
Ethylene oxide
Not more than 0,2 mg/kg
Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol
Total not more than 0,25 % °w/w individually or in combination
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg
(1) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(2) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(3) Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.
(4) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(5) Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.
(6) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(7) Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.
(8) Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at 560 nm (1 cm cell).
(9) Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v.
(10) Cobalt chloride TSC: dissolve approximately 65 g of cobalt chloride CoCl2·6H2O in a sufficient quantity of a mixture of 25 ml hydrochloric acid and 975 ml of water to give a total volume of 1 litre. Place exactly 5 ml of this solution in a round-bottomed flask containing 250 ml of iodine solution, add 5 ml of 3 % hydrogen peroxide, then 15 ml of a 20 % solution of sodium hydroxide. Boil for 10 minutes, allow to cool, add 2 g of potassium iodide and 20 ml of 25 % sulphuric acid. After the precipitate is completely dissolved, titrate the liberated iodine with sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) in the presence of starch TS. 1 ml of sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) corresponds to 23,80 mg of CoCl2·6H2O. Adjust final volume of solution by the addition of a sufficient quantity of the hydrochloric acid/water mixture to give a solution containing 59,5 mg of CoCl2·6H2O per ml.
(11) Ferric chloride TSC: dissolve approximately 55 g of ferric chloride in a sufficient quantity of a mixture of 25 ml of hydrochloric acid and 975 ml of water to give a total volume of 1 litre. Place 10 ml of this solution in a round-bottomed flask containing 250 ml of iodine solution, add 15 ml of water and 3 g of potassium iodide; leave the mixture to stand for 15 minutes. Dilute with 100 ml of water then titrate the liberated iodine with sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) in the presence of starch TS. 1 ml of sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) corresponds to 27,03 mg of FeCl3·6H2O. Adjust final volume of solution by the addition of a sufficient quantity of the hydrochloric acid/water to give a solution containing 45,0 mg of FeCl3·6H2O per ml.
(12) Copper sulphate TSC: dissolve approximate by 65 g of copper sulphate CuSO4·5H2O in a sufficient quantity of a mixture of 25 ml of hydrochloric acid and 975 ml of water to give a total volume of 1 litre. Place 10 ml of this solution in a round-bottomed flask containing 250 ml of iodine solution, add 40 ml of water, 4 ml of acetic acid and 3 g of potassium iodide. Titrate the liberated iodine with sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) in the presence of starch TS (). 1 ml of sodium thiosulphate (0,1 N) corresponds to 24,97 mg of CuSO4·5H2O. Adjust final volume of solution by the addition of a sufficient quantity of the hydrochloric acid/water mixture to give a solution containing 62,4 mg of CuSO4·5H2O per ml.
(13) Starch TS: triturate 0,5 g starch (potato starch, maize starch or soluable starch) with 5 ml of water; to the resulting paste add a sufficient quantity of water to give a total volume of 100 ml, stirring all the time. Boil for a few minutes, allow to cool, filter. The starch must be freshly prepared.
(14) May only be sold in a mixture with salt or a salt substitute.
(15) May only be sold in a mixture with salt or a salt substitute.